P-选择素的基因型及血清水平与急性心肌梗死的相关性

目的研究P-选择素基因单核苷酸多态性与急性心肌梗死易感性之间的关系;同时分析P-选择素基因型及血清水平与急性心肌梗死的相关性。方法以150例急性心肌梗死患者和160例健康对照者为研究对象,应用聚合酶链反应限制片长多态性和DNA测序法对P-选择素基因-2123 G/C单核苷酸多态性进行基因分型,同时采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清P-选择素水平。结果急性心肌梗死组血清P-选择素水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05),P-选择素基因-2123 G/C多态性在急性心肌梗死组和对照组中的分布差异存在显著性(P<0.05),对等位基因频率的相对风险分析发现,-2123 C等位基因携带者患急性心肌梗死的风险是G等位基因携带者的1.625倍(OR=1.625,95%CI为1.177～2.244,P=0.003);携带-2123 C等位基因的急性心肌梗死患者血清P-选择素水平显著高于不携带者(P<0.05)。结论 P-选择素基因-2123 G/C多态性与急性心肌梗死的发病可能具有相关性,其中-2123 C等位基因可能是急性心肌梗死的遗传易感基因,携带-2123 C等位基因的个体可能通过促进P-选择素的高度表达进而增加急性心肌梗死的发病...     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者血浆选择素相关蛋白水平的观察

目的 探讨整合素相关蛋白CD_(47)和P-选择素在COPD发病中的作用.方法 病例来自2008年10月至2009年3月在遵义医学院附属医院呼吸一科住院的COPD患者35例,其中男26例,女9例;年龄55～84岁,平均(65±7)岁.未经任何治疗时为急性加重期(AECOPD)组,经过抗感染、解痉平喘、祛痰、吸氧和支持等治疗,达到临床缓解时为稳定期组.同期体检的健康志愿者加名为对照组,其中男14名,女6名;年龄45～80岁,平均(59±7)岁.采用流式细胞术检测所有研究对象外周血浆中CD_(47)和P-选择素水平,并检测血小板计数.采用SNK-q检验和Pearson回归分析进行相关性分析.结果 AECOPD组CD_(47)阳性率为(93±4)%,明显高于稳定期组的(72±11)%和对照组的(67±10)%,差异均有统计学意义(q值分别为11.26和13.32,均P＜0.01),稳定期组与对照组的差异无统计学意义(q=1.73,P＞0.05);AECOPD组P-选择素阳性率为[(35±11)%],明显高于稳定期组[(12±8)%]和对照组[(10±4)%],差异均有统计学意义(q值分别为9.93和12.19,均P＜.0.05),稳定期组也明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(q=1.90,P＜0.05);AECOPD组血小板计数为(188±56)×10~9/L,与稳定期组的(213±57)×10~9/L和对照组的(204±51)×10~9/L比较,差异无统计学意义(F=1.74,P＞0.05);AECOPD组CD_(47)与P-选择素呈正相关(r=0.77,P＜0.01),稳定期及对照组CD_(47)与P-选择素均无相关性(r值分别为-0.04和-0.15,均P＞0.05).结论 CD_(47)和P-选择素作为血小板活化标志物,在AECOPD时明显增高,表明AECOPD存在血小板活化,提示血小板作为一种炎性细胞参与AECOPD发病,可能以其活化形式发挥重要作用.CD_(47)和P-选择素可作为判断AECOPD严重程度及血小板活化程度的指标.     

血浆膜微粒水平与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的相关性研究

目的对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者循环中细胞膜微粒的水平与肺功能进行检测,并探讨其相关性。方法选取2014年6月-2015年6月在本院门诊及住院治疗的慢阻肺患者106例,包括稳定期患者和急性加重期患者各53例,并选取同期的健康体检者53例为对照组;流式细胞仪检测各组患者和53例健康志愿者血浆膜微粒水平,包括内皮细胞膜微粒(EMP)、血小板膜微粒(PMP)、组织因子阳性膜微粒(TF+MP),并记录肺功能情况,探讨膜微粒水平与慢阻肺肺功能变化的相关性。结果 3组血浆EMP和PMP水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),其中慢阻肺稳定期组的EMP和PMP水平显著低于AECOPD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组的EMP和PMP水平显著低于稳定期和急性加重期患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);各组血浆TF+MP水平差异无统计学意义。慢阻肺患者EMP水平与肺功能中的FEV_1、FEV_1/FVC均呈负相关(P0.01);PMP水平与肺功能中的FEV_1、FEV_1/FVC均呈负相关(P0.01);TF+MP水平与肺功能中的FEV_1、FEV_1/FVC无明显相关性。结论内皮细胞膜微粒、血小板膜微粒水平变化与慢阻肺及其急性加重过程密切相关,可作为其诊断和疾病进展的生物学标志物之一。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病血清激活素A表达的临床意义

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(慢阻肺)患者血清激活素A(Activin A)表达变化对判断病情严重程度的临床意义。方法选择90例慢阻肺急性加重期(AECOPD)患者作为实验组,根据肺功能分轻-中度组50例,重-极重度组40例,并根据治疗分为慢阻肺缓解组和非缓解组,以健康体检者60例作为对照组;采用酶联免疫吸附双抗体夹心法测定各组血清Activin A水平。结果与健康对照组相比,慢阻肺患者血清Activin A明显增高(P0.05);肺功能重-极重度AECOPD患者血清Activin A水平高于轻-中度组(P0.05),经治疗慢阻肺缓解组Activin A水平低于非缓解组(P0.05)。进一步研究发现:AECOPD患者血清Activin A含量随FEV_1%降低而增高,呈负相关(r=-0.84,P0.05),与FEV_1/FVC呈显著负相关(r=-0.62,P0.05)。结论 Activin A调控慢阻肺气道炎症,对反映AECOPD病情严重程度具有重要临床意义。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者P-选择素水平与冠状动脉病变的关系

目的探讨急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者可溶性P-选择素(sP-选择素)水平及其与冠状动脉病变的关系。方法应用酶联免疫吸附法检测54例ACS患者(ACS组)、15例稳定性心绞痛患者(SA组)和19例冠状动脉造影正常者(对照组)血浆sP-选择素水平,对冠状动脉粥样硬化病变程度按照病变支数、Gensini评分和美国心脏病学会和美国心脏病协会A、B、C型分型进行评估。结果ACS组sP-选择素水平高于SA组和对照组(P<0.01);sP-选择素水平与冠状动脉病变数量,Gensini评分,A、B、C型冠状动脉病变程度均为正相关。结论ACS患者P-选择素水平明显升高,提示P-选择素是ACS临床识别和预测的炎症指标;P-选择素水平受冠状动脉粥样硬化程度的影响。     

血清PCT、CRP、ESR联合检测在AECOPD病情监测中的价值分析

目的分析血清降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血沉(ESR)联合检测在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)病情监测中的临床价值。方法 92例慢阻肺患者分为AECOPD组(n=47例)和慢阻肺稳定期组(n=45例),同期选择45例门诊健康体检者作为对照组。根据是否出现呼吸衰竭、是否合并肺心病将AECOPD患者分为呼吸衰竭组、无呼吸衰竭组和合并肺心病组、未合并肺心病组,比较各组血清PCT、CRP表达水平及ESR变化,并分析血清PCT、CRP及ESR的相关性关系。结果 AECOPD组患者血清PCT、CRP表达水平及ESR均明显高于慢阻肺稳定期组和对照组(P0.05);呼吸衰竭组患者血清PCT、CRP表达水平及ESR均明显高于无呼吸衰竭组(P0.05);合并肺心病组患者血清PCT、CRP表达水平及ESR均明显高于未合并肺心病组(P0.05);血清PCT表达水平与CRP及ESR均呈正相关性关系(r=0.612,r=0.577,P0.05),血清CRP表达水平与ESR也呈正相关性关系(r=0.494,P0.05)。结论血清PCT、CRP、ESR联合检测在AECOPD病情监测中具有较高的临床应用价值。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼出气冷凝液中白三烯B4与肿瘤坏死因子α检测的临床意义

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(慢阻肺)患者呼出气冷凝液(EBC)中炎症因子检测的临床意义。方法选取2015年1月至2015年10月于我院就诊的65例慢阻肺患者作为研究对象(急性加重期33例和稳定期32例),同时选取健康体检者32例作为对照组,检测慢阻肺患者血清和EBC中白三烯B4(LTB4)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平,并与健康对照组相比较。分析慢阻肺急性期与缓解期患者肺通气功能参数、血气指标以及临床评分的差异,并与EBC中炎症因子含量进行相关性分析。结果慢阻肺稳定期组、AECOPD组患者的FEV_1%、FEV_1/FVC、pH和PaO_2均明显低于健康对照组,PaCO_2明显高于健康对照组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);而慢阻肺不同阶段肺通气功能参数(FEV_1%、FEV_1/FVC)、血气相关指标(pH、PaO_2、PaCO_2)及临床评分的差异亦有统计学意义(P0.05)。慢阻肺稳定期组患者血清和EBC中LTB4、TNF-α水平均显著高于健康对照组(P0.05);AECOPD组患者血清和EBC中LTB4和TNF-α显著高于缓解期和健康对照组(P0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,慢阻肺患者EBC中LTB4、TNF-α水平与FEV_1%、FEV_1/FVC、PH及PaO_2呈显著负相关(P0.05),与PaCO_2和临床评分呈显著正相关(P0.05)。结论 EBC中LTB4和TNF-α与慢阻肺患者肺功能参数、血气相关指标以及慢阻肺症状具有显著的相关性,可以作为评估慢阻肺病情的一种方法。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者FeNO值测定的临床意义

目的探讨慢阻肺患者FeNO值的临床意义。方法分别测定健康对照组,稳定期慢阻肺组,AECOPD组各50人的FeNO值,比较各组差异,评估慢阻肺组的FeNO值与肺功能,吸烟等的关系。结果正常对照组的FeNO值、稳定期慢阻肺组的FeNO值和AECOPD组的FeNO值逐步升高,有显著性差异(P0.05)。稳定期慢阻肺组与AECOPD组无显著性差异(P0.05)。吸烟组FeNO值低于不吸烟者组,有显著性差异(P0.05)。在AECOPD组中不同GOLD分级的组间,随着肺功能的下降,FeNO值随之下降,有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论 FeNO值可用于检测慢阻肺患者中的气道炎症。在急性加重期可评估病情严重程度。吸烟导致FeNO值降低。     

经皮冠状动脉介入术对急性心肌梗死患者血浆基质金属蛋白酶9、白介素6及P选择素水平的影响研究

目的探讨经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者血浆基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、白介素6(IL-6)及P选择素水平的影响。方法选择黄石市中心医院2013年3月—2015年3月收治的87例AMI患者作为观察组,同期在该院体检并与观察组患者年龄相近的52例健康者作为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测观察组患者PCI前、PCI后6 d及PCI后90 d,对照组受检者体检当天血浆MMP-9、IL-6、P选择素水平。结果观察组患者PCI前血浆MMP-9、P选择素水平高于对照组,血浆IL-6水平低于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者PCI后6 d、术后90 d血浆MMP-9、IL-6、P选择素水平与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者PCI后6 d血浆MMP-9、P选择素水平低于PCI前,血浆IL-6水平高于PCI前(P0.05);观察组患者PCI后90 d血浆MMP-9、P选择素水平低于PCI前(P0.05),而血浆IL-6水平与PCI前比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者PCI后90 d血浆MMP-9、IL-6、P选择素水平与PCI后6 d比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PCI可有效调节AMI患者血浆MMP-9、IL-6、P选择素水平,促进其恢复正常。     

急性脑梗死与颈动脉斑块、超敏C反应蛋白和P-选择素水平的相关性探讨

目的:探讨颈动脉斑块性质、超敏C反应蛋白和P-选择素与急性脑梗死的关系。方法:应用彩色多普勒超声仪检测急性脑梗死患者(A组,n=42)及年龄相近的无症状颈动脉斑块患者(B组,n=40)颈动脉内膜中膜厚度(IMT)、斑块类型,同时测定血清的超敏C反应蛋白和P-选择素水平。结果:A组与B组颈动脉IMT均明显增厚,2组颈动脉狭窄率差异无统计学意义。A组斑块以软斑为主,B组以硬斑为主。A组hsCRP水平高于B组(P<0.05);颈动脉狭窄程度越高,血清hsCRP水平越高;A组P-选择素水平高于B组(P<0.05);软斑患者hsCRP和P-选择素水平明显高于非软斑组(P<0.01),且软斑组hsCRP水平与P-选择素水平呈正相关(r=0.66,P<0.01)。结论:斑块软化破裂是急性脑梗死的重要危险因素,超敏C反应蛋白和P-选择素是斑块不稳定的特异性指标。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.