前组筛窦相关解剖变异的CT影像学观察及临床意义

目的：探讨国人前组筛窦的相关解剖变异,为临床手术提供参照数据和资料。方法:回顾性分析263例患者前组筛窦的影像学资料,对前组筛窦相关解剖变异进行统计和评估,并进行年龄相关性比较。结果:筛泡肥大和中鼻甲气化的出现率在成年组和未成年组差异有统计学意义。结论:CT检查不仅可以评估病变,而且可以检出与鼻腔-鼻窦疾病手术危险性相关的解剖变异,有助于预防鼻内镜手术并发症的发生。     

蝶窦的手术进路

蝶窦的手术进路包括:①经筛窦(鼻外筛窦、鼻内筛窦、上颌窦筛窦);②经上颌窦;③经鼻腔;④经鼻中隔;⑤经腭进路。作者主要介绍了经筛窦进路,经鼻腔进路和经鼻中隔进路以及每种进路中的重要解剖结构。熟悉这些解剖结构有助于安全地通过每个区域而进入蝶窦。采用固定后的3具矢状面标本,4具冠状面标本估计蝶窦前壁的每个解剖区域;用5具新鲜标本在内窥镜下经鼻腔检查蝶筛隐窝和蝶窦口;10位病人经内窥镜检查蝶窦前面;回顾性分析了25例蝶窦CT扫描(包括矢状面和冠状面)判断蝶窦前壁正常结构和解剖变异;前瞻性观察了5例蝶窦CT扫描和3维CT扫描。     

鼻病的放射学评价:CT与平片

本研究目的在于用一组鼻病患者的放射学发现,将CT与平片加以比较。平片包括8个常规位:Caldwell'S、Water'S及侧位。用第三代CT,矢状位以10mm厚度和间隔,冠状位以5mm厚度和间隔作断层扫描,范围包括整个鼻腔和鼻窦。按四个解剖区域来评估上述发现,上颌窦、筛窦、嗅裂区、鼻下部区域。上颌窦:CT和平片相符较差,符合率仅77％。平片中有8例为严重病变,但CT却为正常,说明平片显示过度。筛窦:CT和平片符合率仅76％。平片中有7％的病例筛窦正常,但CT却显示较重病变,示平片显示不足。鼻下部区域:CT和平片相符率更差,仅57％。平片也有显示过度。嗅裂区:用平片表现这个狭小的区域困难较大,CT与平片相符率66％,此区平片既有显示不足也有显示过度。     

上颌骨部分切除术后致盲1例

患者，女，48岁。因左鼻塞半年，左面部肿胀2个月入院。左面颊部肿胀、触痛。左鼻腔粉红色肿物，结节样，质脆，易出血，基底广，位于鼻腔侧壁。病理报告为左鼻腔内翻性乳头状瘤恶变。鼻窦CT扫描显示：左鼻腔、上颌窦、筛窦软组织密度影，上颌窦前壁、内侧壁及后外侧壁有骨质破坏。诊断为主鼻腔、上颌窦、筛窦内翻性乳头状瘤恶变。于1994年11月11日全麻下We－ber－rergusson氏切口，做保留硬聘的上颌骨部分切除术。为减少切口出血，局部先以盐水加少量肾上腺素皮下浸润，术中见肿物侵及左鼻腔、上颌窦及筛窦，上颌窦前壁、内侧壁及后外侧…     

鼻腔鼻窦骨化纤维瘤的螺旋CT诊断

目的探讨螺旋CT在鼻腔鼻窦骨化纤维瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾性研究本院行手术治疗并经病理确诊的鼻腔鼻窦骨化纤维瘤患者24例,分析其临床资料及螺旋CT影像学特征,探讨螺旋CT诊断程序。结果侵犯单个鼻窦的肿瘤12例,包括筛窦8例,上颌窦4例;其中6例伴有鼻腔侵犯。病变同时侵犯多个鼻窦和鼻腔者12例,包括上颌窦和筛实8例,筛窦和额窦4例。肿瘤的CT表现为鼻腔／鼻窦内单发类圆形或不规则形高密度肿块,部分区域可见低密度影,其周边显示完整的骨性包壳,呈膨胀性生长,周围组织受压变形但界限清晰。结论螺旋CT扫描是诊断鼻腔鼻炎骨化纤维瘤最常用和最有价值的影像学检查手段。     

视神经管断层影像解剖学研究

目的探讨健康成人视神经管的多层螺旋CT影像学解剖特点,为临床提供相关数据。方法 对30例健康成人行视神经管区薄层螺旋CT横轴位扫描后进行三维重建,观察视神经管的影像学特点。结果横轴位、矢状位和垂直于视神经管的斜矢状位对于观察和测量视神经管的管壁长度及管径各有优势。结论利用多层螺旋CT的薄层扫描和三维重建技术,能很好地显示活体视神经管结构。     

64排螺旋CT多平面重建技术在鼻窦检查中的价值

目的探讨64排螺旋CT扫描多平面重建在鼻窦检查中的应用价值。方法 129例患者均行64排螺旋CT鼻窦轴位扫描,利用多平面重建技术得到冠状位、矢状位、轴位的多平面重建图像,观察鼻窦结构及病变范围的显示情况对图像资料进行影像分析。结果 64排螺旋CT多平面重建图像可以从各种角度、多切面地显示鼻窦的解剖、病变部位、范围及气道情况,清楚显示各鼻窦及窦口,其中93例上颌窦黏膜增厚、54例筛窦黏膜增厚、23例蝶窦黏膜增厚、9例额窦黏膜增厚。所有病例均显示钩突、筛窦、半月裂、筛泡及中鼻甲等的结构,鼻中隔偏曲39例,鼻窦炎合并息肉28例、中鼻甲气化11例,钩突肥大16例,钩突明显偏移9例,腺样体肥大5例,筛泡过度气化15例,鼻咽癌5例。结论 64排螺旋CT扫描多平面重建技术克服了常规CT扫描的缺点,并可以清晰方便显示副鼻窦腔内解剖结构及解剖变异,重组冠状位图像可获得与直接冠状位扫描相同的图像效果,为鼻窦炎及其原因的临床诊断提供可靠的影像资料,为经蝶窦颅内病变的手术治疗提供清晰手术路径,为鼻内镜手术提供了最佳的术前信息。     

筛窦基板层次气化分析及其在鼻内镜鼻窦手术中的应用

目的探讨应用筛窦基板层次性分析方法，指导内镜下筛窦层次性开放的可行性。方法通过鼻窦CT扫描的薄层DICOM数据，层厚层距均为0.65 mm，ImageViewer软件三维重建分析筛窦的基板（III V）层次及其气化情况。结果获得100例（200侧）患者鼻窦CT原始薄层数据，通过三维重建分析发现筛骨结构包含5个基板（I V）：①基板V的出现率为60.0%，相邻基板间存在潜在的层次间隙；②Haller气房出现率为28.0%，与中鼻甲、上鼻甲基板结构气化相关者分别占19.5%、8.5%；③上鼻甲及基板气化发生率为91.5%，其中19.1%气化为Onodi气房。最上鼻甲及基板出现率60.0%，气化发生率为76.7%，其中15.8%气化为Onodi气房。Onodi气房出现率为33.0%，来源于上鼻甲基板、最上鼻甲基板的分别占17.5%，9.5%，来源于二者共同气化的占6.0%。各基板及其气化结构组成相对独立的通气引流系统，可单独出现引流障碍。手术中筛窦的开放（III V基板）过程，以上鼻甲、最上鼻甲为标志结构，结合CT提示的气化变异，可在其前方分别充分地开放III基板、IV基板气化结构构成的筛窦迷路（包括变异气房，如Haller气房），而根据CT提示V基板的气化状况和方向，可进一步实现V基板及其气化结构（包括Onodi气房）的开放。结论通过分析筛窦基板的层次性结构，对指引内镜下筛窦开放过程实现层次性、标准化有重要指导价值。     

改良面部正中翻揭术在鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤手术中的应用探讨

目的：探讨有效的治疗鼻腔，鼻窦肿瘤手术方法。方法：利用改良面部正中翻揭术治疗24列鼻腔，鼻窦肿瘤的病人，其中6例结合内镜技术，该术式将传统正中翻揭术的鼻前庭环形切口改为鼻中隔的贯乇开和鼻腔外侧壁的骨膜下切开。本组病例，筛窦骨瘤2例，鼻中隔血管瘤1例，鼻腔，筛窦血管瘤3例，鼻腔，上颌窦血管瘤3例，鼻腔筛窦内翻乳头状瘤7例，鼻腔筛窦鳞癌2例，鼻腔鳞癌3例，上颌窦鳞癌2例，复发性上颌窦鳞癌1例。鼻腔筛窦内翻乳头状瘤和恶性肿瘤，皆未侵犯前筛窦 ，前颅底及眼眶，鼻腔筛窦内翻乳头状瘤和鳞癌术后皆行放疗。结果：24例手术皆成功。该手术切口可变通，对鼻腔，鼻窦，鼻咽及前中颅底皆可充分暴露，结合内镜技术可减少术中创伤和术后并发症。患者对术后外形皆满意。无鼻前庭狭窄，鼻中隔穿孔，口鼻瘘管等；12例面部麻木主后6个月均渐好转；5例溢泪皆行泪道冲洗后好转；1例复发性上颌窦癌病人再次手术后3个月因肺部转移死亡；1例鼻腔筛窦内翻乳头状瘤术后8个月复发。结论：改良面部正中翻揭术是一种变通而实用处理鼻腔，鼻窦肿瘤的方法。     

内窥镜下功能性鼻窦手术

作者复习了有关资料后指出:因炎症或解剖变异而妨碍鼻中道前端及前、中组筛窦通气时,会损害鼻纤毛清洁功能,使炎症持续不愈或影响额窦和上颌窦的引流,并可能导致鼻窦炎症的反复发作。因此,及早地诊断、治疗筛窦炎症,对提高鼻窦炎的疗效有重要意义。但常规前鼻镜检查及X线摄片、常不能显示前组筛窦和鼻中道前端的病变,鼻内窥镜及鼻、鼻窦CT检查,能帮助诊断。作者对鼻内窥镜的器械和操作方法作了介绍。器械:检查鼻腔时,常选用视角为30°或70°,直径为2.7mm或4.0mm的Hopkins窥镜;检查     

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing?

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing? Regular monitoring and audit of a service are integral to ensuring maintenance of efficiency and standards. This is particularly important where the quality of the service is operator dependent, as is the case in the clinical diagnosis of neck lumps and fine needle aspiration cytology. The one‐stop neck lump clinic has now been running in the department for more than 20 months. A previous article described the results of the first phase audit carried out at 6 months and had identified a waiting time to be seen that was longer than that recommended by the British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists, Head and Neck Surgeons. Measures were implemented to reduce this waiting time and a second audit was carried out after another 10 months with the aims of assessing if modification of the means of referral reduces waiting time and if the outcomes of clinical performance in phase 1 could be maintained or improved. We discuss the results of phase 2 in the audit spiral.     

A Decrease in Maxillary Sinus Pressure,as Seen in Upper Airway Allergy or Infection,Results in an Increase in Upper Airway Nitric Oxide Levels

The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via small osties. Ostial occlusion, caused by mucosal swelling, will result in a slowly increasing negative pressure inside the sinus cavity. In parallel, the oxygen content in the sinus will decrease, resulting in the development of relative hypoxia. Hypoxia is a powerful inducer of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and inducible NO synthase has been shown to be present in considerable amounts in the upper airways, including the sinuses. The present study was designed to investigate whether a reduction in sinus pressure would affect upper airway NO production. Thirteen healthy volunteers were investigated. A pressure chamber was used to lower the ambient pressure to-4.9 kPa. NO was sampled from one nostril or via a drainage tube inserted into the maxillary sinus before, during and after the hypobaric exposure. When the pressure was decreased, NO levels increased from 256 &#45 15 to 316 &#45 19 ppb ( n =13, p <0.001). The NO levels remained elevated (282 &#45 21 ppb; p <0.05) when measurements were repeated 20 min after leaving the chamber. The nasal airway resistance (V2 tot ) also increased as a result of the chamber session (from 16 &#45 2° before to 21 &#45 3° after; p <0.05). An increase in NO levels was also found when the experiments were repeated with NO sampled directly from the maxillary sinus (225 &#45 6 before and 265 &#45 9 ppb after; n =6, p <0.001). For control purposes the nasal analyses were repeated again, this time under hyperbaric conditions (+4.9 kPa). This resulted in a slight decrease in the NO levels (from 273 &#45 22 to 241 &#45 17 ppb; n =10, p <0.001), but there was no change in the nasal airway resistance. We conclude that a reduction in sinus pressure, as seen in upper airway allergy or infection, may result in an increase in upper airway NO production.     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

A simple objective evaluation and grading for facial paralysis outcomes

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 degrade type IV collagen, which is one of the major components of the basement membrane in normal tissue and expressed in the surroundings of the cancer nest in squamous cell carinoma. The degeneration of type IV collagen is an essential step in the metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. In this study, we examined MMP-2 and -9 levels of cancer tissue and serum obtained from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in order to evaluate the relationship between the clinicopathologic features and MMPs. We examined the production of MMP-2 and -9 in cancer tissue homogenates of 73 patients who had HNSCC and the serum MMP levels of 16 patients with HNSCC and 8 healthy volunteers. We also studied the localization of MMP-2 in the carcinoma using an immunohistochemical approach. The concentrations of MMP-2 and -9 in the tissue homogenates and serum were measured by means of a sandwich enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed with monoclonal antibody to MMP-2. The concentration of MMP-2 in the tumor tissue homogenates was unrelated to tumor size, but that in patients with lymph node metastases was significantly higher than in those without lymph node metastases. The concentration of MMP-9 was unrelated to lymph node metastasis and tumor size. The levels of both MMP-2 and -9 in serum were unrelated to lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemistry indicated that MMP-2 was mainly expressed in cancer cells. Because MMP-2 degrades type IV collagen, the level of MMP-2 in carcinomas may be a useful indicator of the degree of invasion and metastasis.     

A case of cortical deafness and anarthria

The nasal epithelium protects the underlying tissue from damage. Epithelial cell growth is controlled by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and is possibly affected by toxic proteins, e.g. eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). The aims of this study were to examine nasal fluid epithelial cell counts and their relations to EGF, eosinophils and ECP in 23 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and 20 healthy controls. Nasal fluid epithelial cell counts were lower in patients than in controls. EGF levels did not differ between patients and controls, and correlated with epithelial cell counts in controls but not in patients. Eosinophils and ECP were higher in patients than in controls, but did not correlate with epithelial cell counts. The role of growth factors, such as EGF, in regulating epithelial cells merits further study.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.