2型糖尿病患者外源性给予胰升血糖素对肥胖与血浆Ghrelin的影响

目的探讨肥胖及非肥胖2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者胰岛素抵抗（IR）与生长激素释放肽Gh—relin分泌的关系。方法肥胖T2DM患者26例（Ob＋T2DM组）及非肥胖T2DM患者32例（NOb＋T2DM组）,正常对照30名（NC组）行胰升血糖素－C-P释放试验,同步取血测定血浆Ghrelin和C-P。结果（1）Ob4-T2DM组空腹Ghrelin水平低于NC组和NOb＋T2DM组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;Ob＋T2DM组FC-P及胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA2-IR）高于NC组和NOb＋T2DM组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。静脉推注胰升血糖素后,NC组Ghrdin水平显著下降（P〈0．01）,肥胖及非肥胖T2DM组Ghrelin水平无显著性改变。（2）Pearson相关分析显示空腹血浆Ghrelin水平分别与WC、BMI、体脂百分比、体脂重量呈负相关;多元回归分析显示腰围（WC）是Ghrelin水平的负性预测因子（回归方程Y=4．814—0．0265X）。（3）Ob＋T2DM组中,空腹血浆Ghrelin水平分别与WC、BMI、体脂百分比、体脂重量、HOMA2-IR呈负相关。结论外源性给予胰升血糖素对T2DM患者Ghrelin抑制效应减弱;肥胖T2DM患者血浆Ghrelin水平较非肥胖患者明显降低,且与WC、BMI、体脂百分比、体脂重量、HOMA2-IR负相关;中心性肥胖T2DM患者血浆Ghrelin水平下降与IR有关。     

超重和肥胖人群脂联素受体mRNA的水平与脂肪细胞因子的相关性

目的 了解两种脂联素受体（AdpR1和AdpR2）在人脂肪组织中的表达水平及其与血清脂肪细胞因子的关系。方法 选取19例超重或肥胖（OW＋Ob）和29例正常体重者（NC），用RT-PCR技术检测腹部皮下脂肪组织（AAT）与大网膜脂肪组织（0AT）中脂联素受体的表达水平，并测FIns、血脂和血清脂联素、TNF-α、FFA等指标。结果 （1）两种脂联素受体mRNA的表达水平在OW＋Ob组和NC组、AAT和OAT之间均无差异；但OW＋Ob患者的血浆TG、VLDL-C、FIns、TNF-α、FFA均高于NC组（P＜0．05～P＜0．01），而血清脂联素低于NC组（P＜0．05）。（2）总体观察对象中，AAT的脂联素受体mRNA表达水平与血清脂联素、FFA、FIns、HOMA-IR水平呈负相关（P＜0．05～P＜0．01）；与ISI呈正相关（P分别＜0．05和＜0．01）。（3）OW＋Ob组中脂联素与BMI、FFA、FIns、HOMA-IR呈负相关（P＜0．05～P＜0．01），与ISI呈正相关（P＜0．01）；FFA与血浆TG、LDL-C、FIns呈正相关（P均＜0．05）。结论 OW＋Ob人群的血清TNF-α、FFA水平高于NC人群，脂联素水平低于NC人群，而脂联素受体mRNA的表达水平在两组间没有差异。脂联素受体、FIns、脂联素、FFA是一组很好的评估胰岛素敏感性的指标。     

2型糖尿病患者大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达的研究

目的研究2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA的表达水平及其与腰围（WC）、BMI、腰臀比（WHR）、FPG、TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、BP、病程等相关指标的关系。方法用半定量RT-PCR法检测T2DM患者（DM组）和非糖尿病患者（non-DM组）大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA的表达水平。常规检测FPG、TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、BP,计算BMI、WHR。结果与non-DM组相比,DM组大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达水平显著下降（P〈0.05）,并与WC、TG、FPG、WHR明显负相关,其中以WC的相关性最大;未发现与BMI、HDL-C、LDL-C、TC及BP相关。结论T2DM患者大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达显著降低;WC、TG、FPG、WHR、病程等临床指标可间接反映胰岛素抵抗程度,其中以WC的参考意义最大。     

肥胖及2型糖尿病患者血清视黄醇结合蛋白4、脂联素与肿瘤坏死因子α水平变化及其相关性研究

目的：检测肥胖及2型糖尿病患者血清视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP4）、脂联素及肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）水平变化,探讨三者的相关性。方法选择135例上海地区中国人,分为正常糖调节正常体质量（NBM-NGR）组、正常糖调节超重/肥胖（OW/OB-NGR）组、2型糖尿病正常体质量（NBM-T2DM）组及2型糖尿病伴超重/肥胖（OW/OB-T2DM）组,测定体脂、生化指标及RBP4、脂联素及TNF-α水平。结果 T2DM各亚组及OW/OB-NGR组RBP4均显著高于NBM-NGR组, OW/OB-T2DM组RBP4显著高于NBM-T2DM组;T2DM各亚组及OW/OB-NGR组脂联素均显著低于NBM-NGR组;T2DM各亚组TNF-α均显著高于NBM-NGR组及OW/OB-NGR组。Spearman相关分析显示,RBP4与脂联素呈负相关,与TNF-α呈正相关,TNF-α与脂联素呈负相关（P＜0.05或0.01）。多元逐步回归分析显示,甘油三酯及腰臀比（WHR）是血清RBP4的独立相关因素;性别、甘油三酯、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）及高密度脂蛋白是血清脂联素的独立相关因素;HbA1c是血清TNF-α的独立相关因素。结论 RBP4与腹内型肥胖的关系更为密切,而与血糖不相关;脂联素、TNF-α主要与糖代谢相关;RBP4与脂联素及TNF-α均相关。     

超重和肥胖人群高血压病的患病率及血清脂联素水平的变化

国内外研究表明，脂联素（adiponectin）在肥胖、2型糖尿病患中血浆浓度下降，但在高血压病伴肥胖患中脂联素水平以及由于超重和肥胖导致高血压病患病率增高的大样本资料较少。本研究旨在探讨超重和肥胖人群高血压病的患病率、血清中脂联素水平的变化以及脂联素与血压、体重指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）、腰臀围比（WHR）之间的关系。     

超重和肥胖人群血清脂联素水平与心血管多重危险因素的关系

选取32例超重和肥胖者（OW4-Ob组）和36例正常体重者（NC组），常规测量身高等，测定APN、甘油三酯（TG）、胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）等指标。结果：（1）OW＋Ob组血清APN水平明显低于NC组（P〈0．05）；OW＋Ob组WC、SBP、DBP、FINS、FBG、TG、TC、LDL-C、IL-6、hs-CRP均高于NC组（0．000〈P〈0．05）；OW＋Ob组ISI低于NC组，HOMA-IR高于NC组。（2）APN与BMI、WC、FINS、TG、TC、LDL-C、HOMA-IR、hs-CRP呈显著负相关（0．05〉P〉0．001）；与HDL-C呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。（3）OW＋Ob组女性血清APN水平较男性明显升高（P〈0．05），APN与T，OW＋Ob组人群中血清APN与T及T／E2均呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）。（4）HDL-C是影响血清APN水平的独立相关因素。结论：超重和肥胖者血清APN水平明显降低。低APN水平与心血管多重危险因素密切相关。     

超重和肥胖人群血清脂联素水平与心血管多重危险因素的关系

选取32例超重和肥胖者（OW4-Ob组）和36例正常体重者（NC组），常规测量身高等，测定APN、甘油三酯（TG）、胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）等指标。结果：（1）OW＋Ob组血清APN水平明显低于NC组（P〈0．05）；OW＋Ob组WC、SBP、DBP、FINS、FBG、TG、TC、LDL-C、IL-6、hs-CRP均高于NC组（0．000〈P〈0．05）；OW＋Ob组ISI低于NC组，HOMA-IR高于NC组。（2）APN与BMI、WC、FINS、TG、TC、LDL-C、HOMA-IR、hs-CRP呈显著负相关（0．05〉P〉0．001）；与HDL-C呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。（3）OW＋Ob组女性血清APN水平较男性明显升高（P〈0．05），APN与T，OW＋Ob组人群中血清APN与T及T／E2均呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）。（4）HDL-C是影响血清APN水平的独立相关因素。结论：超重和肥胖者血清APN水平明显降低。低APN水平与心血管多重危险因素密切相关。     

我国西部人群脂联素基因+45位点多态性与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗及2型糖尿病的相关性

目的探讨宁夏汉族人群脂联素基因＋45位核苷酸T／G多态性与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗（IR）及2型糖尿病（T2DM）的相关性。方法采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性内切酶长度多态性技术，对100例T2DM患者和101例正常对照（NC）者脂联素基因＋45位点进行基因分型；并计算BMI和HOMA-IR。结果（1）T2DM组GG基因型频率明显高于NC组（P〈0．01），G等位基因频率明显高于NC组（P〈0．01）。（2）在T2DM组中，GG＋TG基因型的BMI、HOMA-IR大于TT基因型（P〈0．01）。在NC组中，各基因型间BMI、HOMA-IR的差异无统计学意义。在T2DM组中，而BMII〉25组的GG＋TG基因型频率高于BMI〈25组（P〈0．01），G等位基因频率也高于BMI〈25组（P〈0．01）。结论脂联素基因＋45位核苷酸T／G多态性与肥胖、IR及T2DM相关。     

简易体脂参数用于评价中青年人腹型肥胖可靠性的研究

目的 评价中青年腹型肥胖的简易体脂参数及临床应用价值. 方法 应用MRI对267名受试者行腹内脂肪面积（AVF area）测量,同时测量BMI、WC及WHR,并与MRI测量的AVF area进行比较,以受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）评价简易体脂参数对腹型肥胖的诊断价值. 结果 BMI、WC、WHR与AVFarea呈正相关（r分别为0.645,0.782,0.618）,ROC曲线下面积男性以WC最高,女性以BMI最高.简易体脂参数评价腹型肥胖最佳参数的最佳切割点为男性WC 88 cm,女性BMI 24 kg/m^2.结论 BMI、WC及WHR均可估测腹型肥胖,男性WC、女性BMI可靠性最好.     

男性胆囊胆固醇结石患者血浆脂联素、性激素水平与体脂分布的关系

目的探讨男性胆囊胆固醇结石患者血浆脂联素、性激素水平与体脂分布的关系。方法对30名男性胆囊胆固醇结石患者与30名健康志愿者，分别测定其血浆脂联素、雌二醇（E2）、游离睾酮（FT）、总睾酮（TT）水平，同时监测血压、腰围（WC）、体重指数（BMI）、腰／臀比（WHR），并进行比较。结果（1）结石组血浆FT、TT、脂联素水平较对照组低（P〈0．05），控制BMI、WC、WHR后，结石组脂联素水平仍较对照组低（P〈0．05），而E2值差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结石组WC、WHR、BMI较对照组高（P〈0．01），均具统计学意义。（2）男性胆囊胆固醇结石血浆脂联素水平与WC呈负相关，TT水平与BMI呈负相关，FT水平与BMI、WHR、WC呈负相关，（P〈0．05）。（3）多因素分析提示WHR、TT水平为男性胆囊胆固醇结石发病的危险因素。结论（1）男性胆囊胆固醇结石患者血浆脂联素、TT、FT水平同时降低，TT水平是男性胆囊胆网醇结石发病的危险因素。（2）男性胆囊胆固醇结石患者存在体脂分布异常，雄激素在男性胆囊胆固醇结石病人脂联素水平的降低中似乎未参与调节，脂联素、雄激素水平同时降低可能是由于体脂分布异常所致，体脂分布异常是男性胆囊胆固醇结石发病的危险因素。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.