激光原位开窗保留左锁骨下动脉治疗主动脉弓部病变的经验与结果

目的探讨TEVAR结合激光原位开窗(in situ laser-generated fenestration,ISLF)保留左锁骨下动脉治疗主动脉弓部扩张性疾病的早、中期疗效。方法回顾性分析山东第一医科大学附属中心医院2017年6月至2019年9月接受TEVAR结合激光原位开窗保留左锁骨下动脉手术的13例患者资料,行CTA评估术后夹层破口封堵情况、重建左锁骨下动脉的通畅情况、主动脉重塑情况和支架相关不良事件发生情况。结果 ISLF在12例患者取得成功,技术成功率92.3%。1例开窗失败而采用"烟囱"技术成功重建左锁骨下动脉;1例因主体覆膜支架释放时覆盖左颈总动脉,同样采用"烟囱"技术重建左颈总动脉。患者围术期未发生因使用激光而导致的并发症,无内漏及脑血管意外。2例患者在撤出主体支架系统时出现髂动脉破裂,1例抢救无效死亡,院内死亡率7.7%。术后随访3～18(9.9±5.2)个月,患者破口封堵完善,主体支架及左锁骨下动脉支架无变形移位,无内漏的发生。1例出现无症状左锁骨下动脉支架近端血栓形成,其余患者左锁骨下动脉支架通畅性良好,通畅率91.7%。夹层胸主动脉段完全血栓化且真腔明显扩大,假腔、壁间血肿厚度明显缩小,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);穿透性溃疡局部均完全血栓化。结论 TEVAR结合ISLF是治疗主动脉弓部疾病保留左锁骨下动脉安全且有效的选择,技术成功率高,并发症发生率低,有良好的通畅性及主动脉重塑,疗效确切。     

TEVAR保留左锁骨下动脉治疗主动脉夹层

<正>Stanford B型主动脉夹层(aortic dissection,AD)指夹层裂口及假腔只侵及降主动脉的AD。胸主动脉腔内修复术(thoracic endovascular aortic repair,TEVAR)已成为Stanford B型AD的首选治疗方法。本文所讨论的内容为TEVAR术中支架移植物需覆盖左锁骨下动脉的这部分Stanford B型AD。常见有:(1)夹层近端裂口距离左锁骨下动脉15 mm,约占B型AD 24.5%~([1]);(2)夹层近端裂口距离左锁骨下动脉≥15 mm,但夹层假腔逆撕,使健     

胸主动脉腔内修复扩展近端锚定区的探讨

目的探讨胸主动脉腔内修复(EVR)近端锚定区不足的两种处理。方法回顾分析近端锚定区<15mm的9例DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层动脉瘤(ADA)和1例胸降主动脉瘤(DTAA)患者的治疗经过、结果和并发症。其中DTAA患者和3例ADA患者行辅助性右左颈总动脉、左颈总左锁骨下动脉旁路联合腔内修复(EVR)治疗(联合治疗组),另6例ADA患者直接行EVR,覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口(直接修复组)。结果10例患者都取得技术成功。DTAA病例动脉旁路术后无并发症,EVR术后并发脑梗塞、成人呼吸窘迫综合征、上消化道大出血、肾功能衰竭,第12天死亡。9例ADA患者功能围手术期无与血管有关的并发症。直接修复组中2例术后早期出现头晕,静滴甘露醇4～5d后缓解。9例患者都获随访,随访期3～12个月(平均9个月),未发生神经系统或肢体缺血性并发症,术后3个月CT证实所有病例原发破口封闭,胸主动脉假腔内完全血栓形成,真腔扩大。结论处理胸主动脉EVR近端锚定区不足时,辅助性动脉旁路和直接覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口是可行的,可以拓展EVR在DeBakeyⅢ型ADA和DTAA中的应用。     

裂口位于主动脉弓远端Stanford A型主动脉夹层的腔内修复

目的总结腔内修复术治疗裂口位于主动脉弓远端Stanford A型主动脉夹层的临床经验。方法2001年1月至2006年6月在中山大学附属第一医院血管外科通过股动脉入路行主动脉腔内修复术,对21例内膜撕裂口位于主动脉弓远端和近端降主动脉的Stanford A型主动脉夹层进行血管腔内治疗,根据椎动脉造影确定是否重建左锁骨下动脉。结果全组21例中,急性夹层13例,慢性夹层8例,均接受了血管腔内带膜支架修复术,手术成功率100%。17例同时封闭了左锁骨下动脉,其中4例行左锁骨下动脉重建。4例发生内漏,1例术后发生脑梗死。平均随访22.3个月(6~65个月),所有病例均存活。假腔内完全血栓形成12例,部分血栓形成9例。结论主动脉腔内修复术治疗内膜撕裂口位于主动脉弓远端和近端降主动脉的Stanford A型主动脉夹层是有效和安全的,具有微创、成功率高和并发症少等特点。     

Castor单分支支架在Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内治疗重建左锁骨下动脉的Meta分析

目的评价Castor单分支支架技术在Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内治疗重建左锁骨下动脉血供的安全性及有效性。方法系统性检索Pubmed、Embase、Web of Science及万方、中国知网、维普等数据库至2022年9月发表的关于应用Castor单分支支架技术在Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内修复重建左锁骨下动脉血供的文献,分析技术成功率、术后早期Ⅰ型内漏发生率、围术期神经系统并发症发生率、30 d死亡率及左锁骨下动脉分支通畅率等临床结果。结果共纳入23篇文献的773例Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者,技术成功率为99.66%,术后早期Ⅰ型内漏发生率、围术期神经系统并发症发生率、30 d死亡率和左锁骨下动脉分支通畅率分别为1.28%、0.02%、0.02%和98.18%。结论应用Castor单分支支架技术腔内修复Stanford B型主动脉夹层并重建左锁骨下动脉技术成功率和分支动脉远期通畅率疗效满意。     

开窗/分支支架技术腔内治疗巨大胸腹主动脉夹层动脉瘤及内漏处理1例

患者,女性,53岁,有高血压和脑出血病史,2010年因Stanford B型主动脉夹层行胸主动脉覆膜支架腔内隔绝术,术中完全覆盖左锁骨下动脉,术后未规律随访。2019年2月25日因复查发现腹主动脉夹层假腔增大而入院。CTA示胸腹主动脉巨大夹层动脉瘤,延续至双侧髂动脉(图1A)。综合评估患者的病史及一般情况,手术风险高、无法耐受开放手术,遂选择分2期行全腔内修复术。     

单分支支架治疗锚定区不足Stanford B型主动脉夹层

目的探讨应用Castor分支型主动脉覆膜支架治疗健康锚定区不足15 mm的Stanford B型主动脉夹层(TBAD)的临床效果。方法回顾性分析解放军第九七〇医院2017年10月至2018年6月应用Castor单分支型支架治疗18例近端健康锚定区15 mm的TBAD患者的临床资料,其中急性TBAD 17例,慢性TBAD 1例,患者均经CT血管成像(CTA)确诊。结果手术成功率100%,手术平均时间(127.8±20.1)min,均无内漏发生,围术期无脑梗死、夹层动脉瘤破裂等并发症,无死亡病例。术中2例左锁骨下动脉(LSA)分支支架释放后存在狭窄,给予球囊扩张后狭窄解除;1例术后出现左侧肱动脉穿刺点血肿,经保守治疗治愈。随访18例,平均随访时间(8±2)个月,无截瘫及死亡病例,LSA分支支架通畅率为100%,无内漏及夹层逆撕,胸主动脉段真腔直径较术前明显扩大、假腔直径较术前明显缩小(P0.05),胸段假腔术后血栓化率高于腹主动脉。结论 Castor分支型覆膜支架治疗近端健康锚定区不足15 mm的TBAD可以有效重建LSA,操作安全精准,隔绝效果好,短期随访无内漏发生,远期疗效尚需进一步观察。     

85例Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内手术早中期随访结果分析

目的随访85例经腔内修复Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者,总结Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内修复治疗的体会。方法所有患者术前均接受CT血管造影(CTA)检查,以获取患者主动脉夹层相关的解剖学资料,术中在数字减影血管造影(DSA)直视下对所有患者行腔内修复,按照分别于术后3个月、6个月、12个月及以后每年1次的方案进行随访,观察并发症发生及瘤体形态学变化。结果技术成功率为95.3%(81/85),临床成功率为91.8%(78/85),术后住院期间死亡8例,均为急性期手术死亡,无慢性期死亡病例,两者间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。急性期接受腔内修复治疗患者的术后早期总体并发症发生率较慢性期患者高(38.2%比13.3%,P<0.05)。左锁骨下动脉完全封闭13例,部分封闭22例,术后未出现明显的脑供血不足的临床症状。41例患者腹主动脉段存在远端破口而又未覆盖者,腹主动脉段假腔内血栓化不明显。其余不存在远端破口者在随访过程中腹主动脉段无新发破口出现。结论无论是在急性期还是在慢性期,腔内修复均是Stanford B型夹层的有效治疗方法,但慢性期行腔内修复较急性期有较高的安全性。对于右侧椎动脉通畅且颅内Willis环完整的病例,可以直接行左锁骨下动脉封闭,不必先期或一期行颈动脉旁路手术,如果术后出现不能缓解的脑供血不足的临床症状并确定是由于左椎动脉供血不足导致,可行颈动脉-左锁骨下动脉转流。对于腹主动脉段存在远端破口而又未覆盖者,需要密切随访,观察病变处的动态变化,及时给予必要的处理。     

采用胸分支型主动脉支架人工血管对主动脉弓降部夹层行腔内修复治疗

目的探讨采用胸分支型主动脉支架人工血管治疗累及左锁骨下动脉的主动脉弓降部夹层的临床效果。方法自2004年2月至2004年6月,采用血管腔内胸分支型主动脉支架人工血管治疗主动脉弓部夹层14例。14例均为StanforB型主动脉夹层,原发破裂口距左锁骨下动脉开口2～13mm,平均8．7mm。分支型支架由主动脉段支架和分支段支架组成,支架直径较相应支撑部位动脉直径大15％～20％。治疗在血管造影室进行,应用定位导丝、在透视下将分支型主动脉支架人工血管送人并连续释置入主动脉弓和左锁骨下动脉。结果支架释放全部成功。14例患者共放置14只分支型主动脉支架和2只可弯曲型支架人工血管,封闭夹层破裂口,夹层真腔全部恢复正常直径。无远端动脉并发症发生,无死亡病例。全部患者术后恢复正常活动。结论胸分支型主动脉支架人工血管适合于修复破裂口位于左锁骨下动脉开口旁的主动脉弓部夹层。     

急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内修复术的指征和治疗时机选择

目的 探讨急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内修复术的指征和治疗时机的选择.方法 对2004年2月至2008年6月收治的Stanford B型主动脉夹层464例进行分析.男性391例,女性73例;年龄26～88岁,平均56.6岁.分析导致急性主动脉夹层破裂的危险因素并评价急性组(n=298)和慢性组(n=166)的腔内治疗效果.结果 夹层破裂组中反复或持续性胸背痛和胸腔渗出的发生率(83.3%和94.4%)高于非破裂组(10.4%和14.1%,P＜0.01).破裂组降主动脉平均最大径(49.4 mm)大于非破裂组(35.1 mm,P＜0.01).合并内脏和下肢动脉缺血的病例在腔内修复术后症状体征和相关指标都得剑明显改善.急性组近端假腔消失率51.7%高于慢性组的19.5%,而远端假腔开放率59.2%低于慢性组的79.3%(P＜0.01).24例壁间血肿或假腔完全血栓形成病例中有4例出现夹层复发.结论 近端假腔持续开放的急性夹层应行腔内修复术,而壁间血肿或假腔完全血栓化的急性病例可暂予密切随访.对于有反复或持续性胸背痛、胸腔渗出和降主动脉直径＞4.5 cm等破裂先兆的病例或短时间内无法好转的主动脉分支血管缺血者,应立即行腔内修复术.     

胸主动脉瘤及夹层腔内修复术中左锁骨下动脉的处理

目的探讨胸主动脉瘤及夹层腔内修复术中左锁骨下动脉的处理方法。方法2000年6月至2005年12月,54例胸主动脉瘤及夹层患者的近端锚定区小于15mm,需处理左锁骨下动脉。腔内修复术在X线透视下进行,支架型血管通过输送系统携带到病变部位,根据病变特点对左锁骨下动脉采取一期完全覆盖（40例）、部分覆盖（3例）、完全覆盖后腔内重建（1例）、完全覆盖前外科重建（10例）等方法处理,观察治疗后效果。结果所有患者术中均应用数字减影血管造影进行脑循环评估。40例一期完全覆盖左锁骨下动脉;10例腔内覆盖前行右锁骨下动脉．左锁骨下动脉或左颈总动脉-左锁骨下动脉旁路术;3例覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口1／2～4／5后再通过球囊扩张、支架植入重建左锁骨下动脉;1例完全覆盖左锁骨下动脉后应用腔内人造血管开窗技术重建左锁骨下动脉。所有辅助技术均取得成功,未出现严重脑及上肢并发症。腔内修复术后近端Ⅰ型内漏发生率17％（9／54）。一期完全覆盖左锁骨下动脉患者术后早期窃血综合征发生率20％（8／40）,左肱动脉平均收缩压（63±24）mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）。结论通过辅助腔内或腔外技术,可对短颈胸主动脉瘤及夹层病变进行有效的腔内修复术;对左锁骨下动脉的处理方式根据椎基底动脉、Willis环及双侧颈动脉状况来确定。     

腔内修复主动脉弓动脉瘤或夹层动脉瘤14例

目的探讨腔内修复主动脉弓动脉瘤或夹层动脉瘤的疗效。方法回顾性分析2003年6月至2004年8月腔内修复主动脉弓动脉瘤或夹层动脉瘤14例的临床资料。其中,DebakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层动脉瘤(aorticdissectionaneurysm, ADA)12例,动脉瘤2例。8例ADA直接行腔内修复,覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口;另4例ADA和2例动脉瘤接受辅助性右左颈总动脉、左颈总左锁骨下动脉旁路联合腔内修复。结果14例均取得技术成功。1例动脉瘤患者腔内修复术后并发缺血性脑卒中死亡。生存的13例围手术期和随访期间(1 ~14个月,平均11个月)无神经系统或肢体缺血性并发症。3个月CT证实所有ADA患者原发破口封闭。存活动脉瘤患者术后1个月CT显示瘤腔内血栓形成。结论腔内修复主动脉弓动脉瘤或夹层动脉瘤是安全、有效的。     

Combined surgical and endovascular treatment of acute aortic dissection type A: preliminary results

BACKGROUND: The established treatment modality of acute Stanford type A dissection includes repair of the ascending aorta and various portions of the aortic arch, whereas the descending aorta is left untreated. We report a simultaneous approach of open repair of the ascending aorta with transluminal stent grafting of the descending aorta to minimize the consequences of an untreated descending aorta. METHODS: From April 2001 to February 2002, 8 consecutive patients (3 women [37.5%] and 5 men [62.5%]) with a mean age of 55.7 years (range, 45 to 70 years) were intended to be treated with the combined method of surgical repair of the ascending aorta and transluminal stent grafting into the descending aorta during the period of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Circulatory arrest time ranged between 30 and 67 minutes (average, 38.8 minutes). Specially designed Talent stent grafts (32 to 40 mm in diameter, length 13 cm) were inserted under direct vision and deployed with the proximal end at the origin of the left subclavian artery. RESULTS: Intraoperative stent graft placement was successful in 7 patients (87.5%). Because of severe kinking of the distal arch, stent insertion failed in 1 patient (12.5%). One patient with a history of preoperative stroke in the middle cerebral artery died because of intracerebral bleeding on postoperative day 2, resulting in an in-hospital mortality of 12.5%. Mean intensive care unit stay was 6.4 days (range, 2 to 21 days) and overall hospital stay was 18.2 days (range, 7 to 33 days). Completion computed tomographic scans revealed complete thrombosis of the false lumen in 2 patients and partial thrombosis in 4 patients. Follow-up was complete and ranged from 1 to 9 months (mean, 5.4 months). CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study shows that combined surgical and endovascular treatment of acute type A dissection is feasible, and at least partial thrombosis of the false lumen can be achieved, potentially minimizing the risk of further dilatation or rupture. Additionally, the stent graft expands the otherwise sickle-shaped true lumen, thereby ameliorating distal aortic perfusion. Long-term results are warranted to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new combined treatment modality.     

Combined Surgical and Endovascular Treatment of Acute Aortic Dissection Type A: Preliminary Results

Background. The established treatment modality of acute Stanford type A dissection includes repair of the ascending aorta and various portions of the aortic arch, whereas the descending aorta is left untreated. We report a simultaneous approach of open repair of the ascending aorta with transluminal stent grafting of the descending aorta to minimize the consequences of an untreated descending aorta.Methods. From April 2001 to February 2002, 8 consecutive patients (3 women [37.5%] and 5 men [62.5%]) with a mean age of 55.7 years (range, 45 to 70 years) were intended to be treated with the combined method of surgical repair of the ascending aorta and transluminal stent grafting into the descending aorta during the period of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Circulatory arrest time ranged between 30 and 67 minutes (average, 38.8 minutes). Specially designed Talent stent grafts (32 to 40 mm in diameter, length 13 cm) were inserted under direct vision and deployed with the proximal end at the origin of the left subclavian artery.Results. Intraoperative stent graft placement was successful in 7 patients (87.5%). Because of severe kinking of the distal arch, stent insertion failed in 1 patient (12.5%). One patient with a history of preoperative stroke in the middle cerebral artery died because of intracerebral bleeding on postoperative day 2, resulting in an in-hospital mortality of 12.5%. Mean intensive care unit stay was 6.4 days (range, 2 to 21 days) and overall hospital stay was 18.2 days (range, 7 to 33 days). Completion computed tomographic scans revealed complete thrombosis of the false lumen in 2 patients and partial thrombosis in 4 patients. Follow-up was complete and ranged from 1 to 9 months (mean, 5.4 months).Conclusions. This preliminary study shows that combined surgical and endovascular treatment of acute type A dissection is feasible, and at least partial thrombosis of the false lumen can be achieved, potentially minimizing the risk of further dilatation or rupture. Additionally, the stent graft expands the otherwise sickle-shaped true lumen, thereby ameliorating distal aortic perfusion. Long-term results are warranted to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new combined treatment modality.     

Endovascular treatment of type B thoracic aortic dissections

PURPOSE: To evaluate the initial experience of endovascular repair of aortic dissections from a single center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June 1999 to March 2002, endovascular stent grafting was performed in 20 high-risk patients (16 to 80 years). Eighteen patients had a type B dissection (14 acute and 4 chronic). Two patients had chronic type A dissection. Preoperative work-up included CT and MRI to evaluate the extent of the dissection, the relation to the left subclavian artery, the size of false and true lumen, and branch complications. RESULTS: Stent-graft deployment was technically successful in all cases. None was converted to open repair. Three patients died within 30 days, i.e., a 15% mortality rate. Four patients (20%) had a perioperative stroke. Paraplegia was observed in one case. No migration of the stent grafts or endoleaks was observed during the mean follow-up period of 13 months. In all but two patient thrombosis of the false lumen was noted. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular treatment of thoracic dissections is feasible. Early results are encouraging. While endovascular repair with stent-grafts is progressing rapidly as a viable strategy for aortic dissections in selected patients careful investigations must continue to focus on its safety. Randomized controlled trials are urgently needed.     

Scheduled re-entry coil embolization before entry coverage of thoracic endovascular stent grafting for aneurysmal chronic type B aortic dissection

Endovascular treatment for type?B dissections is controversial. This therapy aims at complete occlusion and thrombosis of the false lumen of the aneurysm. We report a case where cessation of flow was achieved using covered stent grafts in conjunction with coil embolization of the false lumen. The use of scheduled coil re-entry embolization of the false lumen before endovascular entry coverage using a stent graft is a novel approach that could become a treatment option for aneurysmal type B dissection.     

Repair of the thoracic aorta by transaortic stent grafting (open stenting)

BACKGROUND: The late results of direct open stent grafting of the aortic arch for aortic arch repair have not been reported previously. METHODS: Between September 1997 and December 2000 19 patients underwent open stent grafting with carotid artery bypass for thoracic arteriosclerotic aneurysms (TAA) of the distal aortic arch. In addition, 21 patients underwent open stent grafting with total aortic arch replacement for Stanford type A acute aortic dissection and 7 patients underwent stenting with carotid bypass for Stanford type B chronic aortic dissection. RESULTS: The early mortality rate was 11% for TAA, 10% for type A dissection, and 0% for type B dissection. Whereas none of the TAA or type A dissection required a second operation on the thoracic aorta, 1 TAA patient died 6 months postoperatively after sudden aortic rupture and 1 type B patient required descending aortic replacement because of ulceration caused by the stent graft at 11 months postoperatively. On follow-up computed tomography scan, in TAA patients, true aneurysms excluded by the stent graft showed early thrombosis, but the absorption of thrombosed aneurysms started from 1 to 6 months postoperatively and gradually progressed. In patients with type B chronic dissection, the false lumen showed early thrombosis and the true lumen was dilated at the central portion of the graft, which might increase turbulent flow by interaction with the stent. In patients with type A acute dissection, the false lumen showed both early thrombosis and early absorption. CONCLUSIONS: Early and late results of open stenting are acceptable and follow-up computed tomography scan may be able to predict late results of open stenting.     

Endovascular treatment of the descending thoracic aorta.

OBJECTIVES: to report our initial experience with endovascular stent graft repair of a variety of thoracic aortic pathology. DESIGN: retrospective single center study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: between February 2000 and January 2002, endovascular stent graft repair was performed in 26 patients: traumatic aortic isthmus rupture (n=3), Type B dissection (n=11) and descending thoracic aortic aneurysm (n=12). The deployed stent graft systems were AneuRx-Medtronic (n=1), Talent-Medtronic (n=13) and Excluder-Gore (n=12). RESULTS: successful deployment of the stent grafts in the intended position was achieved in all patients. No hospital mortality neither paraplegia were observed. Late, non procedure related, death occurred in four patients (15%). Access artery complications with rupture of the iliac artery occurred in two patients and were managed by iliac-femoral bypass. The left subclavian artery was overstented in seven patients (27%). Only the first patient received a carotido-subclavian bypass. The mean maximal aortic diameter decreased significantly in patients treated for descending thoracic aneurysm. Only one patient had an endoleak type II after 6 months without enlargement of the aneurysm. Complete thrombosis of the thoracic false lumen occurred in all but one patient treated for Type B dissection 6 months postoperatively. Two patients underwent a consecutive stent graft placement, due to a large re-entry tear distal to the first stent graft. CONCLUSIONS: endovascular stent graft repair for Type B dissection, descending thoracic aneurysm and aortic isthmus rupture is a promising less-invasive alternative to surgical repair. Further studies are mandatory to determine its long-term efficacy.     

Left subclavian artery management in endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissections

PURPOSE: The purpose is to report our experience and revise our previously published results in endovascular repair of short-necked thoracic aortic aneurysms or aortic type B dissections, in which the left subclavian artery (LSA) was occluded by the stent graft intentionally.METHODS: Seven patients with an aortic type B dissection and three patients who had a thoracic aortic aneurysm were treated endovascularly with stent grafts. In all patients the ostium of the LSA was occluded by the stent graft, only in two patients a primary, prophylactic revascularization of the LSA was performed by transposition to the left common carotid artery (LCA). Two types of stent grafts were used: the Talent (Medtronic) and the Excluder (Gore) stent graft. RESULTS: In all patients the sealing of the entry tear in aortic dissections and the exclusion of existing thoracic aortic aneurysms were achieved. No immediate neurological deficit or left arm ischemia occurred. Nevertheless, during a mean follow-up of 18 months (2 to 31 months) in three patients a second surgical intervention had to be performed due to subclavian steal syndrome, left arm ischemia, or continuing perfusion of the dissected false aortic channel. CONCLUSION: Intentional occlusion of the LSA in stent-graft repair of thoracic aortic diseases seems to be a safe procedure. Close follow-up is needed due to arising subclavian steal syndrome, arm ischemia, or persistent perfusion of the false channel via LSA in aortic dissections after patients' discharge, requiring surgical intervention.