三水区某小学流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情的调查分析

目的通过调查三水区一起小学流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情,分析疫情发生原因,探讨含腮腺炎成分疫苗接种对疫情控制的影响。方法根据传染病报告信息管理系统流行性腮腺炎监测数据及现场流行病学调查资料,分析三水区某小学流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情特点,疫情发生原因及含腮腺炎成分疫苗接种水平对腮腺炎发病的影响。结果三水区某小学发生流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情,疫情持续64d,累计42名学生发病,罹患率1.38%,六年级学生罹患率高于其他年级学生罹患率(χ~2=124.54,P0.05),六年级学生既往接种1剂次含腮腺炎成分疫苗保护率为46.67%,疫情暴发期间,六年级学生应急接种率为29.59%,应急接种疫苗保护率为100%,调查发现共有6例流腮病例学校未及时隔离是暴发疫情发生的主要影响因素。结论首发病例没有及时隔离,疫情期间学校组织班级交叉考试,可能是该起暴发疫情发生的主要原因,六年级学生既往接种1剂次含腮腺炎成分疫苗保护效果不理想、应急接种率低、是该起疫情持续蔓延的重要因素。     

一起寄宿制学校流行性腮腺炎暴发调查

目的 了解该起学校流行性腮腺炎疫情流行特征,查找传播的危险因素,为制定防控措施提供依据。 方法 采用调查登记表开展病例个案调查,运用描述流行病学方法分析疫情流行特征和流行因素。 结果 该起学校流行性腮腺炎疫情历时167天,共发现病例208例,波及24个班级,罹患率为16.98%(208/1 225);10月13日以后每两个发病高峰相距时间范围约为17~18天,且一个峰比一个峰高;不同班级混住的宿舍学生发生流行性腮腺炎病例的危险是无混住现象宿舍学生的1.48倍(95%CI:1.10~2.01);有53.40%(55/103)的病例在发病当天被发现,74.76%(77/103)的病例在发现当天被隔离,45.63%(47/103)的病例发病当天被隔离,隔离时间≥9天的病例占65.05%(67/103)。 结论 病例发现和隔离不及时可导致流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情的扩散和蔓延;不同班级混住是寄宿制学校流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情扩散的危险因素之一。     

2018年正阳县某镇一起伤寒暴发疫情的调查分析

目的对正阳县某镇一起伤寒暴发疫情进行调查分析,查找疫情暴发原因及高危因素,为有效控制伤寒疫情提供参考依据。方法用描述流行病学方法对2018年正阳县某镇的一起伤寒暴发疫情现场调查及病原学检测结果进行分析,数据采用Excel 2007软件统计分析。结果此次暴发共报告123例伤寒病例,罹患率2.2‰,涉及该镇的15个行政村;病例年龄最小2岁,最大85岁。结论本次疫情为伤寒沙门氏菌感染所致,以镇上一家山西面馆为点、由水污染引起的食源性伤寒暴发疫情。随疫情进展,伤寒传播转为持续扩散散发模式,建议推进卫生防控措施的有效落实及寄宿式学校全封闭管理等。     

一起流感暴发疫情调查与处置

目的对扬州市江都区某小学一起流感暴发疫情调查与处置结果进行分析,为探讨学校传染病防控工作提供经验及科学依据。方法采用现场流行病学调查方法,对病例开展流行病学调查,并对病例开展流感核酸检测。结果江都区因病缺课监测系统发现某小学报告因流感样病例缺课学生异常增多,区疾病预防控制中心现场调查和实验室检测,确认为一起乙型流感暴发疫情,通过积极落实停课和卫生宣教等各项防控措施,疫情得到有效控制。结论在学校传染病防治工作中,因病缺课系统及时真实的数据监测对学校传染病早发现早处置起着积极作用;疫情处置过程中,病例的早发现和有效隔离依然是疫情控制的关键;流感疫苗接种不能很好的推广和普及是目前学校流感样疫情暴发的重要原因之一。     

泰宁县某中学流行性腮腺炎暴发调查

目的 探讨泰宁县某中学流行性腮腺炎暴发原因,为类似事件防控提供依据.方法 用流行病学方法分析疫情分布.结果 该事件累计发病54人,罹患率10.2％,性别比11∶7;年龄12～16岁,分布于七至九年级,有明显的聚集性.学校为寄宿制,住宿拥挤;首发病例未及时报告、隔离,疫苗接种率低,是疫情暴发的主要原因.结论 提高疫苗接种率,加强和完善学校的传染病报告制度,发现病人及时隔离,加强密切接触者观察,是控制流行性腮腺炎暴发的关键.     

绵阳市地震灾区某板房小学一起流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情调查

[目的]了解本起学校流行性腮腺炎暴发的流行病学特征,为今后预防控制流行性腮腺炎暴发提供依据。[方法]进行现场流行病学调查,采用描述流行病学方法分析。[结果]本次疫情暴发发生于1～3月,共发生病例32例,罹患率为4.32%;病例主要发生于3月份,占病例总数的90.63%;平均年龄8.05岁,男女性性别比为1︰1.9。[结论]学校发生流行性腮腺炎病例,应及时报告,并对病人进行隔离,至隔离期结束才能恢复上课。应急接种麻腮风疫苗是有效控制暴发疫情的综合措施之一。     

一起学校流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情调查

目的通过描述一起学校流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情的流行特征,寻找引起暴发的危险因素并针对性地提出有效防控措施。方法搜索该起疫情的病例,进行描述性分析和病例对照研究,分析暴发原因和危险因素。结果该起流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情,共搜索到53例临床诊断病例,罹患率为12.56%;该起疫情存在隐性感染者;在校集中就餐是危险因素(OR=9.82,95%CI 3.37~28.70),洗手2次/d(OR=0.32,95%CI 0.650.16)和接种疫苗(OR=0.31,95%CI 0.10~0.97)为保护因素。结论隐性感染者可能是本次疫情暴发的重要原因,学校教育学生养成良好的卫生习惯、提高相关疫苗接种率、疫情发生时减少学生相互接触机会是防止发生类似事件的有效防控措施。     

某小学一起流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情的调查分析

目的查明某小学一起流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情的发生原因和传播特征,为今后预防和控制此类聚集性疫情提供参考。方法调查病例的临床特征、相关疫苗接种情况、学校和教室卫生环境及可能的传播因素等,利用描述性流行病学方法进行统计分析。结果本次暴发疫情历时近2个月,共发生20例病例,罹患率4.15%;流行高峰在4月11～13日,发病11例,占55.00%;病例以9～12岁学生为多,共11例,占55.00%。全校9个班中有8个班出现病例,发病较多的是二年级和四年级,其发病人数占总发病人数的45.00%;20例患者中12例(60.00%)有1次含腮腺炎成分疫苗免疫史,均没有第2次含腮腺炎成分疫苗免疫史。结论含腮腺炎成分疫苗接种比例较低或接种针次不够、疫情报告不及时、患者未及时隔离或隔离时间不够是该次暴发的原因。对中小学和幼托机构老师及家长加强传染病知识的宣教,提高含腮腺炎成分疫苗的覆盖率可有效控制流行性腮腺炎疫情。     

一起流行性腮腺炎暴发的调查

目的查明福州市某小学流行性腮腺炎暴发原因。方法按《流行性腮腺炎诊断标准及处理原则》,采用统一的个案调查表,对所有病例进行流行病学调查。结果发病31例,罹患率10.51％。发病学生均未注射过腮腺炎疫苗。结论基层传染病监测报告反应不灵敏,延误了对疫情的处理,导致疫情不能及时控制,是造成疫情暴发的主要原因;大量易感人群积累,导致了疫情的发生。     

一起乡镇小学乙型流感暴发疫情调查

目的调查某乡镇小学一起乙型流感暴发疫情流行特征,为制定学校传染病暴发疫情预防控制措施提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对瑞安市某乡镇小学学生乙型流感发病情况进行调查分析。结果某乡镇1879名小学生中共发生44例乙型流感病例,罹患率2．34％,涉及3个班级,发病学生均未接种流感疫苗;采集10份新发病例咽拭子标本,乙型流感病毒核酸阳性率70．00％。经隔离传染源、晨检和健康教育等措施,疫情得到控制。结论加强晨检、隔离传染源和接种流感疫苗是预防控制流感暴发的重要措施。     

Efficacy of single and double doses of albendazole and mebendazole alone and in combination in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura in school-age children in Uganda

A randomised clinical trial was conducted in Kabale District, southwestern Uganda, to compare the efficacies of single and double doses of a combination of 400 mg albendazole (ALB) and 500 mg mebendazole (MBZ) with those of single and double doses of each drug given alone in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura. Infected pupils (n = 611) were randomised to six treatment groups. Three groups received either a single dose of ALB, MBZ or the combination (ALB+MBZ). The other three groups received either a double dose of ALB (ALB/ALB), MBZ (MBZ/MBZ) or the combination (ALB+MBZ/ALB+MBZ). All double doses were given 8 h apart. Children were followed-up weekly for 1 month. Cure rates were significantly higher using double doses compared with single doses (irrespective of drug; z = −4.02, P < 0.0005) as well as using the drug combination compared with single drugs (irrespective of doses; z = −7.64, P < 0.0005). Cure rates measured at Day 7 were significantly higher than on Days 14 and 21 after treatment (Day 14, z = 9.90, P < 0.0005; Day 21, z = 7.36, P < 0.0005). Geometric mean (GM) intensities of positives were significantly lower on Day 7 compared with all other subsequent days (P < 0.00005), and on Day 28 GM intensities reached pre-treatment levels (P = 0.096). Whilst there was no difference in egg excretion between single and double doses of the same drug or drug combination (F_(df1) = 0.28, P = 0.60), the combination treatment resulted in lower egg excretion than use of single drugs (F_(df2) = 50.90, P < 0.00005). All the tested regimens of ALB and MBZ had low cure rates against T. trichiura in Uganda, but both combination treatments showed satisfactory egg reduction rates 3 weeks after treatment. [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01050452]     

Cost of breast cancer in Sweden in 2002

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Swedish women and an important cause of illness and death. The aim of this study was to estimate the total cost of breast cancer in Sweden in 2002, using a top-down prevalence-based cost-of-illness approach. The total cost of breast cancer in Sweden in 2002 was estimated at 3.0 billion SEK (1 € = 9.4 SEK). The direct costs were estimated at 895 million SEK and constituted 30% of the total cost. Indirect costs were estimated at 2.1 billion SEK and constituted 70% of the total cost. The main cost driver was production losses caused by premature mortality, amounting to 52% of the indirect costs. The reason that indirect costs were the dominant cost is because most newly detected breast cancers occur in patients aged below 65, thus causing significant production losses due to sick leave, early retirement, and premature mortality.

The prevalence of infections in psychiatric institutes in Belgium

To assess the prevalence of infections in psychiatric institutes in Belgium, a cross-sectional study was performed within a cluster sample of psychiatric patients from 29 psychiatric institutes (about 40% of all Belgian psychiatric institutes). During May 1992, 8679 patients were analysed. Of the study population 59% were men. The mean age ±SD was 54·5 ± 18·3 years, with a median of 55 years. The mean hospitalization period was 9·6 ± 14·5 years with a median of 2 years. A total of 1334 infections were reported, and 13·1% of the patients had at least one infection (95% CI: 12·4–13·8%) at the time of the study. The most common infections were dermatological infections (31·6%), lower respiratory tract infections (25·8%), urinary tract infections (12·4%) and conjunctivitis (11·6%). Statistically significant associations with infection prevalence were found with age, psychiatric diagnosis, activity of daily living score, the duration of hospitalization, and the qualification of the person answering the survey form. The relevance and the limitations of this study are discussed.     

Seroprevalence of Neospora spp. in Horses in North East of Iran

Background

Neospora caninum, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, is recognized as a major cause of abortion in cattle, while limited information is presently available on the seroprevalence of Neospora antibodies in horses’ worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine serologic prevalence of Neospora infection in horses in Iran.

Methods

Sera from 150 horses from Mashhad suburb in Razavi Khorasan Province, northeast Iran were examined for antibodies to Neospora spp. using Neospora modified direct agglutination test (N-MAT).

Results

Antibodies to this parasite were detected in 45 (30%) of the examined serum samples. Thirty four percent of the samples had titer of 1:40 while then reduced to 30% when 1:80 serum dilution was applied as significant cut off titer.

Conclusion

This study is the first investigation carried out on the Neospora in horses in Iran and indicates that horses in Iran are exposed to this parasite.     

北京市新发地市场新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情相关病例的流行病学特征分析

目的 分析并比较北京市新发地市场疫情中新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）确诊病例与无症状感染者的流行病学特征。方法 收集并整理传染病报告信息管理系统中北京市新发地市场疫情中COVID-19感染者数据和流行病学调查报告资料,应用SPSS 19.0软件分析并比较确诊病例和无症状感染者的流行病学特征。结果 2020年6月11日至7月10日北京市共诊断新型冠状病毒感染者368例,其中确诊病例335例（91.03%）,无症状感染者33例（8.97%）。病例分布于11个区,其中丰台区病例数占总病例数的68.48%（252/368）。发病曲线呈现暴发流行模式,发病高峰为6月13日。全部感染者年龄M（Q_R）为43（31~51）岁,无症状感染者的年龄M（Q_R）为32（29~49）岁,低于确诊病例的年龄M（Q_R）[43（31~52）岁],差异有统计学意义（Z=2.416,P=0.016）。感染者男女性别比为1.26：1。从事餐饮及商业服务和公共场所服务的人员最多,占64.13%（236/368）。73.91%（272/368）的感染者有新发地市场直接暴露史。通过核酸筛查发现全部感染者的54.08%（199/368）。确诊病例中轻型和普通型病例占99.10%（332/335）,无死亡病例。结论 北京市新发地市场疫情呈暴发流行模式,COVID-19病例以餐饮和服务业人员为主。无症状感染者的年龄低于确诊病例。     

The Role of Dietary Patterns in the Contribution of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Community-Dwelling Older Chinese Adults in Hong Kong

ObjectiveWe examined the influence of various dietary patterns on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) expressed as peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak), taking into account demographics and lifestyle risk factors.DesignProspective cohort study.Participants and methodsWe conducted multivariate linear regression analyses using available data from a cohort of community-dwelling older Chinese adults (752 men, 483 women) in Hong Kong. Baseline interviewer-administered questionnaires covered dietary intake estimation and dietary pattern generation from the food frequency questionnaire, demographic and lifestyle factors, self-reported medical history, as well as frailty status. VO₂peak at the 7-year follow-up was measured using symptom-limited maximal exercise testing on an electrically braked bicycle ergometer.ResultsIn men, baseline Diet Quality Index–International (DQI-I) score (β = 0.044, P = .013) and Okinawan diet score (β = 0.265, P = .014) was independently associated with age-adjusted VO₂peak at the 7-year follow-up. The significant association was only retained for the Okinawan diet score in the multivariate adjusted model (β = 0.227, P = .039). Dietary pattern scores including the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score, Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay Diet score, Mediterranean Diet Score, and 3 other pattern scores derived by factor analysis were not associated with VO₂peak. In women, none of the dietary pattern scores at baseline was associated with VO₂peak in both the age-adjusted and multivariate-adjusted models.Conclusions/ImplicationsA higher Okinawan diet score was associated with a higher 7-year CRF in community-dwelling Chinese older men. Further studies are warranted to examine the underlying mechanisms on how the Okinawan diet influences CRF.     

Role of Drill Sergeants in Nutrition Behaviors of Soldiers in Basic Combat Training

Background

In the US Army, soldiers’ nutrition behaviors have a direct impact on their performance. The emphasis in basic combat training is on “soldierization” (transforming a civilian into a soldier), and drill sergeants are instrumental in this process. Limited information about how drill sergeants use their influence to have an impact on nutrition behaviors of new soldiers is available.

Effectiveness of influenza vaccination in the elderly in a community in Italy

Objectives: Assess the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in reducing hospitalization due to pneumonia and influenza among elderly subjects in a community in central Italy. Estimate the hospitalization fraction preventable by extending the vaccination program. Methods: Case–control study. Cases were subjects aged 65+ at hospital admission (1 December 1994–31 March 1995). For each case two population controls were randomly chosen, matched by sex, age and residence. Variables of interest were recorded through a postal questionnaire and telephone interview. A matched-set analysis was carried out adjusting for concomitant chronic diseases, education, type of home heating, and smoking habits. The preventable fraction of hospitalization was computed through the application of the attributable risk estimate. The setting was 33 municipalities in central Italy including 169,370 residents aged 65 years or more. Results: Two hundred and seventy-five cases 550 controls were analyzed. Influenza vaccination was effective in preventing 33% of hospitalization due to pneumonia/influenza. The fraction of hospital admissions preventable by extending the vaccination was 17%. When the analysis was limited to self-respondents to the questionnaire (excluding next-of-kin) and to pneumonia/influenza as primary discharge diagnosis, protection from hospitalization by vaccination almost reached 50%, a better result in comparison with most case–control studies. Conclusions: Influenza vaccination was shown to be successful in reducing hospital admissions due to pneumonia and influenza. A large number of hospitalizations could be reduced extending the vaccination campaign.     

Excretion of N-mononitrosopiperazine in urine in workers manufacturing piperazine

Summary Piperazine has been shown to nitrosate in vivo to N-mononitrosopiperazine (MNPZ) by oral intake. Urine from workers exposed to piperazine in a chemical plant was analysed for nitrosamines by gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis. In five out of 11 exposed cases, MNPZ excretion in urine was 0.3 to 4.7 g/24 h (during and after a work shift). In four cases, MNPZ was detected in some urine samples, and in two cases MNPZ was not detected (< 0.1 ng/ml). The individual excretion was strongly dependent on piperazine exposure, which ranged from 0.06 to 1.7 mg/m³ (time-weighted average; Spearman's rank correlation 0.78, P = 0.01). The MNPZ excretion showed no significant correlation with nitrite or nitrate in saliva (both: r = 0.50, P = 0.10).Preliminary data were in part presented at the Ninth International Meeting on N-Nitroso Compounds in Vienna, Austria, 1–5 September 1986