杭州市溪蟹并殖吸虫囊蚴感染与人群感染情况调查

目的 了解杭州市并殖吸虫中间宿主感染情况及人群感染情况,为防治肺吸虫病提供科学依据.方法 选择临安市3个乡镇的3个村为调查点,分别抓取50～100只中间宿主(溪蟹、川卷螺),采用沉渣镜检法进行囊蚴感染率调查.分别采集50～100名当地人群静脉血,采用ELISIA法进行并殖吸虫血清抗体检测.结果 3个调查点捕获溪蟹共计180只,分64批次进行个体解剖,平均阳性率为26.56%(17/64).采集人群血清共172份,肺吸虫抗体阳性率为7.56%(13/172).结论临安市溪蟹并殖吸虫囊蚴感染率较高,说明本虫呈分布广泛,存在自然疫源地.卫生部门应加强健康教育工作,指导人群改变不良的生活方式和饮食习惯,预防肺吸虫病的传播与流行.     

梅县地区肺吸虫病流行区的发现

本文报告广东梅县地区1982～1984年肺吸虫病流行病学调查概况,阐明梅县地区的一些山区为广东省肺吸虫病流行区。查实1科2种的淡水螺类、2科2种的淡水蟹类、2科3种的食肉类动物为流行区肺吸虫的第一、第二中间宿主和保虫宿主,其肺吸虫的携带率分别为0.18%(40/22,015)、62.00%(589/950)、47.62%(20/42)。人群抗原皮试阳性率平均为6.62%(512/7,738),以男性和青少年儿童(5～30岁)较高。致病虫种主要为卫氏肺吸虫。台湾南海溪蟹首次在广东发现,并证实可作为卫氏肺吸虫和三平正肺吸虫的第二中间宿主。     

四川省肺吸虫病流行现状及趋势分析

摘要:目的　分析近年来四川省肺吸虫病流行现状及流行趋势,为科学防治提供依据。方法　选取10个点开展主动监测,在监测点进行人群病情、相关知识行为调查和中间宿主调查;在全省18个流行市（州）进行肺吸虫病病例报告登记,汇总分析病例报告。结果　主动监测共调查2 949名居民,血清学阳性率为1.32%;回收调查合格问卷2 918份,20.49%的调查对象对肺吸虫病有所了解;34.51%的调查对象有生吃或半生吃溪蟹的行为,61.99%有玩耍溪蟹的行为,84.27%有喝生水行为;共捕获溪蟹2 154只,平均重量为25.5 g/只,感染率为13.83%,感染度为4.54,单只溪蟹感染囊蚴数最高为25个;采集拟钉螺388只,感染率为10.57%;2007年以来共登记报告肺吸虫病病例98例,主要集中于达州、泸州、宜宾三市,发病年龄主要在6～15岁,临床表现以肺外型为主。结论　四川省肺吸虫病病例报告呈逐年上升趋势。流行区自然环境中存在肺吸虫传播链;流行区人群大多有不健康饮食行为习惯,若疏于防控,出现流行或暴发的可能性较大。     

广东省梅县地区肺吸虫病流行区的发现

本文报告广东梅县地区(七县市)1982~84年肺吸虫病流行病学调查概况。结果证实梅县地区的一些山区为广东省肺吸虫病的流行区。查实1科2种的淡水螺类、2科2种的淡水蟹类、2科3种的食肉类动物为流行区肺吸虫的第一、第二中间宿主和保虫宿主,其肺吸虫的携带率分别为0.18%(40/22,015)、62.0%(589/950)、47.6%(20/42)。人群肺吸虫抗原皮试阳性率平均为6.6%(512/7,738),以男性和青少年儿童(5~30岁)较高。流行区致病虫种主要为卫氏肺吸虫。台湾南海溪蟹首次在广东发现,其作为卫氏肺吸虫和三平正肺吸虫的第二中间宿主,尚属国内第一次证实。     

卢氏县肺吸虫病流行现状调查

卢氏县是位于豫西伏牛山区的肺吸虫病重疫区 ,1979年肺吸虫人群皮试调查 ,阳性率为 2 3.5% ,近年来经常有现症病人就诊 ,本次调查 ,证实该县仍为肺吸虫病流行较重地区。1　概况卢氏县地处豫、陕交界 ,北部为崤山 ,东部为熊耳山 ,海拔平均为 80 0～ 12 0 0米 ,境内河流纵横 ,其南部山区属长江流域 ,北部属黄河流域 ,周围各县均为肺吸虫病流行区。2　调查方法2 .1　中间宿主调查在全县不同方位五个以上调查点 ,采集第二中间宿主蟹进行解剖检查囊蚴并计数。2 .2　人群肺吸虫感染调查选择中间宿主阳性率较高村庄或有现症病人村庄 ,应用肺吸虫抗…     

2000-2005年浙江省部分地区并殖吸虫流行病学调查

目的 了解浙江省并殖吸虫病流行现状,为制订切实可行的防治策略提供依据.方法 采用问卷调查方式调查村民有无半生吃或生吃溪蟹史等;采集4县部分村的淡水蟹类检查并殖吸虫囊蚴感染情况;对9个村的部分人群作并殖吸虫成虫抗原皮内试验,采血ELISA法检测并殖吸虫抗体.结果 问卷调查发现村民生吃蟹率为37.66%;解剖的溪蟹中,囊蚴感染率为7.93%;庆元及景宁县并殖吸虫皮试阳性率为15.94%和2.27%,人群抗体阳性率为0.80%和2.27%,天台和绍兴县人群抗体阳性率为0和14.29%.结论 浙江省并殖吸虫病老疫区流行情况变化较大,需定期进行流行病学调查及监测.     

山区农村人群肺吸虫感染情况调查分析

目的了解桑植县山区农村人群肺吸虫感染情况,为今后肺吸虫病防治工作提供科学依据。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对调查对象的血清进行肺吸虫IgG感染标志物检测,血清肺吸虫IgG阳性者采用改良加藤氏厚涂片法检查肺吸虫及肠道蠕虫感染情况。结果所调查的1527例山区农村人群中血清肺吸虫IgG阳性77例,阳性率为5.04%,其中男性33例,女性44例,男女性别间肺吸虫感染无差异(χ2=1.019,P>0.05),不同年龄组感染率无差异(χ2=1.587,P>0.05),血清肺吸虫IgG阳性者将近半数存在肠道蠕虫感染(37/77)。结论调查表明桑植县山区农村肺吸虫病防治不容忽视,对广大山区人群应加强肺吸虫预防保健知识宣传教育,改变生食或半生食溪蟹及直接饮用溪沟水的生活习惯。     

湖北省肺吸虫病血清流行病学调查分析

目的了解湖北省肺吸虫病流行区居民肺吸虫感染现状。方法随机抽取湖北省肺吸虫病流行区的6个县(市)18个调查点,对常住居民采取静脉血1.5~2.0ml,用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测肺吸虫特异性抗体。结果ELISA检测血清8251人(份),检出肺吸虫特异性抗体刚性250人(份),阳性率为3.03%;其中男性阳性率为3.44%(135/3926)、女性阳性率为2.66%(115/4325)。10岁以下年龄组阳性率最高为4.26%(41/963),其次是20~29岁年龄组阳性率为4.23%(42/993),30~39年龄组阳性检出率最低,为2.47%(45/1 824)。年龄组之间存在有显著性差异(P<0.05)。不同调查点、不同民族肺吸虫的特异性抗体阳性率不尽相同,阳性率最高的调查点为18.44%(92/499)。侗族、土家族与汉族居民中肺吸虫特异性抗体阳性率分别为15.38%(20/130)、3.19%(123/3855);2.51%(107/4265)。结论6县(市、区)居民中肺吸虫的隐性感染依然存在;肺吸虫病对当地居民存在着潜在的危害。     

三明市三元区并殖吸虫病病例及人群感染调查

[目的]根据病例线索通过人群调查以确定三元区肺吸虫病流行程度与相关因素。[方法]按常规方法对三元区有病例的村庄进行肺吸虫成虫抗原皮内试验及其阳性者作血清肺吸虫病抗体检测。[结果]中村乡居阳、前村村人群皮试阳性率分别为7.6%(9/118)和0.6%(12/125);皮试阳性者中抗体阳性率分别为11.1%(1/9)和3.3%(4/12)。男(12.7%)比女(3.0%)高,少年儿童(22.2%)比中老年(5.0%)高。[结论]福建省三元区一些村庄为并殖吸虫病人群中度感染区。     

湖北省郧阳地区肺吸虫病的流行病学调查研究

本文报告了湖北省郧阳地区1981~1984年肺吸虫病的调查研究结果,证实该地区为肺吸虫病流行区。查明有四种淡水螺为第一中间宿主,八种淡水蟹为第二中间宿主,感染率前者为0.14%,后者为22.72%。其中圆顶华溪蟹、凹指华溪蟹和匙指华溪蟹三新种携带肺吸虫囊蚴为国内首次发现和证实。从自然感染家猫、家犬和人工感染的家犬体内检出肺吸虫成虫和虫卵,经鉴定虫种为斯氏狸殖吸虫。人群皮试阳性率为11.57%。其流行特征与四川并殖吸虫病类似。神农架林区肺吸虫自然疫源地分布在海拔460~1100米之间。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.