拉米夫定治疗前后乙型肝炎病毒YMDD变异的相关因素分析

目的 了解遵义地区HBV基因型以及拉米夫定治疗前后发生YMDD变异的相关因素,及早进行拉米夫定疗效及耐药的预测. 方法 53例慢性乙型肝炎患者分别在口服拉米夫定前及治疗后3、6、12、18、24个月进行血清HBV DNA定量、乙型肝炎标志物、ALT、AST、总胆红素,白蛋白的检测.同时在接受拉米夫定治疗前采用基因测序法检测HBV基因型及YMDD变异株,治疗后HBV DNA定量下降又反弹升高,且血清HBV DNA＞1×104拷贝/ml时,再次进行YMDD变异株检测.率的比较用卡方检验及确切概率法,两组均数之间比较采用独立样本t检验,有序变量之间的比较采用秩和检验.结果 遵义地区的HBV基因型由B、C及B+C基因型构成.拉米夫定治疗后18例检出YMDD变异株,用药1年和2年的变异率分别为15.1%和34.0%.HBV突变类型有rtL180M/M204V、rtL180M/M204I、rtM204I和rtL180M四种,其中C区rtM204V全部合并rtL180M突变(100%),C基因型中rtL180M/M204V联合突变及rtL180M/M204I联合突变明显高于B基因型(77.8%比25.0%及22.2%比12.5%);C基因型中未见点突变,而rtM204I、rtL180M的点突变仅见于B基因型.YMDD变异与未变异组性别、民族、乙型肝炎家族史及HBeAg情况差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),病程≥2年组和年龄＜35岁组变异率明显升高(X2值分别为4.707和5.853,P值均＜0.05).不同HBV DNA滴度患者YMDD变异率差异无统计学意义(X2=0.801,P＞0.05),但HBV DNA＜105拷贝/ml者未发现YMDD变异.结论 拉米夫定治疗后YMDD变异可能与HBV基因型及P基因突变类型有关,并随治疗时间的延长而增加.为了减少YMDD变异的发生,应选用病程短、HBV DNA水平较低、肝损害较重的患者进行拉米夫定治疗,有条件的应检测HBV基因型.     

拉米夫定与HBV YMDD耐药变异及临床相关因素分析

目的:用PCR-RFLP方法检测慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV-YMDD变异发生的情况,并分析与YMDD变异发生有关的因素。方法:从慢性乙型肝炎患者血清中提取的HBV DNA,扩增HBV多聚酶YMDD主型区核苷酸序列,用针对突变位点的特异限制性内切酶酶切扩增产物,经6％聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后用限制性片段长度多态性技术鉴定HBVYMDD变异。结果:在152例慢性乙型肝炎患者中,72例单用拉米夫定治疗、41例接受拉米夫定与干扰素联合治疗、39例未接受拉米夫定治疗的患者,HBV YMDD变异检出率分别是47.2％、19.5％、7.7％;72例单用拉米夫定治疗的患者,36例治疗2周～6个月、20例治疗7～12个月、16例治疗13～27个月,HBV YMDD变异检出率分别是25％、55％、87.5％。结论:在使用拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎的过程中可发生YMDD耐药变异,且随拉米夫定治疗时间的延长,变异发生率增加,但拉米夫定与干扰素联合进行抗病毒治疗可延迟或阻滞YMDD变异的发生。HBVYMDD变异可能自然存在或发生。HBV基因组其他位点的变异也可能使HBV对拉米夫定产生耐药性。     

乙型肝炎病毒YMDD联合前C变异及其临床意义

目的：研究拉米夫定治疗过程中乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）前C区，P区YMDD基序变异及其对疗效的影响。方法：对5例拉米夫定（100mg/d)治疗过程中HBeAg血清转换而HBV DNA仍阳性的慢性乙型肝炎患者，采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）产物直接测序方法分析HBV前C、P区的基因序列，结果：5例患者前C区均发现有G1896A变异，其中3例HBeAg血清转换前未发现此变异，2例已有此变异，同时5例患者在拉米夫定治疗后检测出YMDD变异，变异类型均为M5521，其中有1例在出现M5521变异40周后变为M552V变异，有2例M5521联合L528M变异，5例患者中有1例治疗无反应，另4例在治疗过程中HBV DNA突发，结论：拉米夫定治疗过程中YMDD变异的出现可导致HBV DNA突发，而前C区G1896A变异可致HBeAgbe阴转，因此在治疗过程中出现HBeAg血清转换后需结合HBV DNA检测，排除前C区变异的可能。     

慢性乙型肝炎拉米夫定耐药患者HBV基因型及ALT变化的观察

观察慢性乙型肝炎患者用拉米夫定治疗后HBVP基因变异与不同HBV基因型感染及HBV DNA复升水平和转氨酶变化.收集51例慢性乙型肝炎患者用拉米夫定治疗52-78周后发生YMDD变异的血清标本,对照组128例未用拉米夫定治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者血清标本,应用聚合酶链反应方法,测定HBV DNA基因型;用限制性片段长度多态性分析方法(PCR RELP)测定HBV DNA YMDD变异;同时进行HBV DNA定量分析.结果显示51例拉米夫定治疗后HBV DNA基因变异患者以B型和C型为主,分别为10例(19.6%)和39例(76.47%),B C混和型2例(3.92%),未见其它基因型.拉米夫定治疗引起HBVDNAYMDD变异可以发生在不同HBV基因型感染的慢性乙型肝炎患者中,与对照组比较二者没有显著性差异.     

乙型肝炎病毒YMDD及e抗原相关多重变异及其临床意义

目的 研究拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎期间HBVYMDD基序、影响HBeAg分泌的多重变异情况与临床的关系。方法 采用基因芯片技术对拉米夫定治疗9～30个月的慢性乙型肝炎患者进行YMDD基序、G1896A、A1814C、A1762T和G1764A(BCP双突变)单碱基变异检测。结果 102例慢性乙型肝炎患者拉米夫定平均治疗18个月时,22例发生YMDD变异,其中8例发生多重变异,包括G1896A3例、A1814C2例、G1896A A1814C、BCP双突变、BCP双突变 G1896A多重变异各1例,单纯YMDD变异和前5例联合变异均为HBeAg阳性,而后3例多重变异则为HBeAg阴性,其中1例多重变异继续治疗3个月后转变为单纯YMDD野生株阳性,同时伴有HBeAg的复阳。结论 拉米夫定治疗过程中存在YMDD及HBeAg相关多重变异的优势病毒株可能是HBVDNA复阳、同时伴有HBeAg阴转的原因之一,拉米夫定治疗过程中,HBeAg阴性时应监测其可能的相关变异。     

拉米夫定联合左旋咪唑涂布剂治疗慢性乙型肝炎的临床研究

目的:研究拉米夫定联合左旋咪唑涂布剂治疗慢性乙型肝炎的效果,HBV YMDD变异的发生率及停药后远期持续应答率.方法:随机将慢性乙型肝炎(慢乙肝)患者分成治疗组及对照组,对照组患者单用拉米夫定,治疗组在应用拉米夫定基础上加用左旋咪唑涂布剂.治疗前、治疗结束时,采用统一方法检测两组患者的配套肝功能,HBV DNA定量,HBV-M;疗程中每3个月检测上述指标各1次并记入患者档案.对疑有HBV DNA变异者,采用统一方法检测YMDD变异及前C区变异.并对停药后的远期疗效进行追踪观察.比较两组的生化学应答,病毒核酸应答,病毒血清学应答,并评价其综合疗效,HBV YMDD变异率及远期持续应答率.结果:治疗组治疗结束时生化学、病毒核酸,病毒血清学完全应答率分别达87.7%、90.4%、41.3%;其综合疗效评价完全应答率也达27.4%;停药后6个月及1年持续应答率分别达62.75%、52.94%,HBV YMDD变异率为9.59%.结论:拉米夫定联合左旋咪唑涂布剂治疗慢性乙型肝炎疗效明显优于单用拉米夫定者,并可减少HBV YMDD变异率,值得临床进一步推广验证.     

乙型肝炎病毒基因型与YMDD变异的关系

目的:了解乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因型与YMDD变异之间的关系.方法:多对型特异性引物PCR扩增法对238例经拉米夫定治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者进行HBV基因分型,直接序列分析;采用基因芯片检测YMDD及前C/BCP区变异.结果:238例患者中,检测出B基因型190例(79.8%),C基因型41例(17.2%),BC混合型7例(3.0%);发生YMDD变异44例,变异率为18.5%,其中B基因型33例,变异率为17.4%,C基因型8例,变异率为19.5%,BC混合型3例,变异率为42.4%,C基因型YMDD变异的发生率与B基因型相比,差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).44例YMDD变异者中,30例同时存在L528M变异,7例联合前C区(nt 1 896)变异,13例联合BCP区(nt 1 762/1 764)双重突变.结论:本地区慢性乙型肝炎患者中,优势基因型为B型和C型,经拉米夫定治疗后YMDD变异的发生率在B型和C型差异无显著性意义,同时伴有L528M及前C/BCP区多重变异.     

基因芯片技术检测拉米夫定治疗过程中乙型肝炎病毒变异的临床意义

目的探讨基因多态性诊断芯片在拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎中乙型肝炎病毒变异的临床意义。方法应用点样法制备的乙型肝炎病毒基因多态性诊断芯片对HBV前C与BCP区和P区基因包括(YMDD基序)的6个位点进行检测。结果60例患者中58例出现了基因变异,但前C/BCP区/P区各位点突变率比较无显著性差异(x2=0.97,P>0.05)。变异后血清ALT逐渐升高,在YMDD变异后,89.4%患者出现肝功能异常,3位点以上变异组为86.6%。3位点以上变异者出现HBeAg/抗HBe血清转换率为56.6%。BCP区双突变者血清转换率为35.7%,YMDD位点血清转换率为42.1%。结论拉米夫定治疗HBV感染的复发与病毒突变密切相关,但与何种位点突变更有关系,尚不清楚。     

乙型肝炎

干扰素a1b联合氧化苦参碱注射液治疗慢性乙型肝炎62例对照观察，慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV DNA YMDD变异的检测及意义，慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV基因型及其临床意义，兰州地区慢性乙型肝炎与人类白细胞抗原-DRB1等位基因关系的初探，流式细胞仪检测乙型肝炎患者外周血单个核细胞CD58^ 细胞百分率的研究，九代清源口服液联合拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎的临床实验研究。     

基因芯片技术检测在乙型肝炎病毒基因突变分析中的应用

目的:探讨DNA芯片在乙型肝炎病毒基因突变分析中的应用及临床意义。方法:用基因多态性检测芯片检测HBV DNA阳性慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者血清前C区1896/1814位点、基本核心启动子区(BCP区)1762/1764位点及P区528/552位点突变情况,并与血清转氨酶、血清HBV DNA复制程度、血清e系统进行对比分析。结果:未接受抗病毒药物拉米夫定治疗的12例HBsAg( )、HBeAg( )、HBeAb(-)的患者血清中未检测到病毒变异,其他患者中未检测到P区基因变异;30例接受拉米夫定治疗48-96周后的HBV DNA阳性患者中,有19例患者检测到YMDD变异,并出现血清转氨酶升高,HBV DNA复制再度活跃。结论:前C区、BCP区突变较多的出现在HBeAb( )的患者中并与HBeAg的阴性表型相关,BCP区突变与HBeAg/HBeAb血清学转换密切相关,而P区528/552位点突变更多的出现在接受拉米夫定治疗后的患者中,与拉米夫定耐药相关且加重肝损害;基因芯片技术检测乙型肝炎病毒多位点变异对临床判断病情具有一定的参考意义。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.