肺动脉栓塞猝死3例临床及病理分析

目的通过对肺栓塞猝死患者临床及病理进行分析,提高对此病的认识。方法对我院3例经尸检证实为肺动脉栓塞猝死患者临床资料及解剖进行分析。结果 3例猝死患者临床表现不典型,均以其他疾病住院,生前漏诊。尸检结果3例肺动脉栓塞均位于肺动脉主干及左右分叉处,1例合并深静脉血栓,2例右心室腔可见附壁血栓形成,长3～4cm,最大直径1～2cm,右心室轻度扩张,肺动脉明显扩张。结论巨大块肺动脉血栓是导致猝死的主要原因之一。手术后卧床,房颤右心室附壁血栓形成是肺栓塞的诱因,另外糖尿病,严重感染也是引起肺栓塞的重要原因。     

36例肺血栓栓塞症临床分析

目的 探讨肺血栓栓塞症的临床特点、诊断方法、治疗措施和治疗效果.方法 对2005～ 2010年我院收治的36例PTE患者进行临床分析.结果 肺血栓栓塞症的患者中以呼吸困难最为常见,32例(89％).34例经CT肺动脉造影明确诊断,积极溶栓及抗凝治疗后症状改善.结论 CT肺动脉造影可帮助肺血栓栓塞症诊断,及时规范的溶栓及抗凝治疗效果肯定.     

急性肺栓塞合并矛盾性栓塞12例临床分析

目的 提高对急性肺栓塞合并矛盾性栓塞的临床特点及疗效的认识,减少误诊和漏诊,为制定正确的诊治策略提供依据.方法 回顾性分析我院1963年至2011年临床诊断或经尸体解剖诊断的急性肺栓塞合并矛盾性栓塞病例.结果 急性肺栓塞合并矛盾性栓塞患者12例,男10例,女2例,平均年龄(73±12)岁.伴休克11例,伴晕厥7例,呼吸骤停1例;肺动脉血栓栓塞部位均位于肺动脉主干、骑跨于主肺动脉分叉处或左、右肺动脉干,伴有双侧、多叶段肺动脉栓塞;均有右室增大,卵圆孔开放5例,右心房、右心室血栓3例,左心房血栓3例,卵圆孔骑跨栓3例.体循环动脉栓塞最多见的是脑动脉栓塞(5例),其他有下肢动脉、肾动脉、肝脾动脉及冠状动脉栓塞.临床诊断5例,溶栓治疗3例,均治愈;血栓清除术1例,治愈;单纯抗凝治疗1例,死亡.7例在发病2～6 h死亡,经尸体解剖诊断.结论 急性肺栓塞合并矛盾性栓塞临床并非罕见,血流动力学不稳定,病死率高,应加强诊断意识.临床诊断后及时给予溶栓治疗,可有效改善血流动力学,提高生存率,有溶栓禁忌证及血流动力学持续不稳定可考虑手术清除血栓.     

慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压的临床研究进展

慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压是一种较为常见的疾病,虽然目前认为慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压是急性肺栓塞的一种临床结局,但部分慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压患者并无明确肺栓塞病史.由于临床医师对此疾病的认识尚不够深入,故往往是在对呼吸困难患者进行超声心动图检查时才怀疑此疾病.慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压的确诊依赖于通气/灌注肺扫描和肺动脉造影.本文对慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压的发病机制、危险因素和临床表现以及诊断研究进展进行综述.     

126例肺血栓栓塞的临床诊治分析

目的探讨肺血栓栓塞的危险因素、临床表现、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第一医院2009年1月至2012年9月收治的126例肺血栓栓塞患者的临床资料。结果 126例肺血栓栓塞患者中,治愈13例,好转103例,死亡5例,放弃治疗5例。结论肺血栓栓塞患者临床表现缺乏特异性,临床不排除肺血栓栓塞时,应结合D-二聚体、心电图、心脏彩超、下肢静脉彩超、CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)等检查,明确诊断,尽早给予溶栓或抗凝治疗。     

超声心动图诊断急性肺动脉栓塞的价值

目的 :分析评价床旁超声心动图 (ECHO)在急性肺动脉栓塞 (APE)诊断中的实用价值。方法 :采用经胸ECHO对临床怀疑APE的 5 8例患者在 4～ 6h内行床旁ECHO检查。结果 :超声直接检出主肺动脉及左右肺动脉主干近端血栓者 4例 ,均被外科手术或肺动脉造影证实。本组具有典型右心负荷过重超声征象者 15例 (其中包括具有超声直接征象的 4例 ) ,核素肺灌注 通气扫描提示为双肺多发性大面积栓塞。仅右房、右室轻度增大或肺动脉轻度增宽者 19例 ,ECHO无改变者 2 4例 ,但核素肺灌注 通气扫描均提示为肺段或亚段栓塞。结论 :ECHO能够发现主肺动脉、左右肺动脉干内附壁血栓直接提示肺动脉栓塞 ,或根据右室负荷过重表现间接提示肺栓塞的可能 ,但对肺段或亚段栓塞者超声不能作出或排除诊断。     

慢性肺动脉栓塞的外科治疗

为探讨手术治疗慢性肺动脉栓塞的疗效,对9例临床诊断为慢性肺动脉栓塞患者在全麻及体外循环下行血栓清除及肺动脉内膜剥脱术。结果:9例患者术后恢复顺利,随访9～72个月,远期效果良好。认为对慢性肺动脉栓塞患者采用外科血栓清除及肺动脉内膜剥脱术是行之有效的治疗方法。     

肺动脉内膜剥脱术联合抗肿瘤治疗肺动脉肉瘤1例并文献复习

<正>肺动脉肉瘤是一种极罕见的恶性肿瘤，病变多起源于肺动脉主干，常累及分支动脉、肺动脉瓣和右心。临床和影像学表现缺乏特异性，早期诊断困难，易误诊为肺血栓栓塞症，从而延误诊治。该病明确诊断依靠活组织病理检查，目前外科手术是主要的治疗手段，联合术后辅助治疗可能会改善患者的预后。本文结合1例肺动脉内膜剥脱术联合抗肿瘤治疗肺动脉肉瘤，患者的临床资料并复习相关文献，对肺动脉肉瘤的临床表现、诊治及预后进行分析，以提高临床医师对该病的诊疗水平。     

原发性肺动脉肉瘤3例临床特征

目的 提高对原发性肺动脉肉瘤(PAS)的认识和早期诊治率.方法 结合首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院2001-10-26-2007-06-05收治的3例手术病理证实的肺动脉肉瘤患者的临床资料和有关文献,对肺动脉肉瘤的临床表现、诊断和治疗方法进行分析.结果 肺动脉肉瘤的临床表现和肺血栓栓塞症相似,CT肺动脉造影、彩色多普勒超声心动图等有助于诊断,确诊需手术.手术是治疗肺动脉肉瘤的主要方法.结论 肺动脉肉瘤易被误诊为肺血栓栓塞症,临床医生应提高认识,以早期诊断和治疗肺动脉肉瘤.     

原发性抗磷脂抗体综合征合并肺血栓栓塞症1例并文献复习

目的：了解原发性抗磷脂抗体综合征合并肺血栓栓塞症的临床特征。方法对近期北京医院收治的1例原发性抗磷脂抗体综合征合并肺血栓栓塞症患者进行分析,并复习32例国内外文献发表的原发性抗磷脂抗体综合征合并肺血栓栓塞症病例。结果33例患者中,男18例,女15例,主要症状包括呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血和下肢疼痛等,其中合并呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血三联征的比例为42.4%,双下肢静脉血栓占38.7%,双侧肺动脉栓塞占87.1%,右房和/或右室增大者占56.3%,合并肺动脉高压者占75.0%。部分患者合并血小板减少,活化部分凝血活酶时间明显延长。及时诊断和治疗能取得良好的疗效。结论原发性抗磷脂抗体综合征合并肺血栓栓塞症患者合并三联征(胸痛、咯血、呼吸困难)的比例高,血栓范围广泛,常合并右房和/或右室扩大、血小板和凝血机制异常,及时诊断和治疗可获得良好的疗效。     

Contemporary approach to the diagnosis of non-massive pulmonary embolism

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Minimally invasive diagnostic strategies for pulmonary embolism are in constant evolution, integrating new diagnostic tools along with the better use of clinical information. RECENT FINDINGS: In the past year, several reports have provided more data on the value of clinical signs and symptoms for diagnosing pulmonary embolism and improved clinical prediction rules for pulmonary embolism. Among the diagnostic tools, the use of multislice computed tomography of the chest received further validation, whereas the yield of bedside tests, such as the D-dimer test or alveolar dead-space measurement, have been further investigated. Furthermore, data linking good outcomes with appropriate diagnostic strategies in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism were reported this year for the first time. SUMMARY: These new data allow a more evidence-based and cost-effective approach to patients with suspected non-massive pulmonary embolism. Multislice computed tomography is replacing other imaging tests. More research should be performed on the role of lower limb venous compression ultrasonography, and on how to select patients in whom pulmonary embolism should be suspected and investigated.     

Analysis of the differential diagnosis and assessment of pleuritic chest pain in young adults

The most important problem in the approach to young patients with acute pleurisy is distinguishing those with idiopathic or viral pleurisy from patients with pulmonary embolism. Three clinical features are helpful in making this distinction: (1) pleural effusion(s) present on chest roentgenography, (2) history of predisposing factors for or past history of veno-occlusive disease, and (3) physical signs indicative of phlebitis. Lung scanning should be performed in patients with these findings. If results of scanning are highly characteristic of pulmonary embolism (segmental or lobar defect with ventilation/perfusion mismatch) in such a patient, anticoagulation may be considered immediately. Patients in whom scanning reveals indeterminate characteristics or abnormalities not characteristic of pulmonary embolism should undergo pulmonary angiography if other clinical features suggest that the probability of pulmonary embolism remains at least moderately high.     

Clinical profile, diagnosis and management of patients presenting with symptomatic pulmonary embolism

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical profile and diagnostic methods in patients with symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS: Prospective assessment of clinical features, radiology and outcome of patients presenting with symptomatic PE over an 18-month period. RESULTS: During study period, 24 patients with a mean age of 39 +/- 12.1 years were diagnosed to have symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Dyspnoea (91.7%) and cough (58.3%) were the predominant complaints. Spiral computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) was performed in 21 (87.5%) patients and perfusion scans in 14 (58.4%) patients. Echocardiography performed in all patients revealed evidence of pulmonary artery hypertension and right ventricular dyskinesia in 20 (83.3%) and 15 (62.5%) patients, respectively. Thrombolysis with streptokinase was performed in 14 (58.3%) patients. All patients received low molecular weight heparin followed by warfarin. Of the 24 patients, 20 (83.3%) were discharged and are under regular follow-up; four patients died. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary embolism is a common problem and can be easily diagnosed provided it is clinically suspected. Early diagnosis and aggressive management is the key to successful outcome.     

肺血栓栓塞症18例临床分析

目的:探讨肺血栓栓塞症危险因素与发病的关系,提高对肺血栓栓塞症的诊断及治疗水平。方法:对1993年元月～2002年12月确诊的18例肺血栓栓塞患者的易患因素、临床表现、辅助检查、治疗方法进行临床回顾分析。结果:肺血栓栓塞症的临床表现差异较大,容易误诊,本组误诊率达52.9%,本组有11例死亡,病死率61.1%,6例患者经手术、溶栓及抗凝治疗后存活,1例自动出院。深静脉血栓形成是本组肺血栓栓塞症发生的主要原因。结论:肺血栓栓塞症的发病率与易患因素密切相关,综合医院临床医师应提高对肺血栓栓塞的警惕性,仔细查找病因,常规X线、动脉血气分析、心电图、血管超声等均有助于其诊断,但肺灌注显像及螺旋CT更方便可靠。     

肺栓塞24例临床诊断与治疗分析

目的分析肺栓塞（PE）患者基础疾病、危险因素、临床表现、诊治方法,以提高对该病的认识和诊治水平。方法采用回顾性方式对2002年6月至2011年6月收治的24例肺栓塞患者的临床诊治情况进行分析。结果24例肺栓塞患者中,治愈4例,好转15例,死亡5例。死亡5例中,4例为大面积肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）。结论肺栓塞患者临床表现缺乏特异性,尤其是大面积PTE死亡率高。临床上对于存在危险因素者,要提高对肺动脉栓塞的警惕性,尽快行血气分析、D-二聚体、心电图、超声心动图、胸部CT、CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）检查,抗凝溶栓治疗能安全有效治疗肺栓塞。     

QT Interval Prolongation with Global T‐Wave Inversion: A Novel ECG Finding in Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Objective: The purpose of this study was to report a novel electrocardiographic (ECG) phenomenon in acute pulmonary embolism characterized by QT interval prolongation with global T‐wave inversion. Methods: Among a total of 140 study patients with a confirmed diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism, patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria for QT interval prolongation with global T‐wave inversion were examined. Each of these patients had undergone a detailed clinical evaluation including testing for myocardial injury and echocardiography. Results: QT interval prolongation with global T‐wave inversion was found in five patients (age 51–68 years) with acute pulmonary embolism. Four were women. Acute pulmonary embolism was diagnosed by ventilation‐perfusion scan in three patients and by spiral computed tomography in other two patients. None of the patients had any right or left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities on echocardiography. All patients had changes characteristic of hemodynamically significant pulmonary embolism, including right ventricular stunning or hypokinesis and dilatation in five patients with paradoxical septal motion in four. Acute coronary syndrome was ruled out in each patient by clinical evaluation, serial ECGs and cardiac markers, and lack of regional wall motion abnormalities on echocardiography. Prolongation of QT intervals (QTc 456–521 ms) with global T‐wave inversion was noted on presentation. The ECG changes gradually resolved in 1 week in all patients with appropriate treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. One patient died. None of the patients developed torsade de pointes. Conclusions: Acute pulmonary embolism may occasionally result in reversible QT interval prolongation with deep T‐wave inversion, and, thus should be considered among the acquired causes of the long QT syndrome.     

The rehabilitation of clinical assessment for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary angiography is the gold standard for diagnosis of segmental pulmonary embolism, but no longer for subsegmental pulmonary embolism because the inter-observer agreement for angiographically documented subsegmental pulmonary embolism is only 60%. A normal rapid ELISA VIDAS D-dimer test result and a normal perfusion scan exclude pulmonary embolism with a negative predictive value of >99%, irrespective of clinical score. The positive predictive value for pulmonary embolism of a high probability VP-scan compared to pulmonary angiography is 87% indicating that 13% of patients with a high probability VP-scan do not have pulmonary embolism. The combination of a negative CUS, a low clinical score, and a non-diagnostic VP-scan safely excludes pulmonary embolism. Patients with a non-diagnostic VP-scan, a negative CUS, but a moderate to high clinical score are candidates for pulmonary angiography. The positive predictive value of helical spiral CT is >95 to 99%. The combination of a negative CUS, a low clinical score, and the presence of a clear alternative diagnosis is predicted to safely exclude pulmonary embolism. Helical spiral CT detects all clinical relevant pulmonary emboli and a large number of alternative diagnoses in symptomatic patients with a non-diagnostic or a high-probability VP-scan. The negative predictive value during 3 months followup after a negative spiral CT for pulmonary embolism in 4 retrospective studies and 1 prospective management study was >99%. Only a small group of patients (1-2%) with a non-diagnostic spiral CT are candidates for pulmonary angiography. Therefore, it is predicted that the spiral CT will replace both VP-scanning and pulmonary angiography to safely exclude or diagnose pulmonary emboli in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism.     

Performance of helical computed tomography in unselected outpatients with suspected pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: Helical computed tomography (CT) is commonly used to diagnose pulmonary embolism, although its operating characteristics have been insufficiently evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of helical CT in suspected pulmonary embolism. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Emergency department of a teaching and community hospital. PATIENTS: 299 patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism and a plasma D -dimer level greater than 500 microgram/L. INTERVENTION: Pulmonary embolism was established by using a validated algorithm that included clinical assessment, lower-limb compression ultrasonography, lung scanning, and pulmonary angiography. MEASUREMENTS: Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios of helical CT and interobserver agreement. Helical CT scans were withheld from clinicians and were read 3 months after acquisition by radiologists blinded to all clinical data. RESULTS: 118 patients (39%) had pulmonary embolism. In 12 patients (4%), 2 of whom had pulmonary embolism, results of helical CT were inconclusive. For patients with conclusive results, sensitivity of helical CT was 70% (95% CI, 62% to 78%) and specificity was 91% (CI, 86% to 95%). Interobserver agreement was high (kappa = 0.823 to 0.902). The false-negative rate was lower for helical CT used after initial negative results on ultrasonography than for helical CT alone (21% vs. 30%). Use of helical CT after normal results on initial ultrasonography and nondiagnostic results on lung scanning had a false-negative rate of only 5% and a false-positive rate of only 7%. CONCLUSION: Helical CT should not be used alone for suspected pulmonary embolism but could replace angiography in combined strategies that include ultrasonography and lung scanning.     

The negative predictive value of spiral computed tomography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in patients with nondiagnostic ventilation-perfusion scans

BACKGROUND: There is no noninvasive method to rule out pulmonary embolism when the clinical suspicion for pulmonary embolism is high. We did a prospective observational study to determine the negative predictive value of spiral computed tomography (CT) in this situation. METHODS: We performed spiral CT scans of the thorax in consecutive patients with high clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism with intermediate or low probability ventilation-perfusion scans. Patients with negative or indeterminate spiral CT results had conventional angiography at the discretion of the attending physician. Only patients with positive spiral CT results or positive conventional angiograms were treated. All patients were observed for 6 months for evidence of venous thromboembolic disease. Clinical outcome without treatment or the results of conventional angiography were used as reference standards. False-negative results were defined as a negative spiral CT with a positive conventional angiogram or any diagnosis of venous thromboembolism within 6 months. RESULTS: Among the 103 patients who were studied, spiral CT scans were positive in 22 patients, indeterminate in 10 patients, and negative in 71 patients. Twenty-seven (26%) patients had pulmonary embolism by clinical outcome, including 3 of the 71 patients with negative spiral CT scans and 2 of the 10 patients with indeterminate scans. A negative spiral CT result had a likelihood ratio of 0.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.04 to 0.35) with a negative predictive value of 96% (95% CI: 88% to 99%). Using conventional angiography only as the reference standard, a negative spiral CT result had a likelihood ratio of 0.08 (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.31) and a negative predictive value of 93% (95% CI: 77% to 98%). CONCLUSIONS: Spiral CT has a high negative predictive value for pulmonary embolism and may replace conventional angiography in the workup of pulmonary embolism. Patients with indeterminate spiral CT results should be considered for conventional angiography.