颞骨次全切除术治疗外耳道腺样囊性癌的疗效分析

目的 探讨颞骨次全切除术在外耳道腺样囊性癌的临床应用效果。方法 回顾性分析2015—2019年收治的8例外耳道腺样囊性癌患者的临床资料，其中男2例，女6例；年龄33~76岁，平均年龄55.6岁。耳痛7例，外耳道肿块、耳溢液、听力下降各6例，面瘫1例；从最初出现症状到确诊平均为2.75年，5例曾被误诊，3例曾被误治手术；6例行颞骨次全切除+腮腺浅叶切除术，2例行颞骨次全切除+全腮腺切除术。结果 围手术期内1例患者出现局部切口感染，1例出现脑脊液漏。全部患者平均随访4.34年；6例患者无瘤存活；1例复发患者于我院二次手术后3年再次出现局部复发伴肺转移，接受放射治疗，目前带瘤生存；1例患者术后随访3.5年死于其他疾病。结论 外耳道腺样囊性癌早期症状不典型，容易误诊；确诊后应实施颞骨次全切除术以达到彻底切除肿瘤目的，术中应同时处理腮腺；术后放疗也是一种可选择的补充治疗手段。     

游离股动脉蒂穿支皮瓣在口颊癌术后缺损修复中的临床应用

目的 探讨游离股动脉穿支皮瓣的临床解剖及其在口颊癌术后缺损修复中的应用。方法 2015年12月—2019年6月选取接受了游离股动脉穿支皮瓣颊修复术男性口颊癌患者13例,年龄37~61岁,平均48.5岁。病理类型为鳞状细胞癌。据TNM分期其中T4N0M0 5例,T4N1M0 2例,T3N1M0 2例,T3N2M0 4例。病程3~16个月,平均9.8个月。游离股动脉穿支皮瓣的具体选择形式包括：①单纯穿支皮瓣7例;②穿支嵌合体肌皮瓣6例。结果 术中皮瓣大小规划范围在6.5 cm×4.0 cm～10.0 cm×6.5 cm,厚度为2.5～3.5 cm。股动脉穿支血管蒂长为（6.2±0.4） cm,供区聚拢闭合缝合。13例皮瓣均成活,供受区一期愈合。随访患者12～30个月,平均21.3个月。重建的口腔外观无肿胀偏移,外形美观,功能良好。供区余轻微瘢痕,肌肉功能良好。结论 游离股动脉穿支皮瓣可用于修复口颊癌根治术后局部缺损。     

持续封闭负压引流处理咽瘘的效果观察

目的 评估持续封闭负压引流处理咽瘘的效果。方法 回顾性分析2019年6月—2021年11月于山东省立医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科因喉癌、下咽癌、下咽癌合并食管癌、颈段食管癌行肿瘤切除并咽部直接吻合修补或使用组织瓣、管状胃、游离空肠等行咽部修复的患者117例，其中咽瘘者18例，咽瘘患者均用持续封闭负压引流方式处理咽瘘,分析其治疗过程及其术后疗效。结果 18例咽瘘患者中，发现咽瘘时间为术后第4~26天，中位时间9 d；咽瘘持续时间为10~52 d，中位时间20 d。所有咽瘘患者咽瘘口均用持续封闭负压引流方式保守治疗愈合，均无需再行手术修补。结论 持续封闭负压引流可减轻咽瘘患者痛苦、减少医师换药操作时间、缩短咽瘘持续时间，减少咽瘘发展至手术修补的几率。     

17例脑脊液耳漏的临床诊治分析

目的 本文旨在分析脑脊液耳漏的病因、临床表现、探讨其诊断及治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析自2012年以来南昌大学第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的17例脑脊液耳漏患者的临床资料,其中男10例,女7例;成人15例,儿童2例;年龄4~85岁;右耳9例,左耳8例。17例中自发性脑脊液耳漏4例,内耳畸形2例,有头部外伤史6例,有中耳乳突手术史3例,有头颈部恶性肿瘤放疗史2例。其中采用岩骨次全切除术者7例,鼓室探查+前庭封闭术者2例,乳突切开+脑脊液耳漏修补术者7例。结果 1例患者经保守治疗成功,其余16例均一次性手术修补成功;16例患者随访1年以上,1例患者随访3个月以上,均无复发;2例患者术后切口愈合不良,1例为耳道切口,另1例为耳后切口,均经过局部换药治愈。结论 手术是治疗脑脊液耳漏的主要方法。手术成功的关键首先在于准确定位瘘口的部位,其次正确处理封闭瘘口,术后抗炎,降低颅内压对瘘口的修复也十分重要。     

喉部癌肉瘤及肉瘤样癌6例临床分析

目的 分析喉部癌肉瘤及肉瘤样癌的临床特征及病理学特点,避免漏诊误诊,以提高该病的诊断、治疗及预后判断的水平。方法 通过回顾性研究方法,总结2012年7月—2016年1月收治的6例喉部癌肉瘤及肉瘤样癌患者的临床病理资料、诊疗过程和随访结果,并复习相关文献。结果 6例患者首次治疗全部为手术治疗,术后常规病理检查结合免疫组化均确诊为喉部癌肉瘤或肉瘤样癌,其中1例行术后放疗。随诊期间,6例患者中有4例复发,均再次手术。共随访67~87个月,其中目前存活4例、失访1例、死亡1例。结论 喉部癌肉瘤或肉瘤样癌多以声嘶为首发症状,形态不一,早期表面光滑,易误诊为声带息肉;完全确诊需常规病理检查结合免疫组化;治疗以手术切除为主,建议扩大切除,可辅以术后放疗;术后相对容易复发,预后总体良好。     

调强适形放疗对腮腺功能的保护

目的探讨调强适形放疗对腮腺功能的保护作用。方法采用随机均衡设计方法将80例鼻咽癌患者分为调强适形放疗组(治疗组)和常规放疗组(对照组),每组40例。治疗组pGTVnx 72.0 Gy,对照组放疗2.0 Gy/次,5次/周,总量70.0 Gy。于放疗前、放疗结束时及放疗后3个月、6个月、1年及2年进行腮腺动态显像检测,计算腮腺的放射性摄取指数(UI)及酸性刺激后的分泌指数(EI)。并利用DVH图对腮腺组织进行受量分析。结果治疗组患者放疗结束时腮腺的UI和EI分别下降22.9%和32.2%;对照组放疗结束时UI和EI分别下降56.6%和80.6%;放疗后2年治疗组患者腮腺UI和EI恢复到原来的97.2%和95.2%,对照组放疗后发生永久性的腮腺功能损伤,摄取指数下降92.0%,基本丧失分泌功能。治疗组患者的健侧腮腺受照射的平均剂量为20.5 Gy,患侧平均剂量为32.5 Gy,对照组健侧腮腺受照射平均剂量为61.6 Gy,患侧平均剂量为68.7 Gy。结论调强适形放疗可以明显减少腮腺所受的照射剂量,有效保护腮腺功能。     

管状胃上提术在下咽颈段食管癌术中的临床应用

目的 探讨管状胃上提术在下咽颈段食管癌术中的应用,并分析其临床特征。方法 回顾性分析5例下咽颈段食管癌术患者行管状胃上提术的临床资料,其中下咽颈段食管癌初发者4例,复发者1例。结果 患者采用胸腔镜辅助下管状胃上提术4例,达芬奇机器人辅助下管状胃上提术1例。保留喉功能全咽全食管切除2例,喉全切+全咽+全食管切除3例;术后病理为鳞状细胞癌4例,腺癌1例;术后一过性胸腔瘘1例,术后放疗后咽瘘1例;术后1个月内全部恢复经口饮食。随访6~44个月,死亡3例(术后6个月因肺转移癌肺出血死亡1例,术后13个月因局部复发并发心衰死亡1例,术后44个月因食管、肺转移并发恶液质死亡1例);带瘤生存2例(术后1年肺转移1例,术后3个月颈淋巴结转移、术后11个月腹腔淋巴结及肾上腺转移1例)。结论 下咽颈段食管癌恶性程度高,腺癌少见,胸腔镜或达芬奇机器人辅助下咽颈段食管癌术中管状胃修复术在围手术期并发症可控,值得推荐应用。     

15例咽旁隙肿瘤回顾性分析

目的 总结15例咽旁隙肿瘤的临床诊治经验,为选择手术适应证、减少手术并发症提供借鉴。方法 15例咽旁隙肿瘤经增强CT和MRI等术前检查予以充分评估后,采用经口径路手术切除5例、经颈侧径路切除6例、经颈侧腮腺径路切除4例。结果 所有患者肿瘤均成功切除,1例术后即刻出现颅底大出血,用明胶海绵等压迫填塞后成功止血;3例恶性肿瘤患者中2例患者术后接受放疗,1例失访,其余患者随访1.5~5年,均无复发。结论 根据肿瘤部位,结合患者需求选择合适手术方式,能彻底切除肿瘤,术前充分的影像学评估对制定手术方案和预防手术并发症至关重要。     

鼻腔鼻窦腺样囊性癌放疗后诱发未分化多形性肉瘤1例报道

目的 总结鼻腔鼻窦腺样囊性癌放疗后诱发未分化多形性肉瘤（UPS）的诊疗经验。方法 回顾性分析1例鼻腔鼻窦腺样囊性癌术后4年放疗诱发未分化多形性肉瘤患者的临床资料,并结合文献进行分析。结果 患者于2015年1月行鼻侧切开上颌骨大部分切除术,术中完整切除肿瘤,术后病检结果提示为左侧上颌窦腺样囊性癌,术后规律行放化疗,2018年12月患者考虑肿瘤复发,行鼻侧切开左侧上颌骨次全切除术及鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤切除术,完整切除肿瘤,术后病理结果提示为UPS。结论 UPS是一种罕见的异质性实体肿瘤,其发病率低,恶性程度高,预后差,手术完整切除肿瘤仍然是目前最有效的治疗方法,多学科综合治疗对其预后有积极作用。     

咽旁间隙恶性副神经节细胞瘤的临床分析

目的 总结咽旁间隙恶性副神经节细胞瘤的临床特点，探讨其诊断及治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科自2010年1月—2021年12月收治并经病理确诊的咽旁间隙恶性副神经节细胞瘤8例的临床资料，其中男3例，女5例，年龄21~57岁。患者的临床症状无特异性，所有患者术前均行增强CT/MRI及数字减影血管造影(DSA)等影像学检查，其特点是咽旁间隙富血供病变，与颈部大血管关系密切。结果 所有患者均经颈外入路或颅颈联合入路肿瘤切除术及区域性淋巴结清扫术，其中5例患者行1次手术，2例患者行2次手术，1例患者行3次手术。所有患者均无脑血管损伤并发症。7例患者发生局部淋巴结转移，1例患者发生远处转移。1例患者术后行放射治疗，1例行术后化疗。所有患者均无死亡。结论 咽旁间隙恶性副神经节细胞瘤发病少，其治疗是以手术为主，同时需结合肿瘤特点及患者具体情况制定综合治疗方案。     

Metastasis to the parotid gland

IntroductionMetastatic disease in the parotid gland has been observed and reported in the literature, and its treatment is controversialMaterial and methodsWe review 48 patients with parotid tumors that underwent surgery during 1997-2004. The clinical and histogical features are reviewedResultsAmong these 48, there were 12 cases of metastatic tumors to the parotid (25%). The pathohistological analysis of these tumors revealed that 8 were epidermoid carcinoma (66%), 1 patient was a melanoma (8%), 2 lymphomas below clavicules (16%) and 1 patient with a metastasis of a primary renal cancer. All patients underwent parotidectomy and 10 also cervical neck dissection (6 cases showed cervical metastases). 8 patients received radiotherapy after surgeryConclusionsIn our study parotid metastases are relatively common in patients submitted for parotid surgery. Often the site of origin of the primary tumor is the facial skin, and the primary tumors most commonly are melanomas or squamous-cell carcinomas, but it is possible distant primary tumors below clavicules     

Primary parotid liposarcoma

IntroductionPrimary liposarcoma is very rare in the parotid gland. To date, only 8 cases of primary parotid liposarcoma have been reported. The aim of this study is to report on a case of primary parotid liposarcoma highlighting the complexity of its treatment and analyze treatment outcomes of other reported cases.Case summaryWe report a case of parotid liposarcoma arising in the left parotid gland of a 66 year-old man, causing local morbidity, recurrence, repeated surgical treatment and death 5 months after initial treatment.DiscussionParotid liposarcoma is marked by a high probability of local recurrence of up to 70% and is prone to distant metastatic spread, as was the case in our patient. Based on limited experience from published literature, optimal treatment entails radical surgery with negative margins. Postoperative radiotherapy is an option for patients with large high-grade tumors, positive margins and involvement of complex anatomic subsites. High-grade tumors have a worse outcome despite the addition of surgery and postoperative radiotherapy.     

Primary Non-Hodgkins lymphoma of the parotid gland

Primary malignant lymphomas in the salivary glands are relatively rare. Clinical presentation is not characteristic and the disease is often overlooked resulting in diagnosis and treatment delays.AimTo stress the importance of the diagnostic process and combined management, we present a series of eight patients with malignant lymphoma of the parotid who were diagnosed only after surgery and managed with radiation and chemotherapy.MethodsRetrospective series of patients with primary malignant lymphoma of the parotid gland managed with radiotherapy and diagnostic surgical partial resection.ResultsAfter treatment completion we achieved a loco-regional control rate of 87.5%. Toxicity was charted according to the Common Toxicity Criteria and it was seen in six patients (75%). Six patients are still alive without evidence of recurrent disease in their last follow-up.ConclusionOur study confirms that primary early stage Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of the parotid gland is a disease with an excellent prognosis and a good local control rate, with minimal morbidity.     

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland

IntroductionCarcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is a rare malignant tumor of the parotid gland. We analyzed the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of CXPA of the parotid gland in patients managed for 11 years at this hospital.MethodsThe study included 17 cases of CXPA of the parotid gland from January 2010 to December 2020.ResultsOver 11 years, CXPA was the fourth most common parotid carcinoma, accounting for 9.4% of the 180 cases finally diagnosed as parotid carcinoma. Of the 17 cases of CXPA of the parotid gland, 12 lesions were removed by superficial parotidectomy, four lesions by total parotidectomy, and one lesion by radical parotidectomy. Four patients underwent neck dissection. The most common histopathology type was salivary duct carcinoma (n = 13, 76.5%). Postoperative radiation therapy (RT) was performed in 15 patients. Two patients (11.8%) experienced CXPA recurrence 14 and 19 months after surgery.ConclusionCXPA of the parotid gland was treated without recurrence in about 90% of the patients through surgery and postoperative RT. In the case of frankly invasive or adverse factors in the histopathological examination, more attention is required because CXPA recurrence may occur more frequently.     

Comparative analysis of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors: A retrospective study of 992 patients

ObjectiveWe analyzed and compared the clinical characteristics of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors.Patients and methodsA total of 992 patients who underwent surgical treatment for parotid gland tumors from January 2010 to December 2020 were included in this study. This study population was subdivided into benign (n = 812, 81.9 %) and malignant parotid gland tumors (n = 180, 18.1 %).ResultsPleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor and mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor. The patients with malignant parotid gland tumors were older than the patients with benign lesions. The duration of symptoms was longer in patients with benign parotid gland tumors compared to those with malignant lesions. The size of the malignant tumors was larger than that of the benign lesions. Preoperative fine-needle aspiration cytology had a diagnostic sensitivity of 50.3 %, diagnostic specificity of 98.7 %, a positive predictive value of 89.5 %, a negative predictive value of 89.9 %, and accuracy of 89.9 % for diagnosing malignant parotid gland tumors. For benign parotid gland tumors, superficial parotidectomy was most frequently performed, and for malignant parotid gland tumors, total parotidectomy was most frequently performed. Facial palsy was observed in 19.4 % of the patients with malignant parotid gland tumors compared to 5.4 % of those with benign tumors.ConclusionThe clinical features of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors showed differences in age, symptoms, duration of symptoms, size and site of the parotid tumors, surgical procedures, and postoperative facial nerve palsy.     

Fat deposition of parotid glands

Parotid gland parenchyma histology may be altered by local or systemic, pathological or non-pathological conditions.ObjectiveThis paper aims to highlight the fatty degeneration of the parotid gland, a not well-known non-pathological condition.MethodIn a retrospective study, we collected a series of 6 patients which presented a swelling of the parotid, but even after extensive research, a diagnosis was not reached.ResultsThrough the retrospective analysis of records we found fatty degeneration of the parotid in an MRI scan of all patients.ConclusionThis condition, despite being physiological and expected with aging, may be related to clinical and radiological swelling of these glands.     

Bilateral mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the parotid gland

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) tumors of the parotid gland are extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Stage I and II MALT tumors are usually treated with surgery or radiotherapy. Bilateral MALT-derived non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the parotid glands is rare, and optimal treatment is debatable. Two patients presented at the otorhinolaryngology department of the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany. The treatment strategy that was used in case 1 was also successfully used in case 2. A precise diagnosis could not be made by either fine-needle biopsy or intraoperative frozen section biopsy; it was achieved with open biopsy. Surgery and/or radiotherapy proved to be effective. There was no recurrence of disease in either case. The advantages of surgery are complete resection of the tumor and absence of xerostomia and mucositis, which are caused by irradiation. Radiotherapy does not produce a scar or an indentation at the parotid region, however, and results in a better cosmetic appearance. Therefore, we recommend open biopsy with facial nerve monitoring and subsequent irradiation in cases in which bilateral prominence of the parotid glands and suspicion of a MALT lymphoma are both present.     

Treatment of parotid duct injuries

Seven patients with acute injuries of the parotid duct have been treated in the Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery at the University of Iowa in the last five years. Two patients had lacerations of the buccal region of the duct and were treated successfully by reimplantation of the remaining duct into the oral cavity. The five patients with lacerations of the masseter portion underwent primary anastomosis. Two of these five patients demonstrated salivary flow from Stenson's duct on follow-up. Of the three remaining patients, one healed but failed to show salivary flow at follow-up; one patient had deliberate proximal duct ligation because of a large gap in the duct after excision of a basal carcinoma, and one patient developed a salivary fistula requiring radiation therapy for gland suppression. A technique for primary anastomosis of the parotid duct is described.     

Extracapsular dissection for Warthin tumor in the tail of parotid gland

Conclusions: Extracapsular dissection conferred the advantage of reduced operation time and morbidity without any recurrence, and it could be considered as the treatment of choice for Warthin tumors in the tail of the parotid gland.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to confirm the appropriate surgical procedure for Warthin tumor in the tail of the parotid gland, by comparing the results of extracapsular dissection and superficial parotidectomy.

Materials and methods: The medical records of 72 patients with Warthin tumor in the tail of the parotid gland who underwent surgery between January 2006 and December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: In the extracapsular dissection group, a total of 44 parotid gland operations were performed in 40 patients. In the superficial parotidectomy group, a total of 34 parotid gland operations were performed in 32 patients. The operation time was significantly shorter in the extracapsular dissection group than in the superficial parotidectomy group (p<.001, Table 1). One patient in the extracapsular dissection group and five patients in the superficial parotidectomy group had postoperative facial nerve palsy. Recurrence of Warthin tumor in the tail portion of the parotid gland was identified in one patient who underwent superficial parotidectomy.     

Radiatio

A 45-year-old patient presented with refractory salivary fistula, attributed to multiple surgery and Botulinum toxin, following lateral parotidectomy. He underwent fractionated radiotherapy of the remaining parotid gland including the fistula opening (total dose of 30 Gy) at our clinic. In time, fistula secretion could be inhibited completely. Although the indication for radiotherapy for such fistulas is rare since Botulinum toxin has been in use, it should still be considered in refractory disease courses.