痤疮丙酸杆菌促树突状细胞前体细胞动员及其对胃癌的治疗效应

目的利用痤疮丙酸杆菌（P．aches）引起的炎症反应，促进小鼠外周血中树突状细胞（DC）的动员并研究P．aches动员的DC在体外对胃癌细胞的作用。方法C578BL／6J（B6）小鼠注射P．aches后外周血分离单个核细胞，用流式细胞仪分选F4／8013220-CD11c^＋细胞，在体外加入细胞因子GM-CSF、IL4和TNFα共培养，通过形态学观察、表型分析和混合淋巴细胞反应鉴定它们是否能分化为成熟DC。将P．aches动员的DC负载胃癌抗原后致敏T细胞，观察活化的T细胞在体外对胃癌细胞的杀伤效应。结果注射P．aches1h后外周血F4／80B220-CD11c^＋细胞数量即开始升高，24h后逐渐达到高峰。新鲜分离的细胞不具有成熟DC的特征。与细胞因子共培养后即具有典型的DC形态和表型，在混合淋巴细胞反应中具有极强的刺激T细胞增殖的能力。P．aches动员的DC负载胃癌抗原后致敏T细胞对胃癌细胞的杀伤率明显高于未致敏T细胞。结论P．aches可迅速动员F4／80-B220-CD11c^＋细胞进入小鼠外周血，经细胞因子的诱导后可分化为成熟DC，并可在体外诱导出针对胃癌细胞的特异性杀伤T淋巴细胞，对胃癌细胞有明显的杀伤作用，并伴有高水平的INF-γ分泌。     

食管癌抗原和超抗原构建肿瘤疫苗的抗癌作用研究

目的利用食管癌肿瘤可溶性抗原(TSA)和超抗原(SEC)构建肿瘤疫苗,刺激外周血淋巴细胞,诱导产生细胞毒性T细胞(CTLs),对肿瘤细胞进行体内外杀伤作用研究,以探讨其抗肿瘤作用。方法外周血淋巴细胞经肿瘤疫苗作用,进行体外培养,诱导产生细胞毒性T细胞;细胞毒实验测定效应细胞杀伤活性;建立小鼠移植瘤模型,用肿瘤疫苗进行干预治疗,观察其治疗效果。结果经肿瘤疫苗刺激的淋巴细胞组诱导的CTLs对靶细胞杀伤活性显著高于单纯淋巴细胞组(P<0.05),对TSA来源的食管癌细胞具有选择性杀伤作用;体内研究发现肿瘤疫苗能显著减轻小鼠荷瘤负担,延长生存期。结论肿瘤可溶性抗原与超抗原SEC构建的肿瘤疫苗能产生高效特异性的抗肿瘤效果,显示出良好的抗肿瘤免疫治疗作用。     

人树突状细胞融合肝癌细胞体外诱导特异性抗肿瘤免疫

目的 探讨人树突状细胞(DC)融合肝癌细胞(HCC)体外诱导T淋巴细胞产生特异性抗肝癌免疫的作用.方法 应用人重组粒细胞/巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rhGM-CSF)和重组人白细胞介素4(rhIL-4)对人外周血单个核细胞进行体外诱导产生树突状细胞,流式细胞仪检测DC表面标志物表达水平,聚乙二醇融合DC与肝癌细胞HerG2,MTT法测定融合细胞(HerG2/DC)刺激T淋巴细胞增生、分化能力,细胞毒性实验检测HerG2/DC诱导的细胞毒T淋巴细胞(CTL)对HerG2的特异性杀伤作用.结果 融合细胞HerG2/DC刺激T淋巴细胞增值能力明显提高,HerG2/DC活化的CTL对HerG2具有明显的特异性杀伤作用.结论 人树突状细胞融合肝癌细胞可有效诱导T淋巴细胞产生特异性的抗肝癌肿瘤免疫.     

树突状细胞以两种不同方式负载大肠癌细胞株体外刺激淋巴细胞抗肿瘤活性的比较

目的 比较树突状细胞(DC)以两种不同方式负载大肠癌细胞株体外刺激淋巴细胞的抗瘤活性.方法 分离正常人外周血单核细胞体外诱导DC,分别负载热休克诱导凋亡的大肠癌细胞株和肿瘤细胞裂解物,以此刺激淋巴细胞作为效应细胞,大肠癌细胞株为靶细胞.MTT法测定效应细胞对靶细胞的杀伤作用.结果 负载热休克大肠癌细胞的DC 与负载肿瘤细胞裂解物的DC都显示对靶细胞的杀伤活性,但前者的杀伤率明显高于后者(P＜0.05).结论 负载热休克肿瘤细胞的DC是一更为有效的负载方式.     

脐血浆培养的脐血树突状细胞对胃癌细胞的特异杀伤作用

目的尝试用脐血浆代替胎牛血清培养脐血树突状细胞（DCs）,并使之负载胃癌抗原,观察其对胃癌细胞的特异杀伤作用。方法分离脐血单个核细胞（CBMCs）并在含10％同源脐血浆的培养体系中诱导培养,部分细胞加入胃癌冻融抗原冲击。流式细胞仪检测细胞表面抗原CD1a和CD83表达,MTT法检测DCs体外刺激淋巴细胞增殖活性,LDH法检测DCs诱导的细胞毒T淋巴细胞（CTLs）对胃癌及肝癌细胞的细胞毒作用。结果CBMCs能分化为表型正常的未成熟DCs,并进而吞噬胃癌细胞冻融抗原成熟,刺激淋巴细胞增殖并诱导对胃癌细胞株特异的CTLs毒性。结论脐血浆培养的脐血DCs能有效捕获胃癌冻融抗原,激发针对胃癌细胞的特异杀伤效应。本实验采用的DCs制备方法具有方法简单、成本较低、瘤苗制备时间较短等优点。     

树突状细胞疫苗对人肺腺癌GLC-82细胞体外杀伤作用的实验观察

目的 通过建立负载人肺腺癌细胞株GLC-82可溶性抗原的树突状细胞(DC)疫苗,探讨应用DC疫苗的致敏特异性杀伤性T细胞(CTL)体外杀瘤细胞的可行性和实验条件,为后期l临床应用提供实验依据.方法 通过用定量摩尔氯化钾提取法获得人肺腺癌细胞GLC-82的可溶性抗原多肽(TSA),从人外周血单核细胞(PBMC)中用GM-CSF、白细胞介素-4和肿瘤坏死因子-α体外诱导扩增并鉴定获取DC,构建DC疫苗;利用DC疫苗刺激同种异体外周血T淋巴细胞活化增殖,诱导产生具有识别肺癌细胞抗原的特异性CTL的可行性及MTT法检测该CTL对GLC-82、肺癌CALU-6和人红白血病K 562细胞的体外杀伤效应.结果 人PBMC体外经7d诱导出的DC,经形态学、免疫组化证实具有典型的树突状细胞特性;负载GLC-82抗原的DC疫苗能有效诱导同种异体T淋巴细胞活化增殖产生CTL,最适浓度为1:10;诱导活化的CTL对靶细胞的杀伤活性明显高于未经肿瘤抗原致敏的组.结论 诱导培养人外周血PBMC中的Mo可获取大量DC,诱导出的DC功能较强,适宜临床应用;DC疫苗能强烈刺激初始型同种异体T淋巴细胞增殖产生CD 8+表达增加的CTL;激活的CTL对肺癌靶细胞发挥高效而特异的细胞毒效应,对非肺组织瘤靶细胞也具有非特异性杀伤效应.     

树突状细胞瘤苗的制备及体外抗肿瘤实验研究

为探讨特异的树突状细胞(DC)肿瘤疫苗的制备方法及体外抗肿瘤作用，分离人周围血单核细胞，制备DC，体外应用Hela细胞提取物作为抗原(包括可溶性抗原和颗粒性抗原)，结合DC制备特异性的肿瘤疫苗；再与淋巴细胞混合培养，用激活的淋巴细胞按不同比例与Hela细胞混合培养，应用MTT法观察淋巴细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤率。结果：经特异的肿瘤抗原刺激后的DC疫苗可活化淋巴细胞，与对照组比较可明显提高其对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性。结论：DC特异肿瘤疫苗具有高效、特异的刺激淋巴细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞的能力。     

超抗原金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C和肿瘤可溶性抗原诱导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的杀瘤效应

目的 探讨肿瘤可溶性抗原(TSA)联合超抗原金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C(SEC)诱导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTLs)对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用.方法 实验分为对照组(淋巴细胞)和实验组(SEC+ TSA+淋巴细胞).分离肿瘤患者外周血淋巴细胞,经TSA、超抗原SEC联合作用诱导产生CTLs,对其增殖、细胞表型、杀瘤活性进行观察和测定.结果 经TSA、SEC联合刺激的淋巴细胞组增殖活性明显增强.实验组和对照组CD3均阳性表达,实验组CD8+明显高于对照组(49.07％比27.52％,P＜0.05).经肺癌TSA、超抗原SEC联合刺激淋巴细胞组培养诱导的CTLs,当效靶比为20∶1时对CALU-6、自体肺癌细胞、Hela细胞杀伤活性明显高于效靶比为10∶1[分别(89.6±3.7)％比(51.5±4.0)％,(92.0±4.0)％比(54.5±4.0)％,(65.0±3.8)％比(35.3±2.4)％,均P＜0.05];效应细胞对人肺癌细胞株CALU-6、自体肺癌细胞的杀伤活性明显高于Hela细胞(P＜0.05).结论 经肿瘤抗原和超抗原SEC诱导的CTL能够产生高效特异性的杀瘤效应.     

树突状细胞诱导的淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞对肺癌细胞系A549的体外杀伤作用

目的:探讨负载肺癌抗原的树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC)诱导淋巴因子激活的杀伤(LAK)细胞对肺癌细胞A549的杀伤作用.方法:采用肺癌患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)经rhGM-CSF、rhIL-4、rhTNF-a诱导和肿瘤冻融抗原刺激诱导获得的DC与LAK细胞按1:20比例共培养2 d,获得Ag-DC-LAK细胞作效应细胞,分别用Ag-Dc-LAK、DC-LAK、Ag-LAK和LAK对肺癌细胞系A549细胞进行杀伤实验.结果:以30μg/mL蛋白的肿瘤抗原负载的DC其表型CD1a、CD80、CD86、HLA-DR均显著升高(P<0.05),高于单纯细胞因子诱导成熟的DCs表型,由其刺激增殖的LAK细胞对肺癌细胞A549杀伤率为(71±5)%,明显高于对照组(P<0.05).结论:经肿瘤抗原刺激诱导成熟的DC可有效传递抗原,增加T细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用.     

胎儿来源的树突状细胞诱导抗膀胱癌效应的研究

目的：研究胎儿来源的树突状细胞（DC）体外诱导抗膀胱癌的特异性细胞免疫的效果.方法：从胎儿骨髓获得单个核细胞,经粒细胞-单核细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF）、IL-4和TNF-α诱导产生DC.利用50%～70%硫酸铵饱和沉淀法获取膀胱癌细胞系EJ含热休克蛋白（HSP）成分的细胞溶解物,以该抗原负载DC,激活胎脾细胞产生肿瘤特异性的细胞杀伤性T淋巴细胞（CTL）.利用IL-2刺激胎脾细胞产生LAK细胞.应用MTF法分别检测CTL和LAK细胞对EJ细胞的杀伤效应.结果：胎儿骨髓可诱导出功能成熟的DC,高表达CD1a、CD86、HLA-DR和CD83.负载EJ抗原的DC可诱导产生CD8＋CTL.其对EJ细胞的杀伤作用明显强于LAK细胞.结论：含HSP成分的肿瘤细胞溶解物负载胎儿来源的DC,体外可诱导出更强的特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.