江苏省1996年脊髓灰质炎监测工作状况分析

江苏省１９９１年建立起急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例监测系统，１９９６年各项监测指标达到或基本达到消灭脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）工作的要求。１９９６年共报告ＡＦＰ病例１９１例，其中临床诊断脊灰３例，１５岁以下儿童非脊灰ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率以市为单位均已达到１／１０万。我省已连续４年未发现由脊灰野病毒引起的麻痹病例，标志着我省已进入消灭脊灰后期关键阶段     

黑龙江省1997年急性弛缓性麻痹病例的实验室监测结果分析

黑龙江省１９９７年共报告急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例１２９例，１５岁以下儿童非脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率为１．７２／１０万，未发现由脊灰野病毒引起的确诊病例。１９９７年合格粪便标本采集率为８９．９２％，７天内及时送检率达９８．５８％。在ＡＦＰ病例的粪便标本中，未分离到脊灰病毒；而非脊灰肠道病毒（ＮＰＥＶ）的分离率，由１９９５年的７．６９％提高到１９９７年的１２．９０％。ＡＦＰ病例接触者的粪便标本采集率为９５．３５％，从中分离到脊灰病毒３株，均均为脊灰病毒疫苗株，其中Ⅰ型１株，Ⅲ型２株；分离出ＮＰＥＶ的３８例，分离率为６．．２８％。     

山东省1995年脊髓灰质炎监测报告

自１９９１年４月以来，通过对报告的急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例和病人接触者的粪便标本检测，山东省未发现脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）野病毒。自１９９２年开始引用世界卫生组织（ＷＨＯ）的诊断标准，每年均有一定数量的临床确诊脊灰病例。ＷＨＯ提出，分离到野病毒作为唯一的确诊依据，在消灭脊灰后期很有必要。卫生部提出，在ＷＨＯ推荐标准基础上结合专家组诊断意见，能保证临床符合病例具有较高特异性。山东省所有确诊脊灰病例均由专家组诊断，对专家组诊断的临床脊灰病例仍应引起高度重视，以便综合分析是否有野病毒引起的可能。１５岁以下儿童非脊灰ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率已连续３年达到１／１０万的指标，ＡＦＰ病例的粪便标本采集率达到８０．２％，与医院的及时报告率提高有密切关系。受病例麻痹到就诊的时间间隔和其它客观因素的影响，麻痹两周内采集到合格粪便标本的期望比例为９３．５％，市、县两级医院能否及时报告和采便是提高监测系统敏感性和质量的关键。报告ＡＦＰ病例中经省专家组诊查剔除非ＡＦＰ病例１９１例，占报告病例的３１．２％。在强调监测敏感性的同时，也应注意提高监测工作的特异性，以全面提高监测工作的质量。     

云南省1995年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测分析

云南省是脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）高危省份之一。近年来急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例监测工作比较薄弱，ｌ９９３年１５岁以下儿童ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率仅为０．３／１０万，１９９４年为０．４６／１０万，ｌ９９５年升至１．４６／１０万；作脊灰ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率为１．１６／１０万。ｌ９９５年在边境地区发现了输入性脊灰野病毒病例。当前边境地区监测工作还相当薄弱，还存在ＡＦＰ病例漏报、不报等情况。输入性脊灰野病毒病例的发现预示着目前我省边境地区存在着脊灰野病毒的传播，该地区已成为我省乃至我国消灭脊灰的前沿。应采取特殊策略迅速改善边境地区的监测敏感性和质量，保持人群高免疫水平。     

安徽省1991～1995年脊髓灰质炎疫情分析

安徽省是我国脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）的高发区之一，自１９９１年建立了脊灰监测系统，实施了消灭脊灰的各项措施以来，脊灰发病率大幅度下降，ｌ９９２～ｌ９９５年连续４年脊灰发病率在０．１／１０万以下。病例散在发生，无季节性发病高峰，并连续４年未发现由脊灰野病毒引起的临床病例。９０％以上的脊灰病例为５岁以下儿童，未服苗及未全程服苗者占６０％。１５岁以下儿童非脊灰ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率１９９４年、１９９５年达到了１／１０万的要求。今后仍应开展强化免疫，重点是流动人口和超计划生育的儿童。     

黔南州1990～1999年急性弛缓性麻痹病例流行病学分析

黔南州１９９０～１９９９年共报告急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例１３６例。按照病毒学分类标准,脊灰野病毒３例,临床符合病例３４例,非脊灰ＡＦＰ病例９９例,自１９９４年以来未发现脊灰野病毒病例。１５岁以下儿童ＡＦＰ病例报告率自１９９５年以来连续保持在１／１０万以上。１３６例ＡＦＰ病例,分布于１２个县市的８３个乡镇,占总乡镇数的３５．３％。ＡＦＰ病例主要发生在０～５岁儿童,男性多于女性。ＡＦＰ病例零剂次免疫占１１．０％,全程免疫占６２．５％。结果显示,我州还存在ＡＦＰ监测薄弱地区和免疫薄弱地区,应继续加强ＡＦＰ病例监测和常规免疫工作。     

江苏省1995年急性弛缓性麻痹（AFP）病例的流行病学与监测分析

江苏省１９９５年共报告急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例２１３例，分布在７０个县（市、区，下同），占全省县数的６６．４％，其中脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）５例。１５岁以下儿童非脊灰ＡＦＰ报告发病率为１．６１／１０万，脊灰皇散发。ＡＦＰ病例１４天内合格粪便标本采集率为７０％，４８小时内调查率为９６％；全年共分离６株脊灰疫苗病毒，已有３年末发现脊灰野病毒所致病例。此结果显示：江苏省通过采取综合措施，包括做好口服脊灰疫苗（ＯＰＶ）常规免疫，开展强化免疫，建立ＡＦＰ病例监测系统，加强管理等，消灭脊灰工作取得了很大进展。但仍有不足之处，如双份合格粪便标本的采集率、及时随访率等都较低，尚须进一步努力。     

青岛市1995年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测分析

青岛市急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例监测系统１９９５年报告ＡＦＰ病例３３例，经临床学、流行病学和病原学诊断，无确诊脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病例，１５岁以下非脊灰ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率为２．３５／１０万。各区（县）常规报告完整率为１００％，及时报告率为９３．９４％，ＡＦＰ病例报告特异性为８９．１９％．ＡＦＰ病例监测系统其它各项质量控制指标均达到８０％。     

绍兴市AFP病例监测报告情况调查

绍兴市ＡＦＰ病例监测报告情况调查浙江省绍兴市卫生防疫站３１２０００章一丰，蒋美娟建立急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例监测系统，提高脊髓灰质炎（简称脊灰）疫情监测敏感性，及时性和完整性，是保障我国１９９５年消灭脊灰野病毒目标的重要措施。我市１９９１年起建立...     

全国1996年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统运转情况评析

全国１９９６年急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例监测系统共报告ＡＦＰ病例４７３２例，较１９９５年４８０１例减少８９％；全国共有１８３６个县（区、市、旗，下同）报告了ＡＦＰ病例，占全国县数的６４５％；全年开展含零病例报告的县超过全国县数的９０％。１９９６年临床确诊脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）２０１例，分布于１７０个县；仅云南省发现３例输入性野病毒病例。１９９６年ＡＦＰ病例监测系统敏感性、及时性全面提高：１５岁以下儿童ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率为１３６／１０万，非脊灰ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率为１３１／１０万；４８小时内调查率为９９％；ＡＦＰ病例双份粪便标本采集及时率为８３％，合格粪便标本采集率为７７％。非ＡＦＰ病例的鉴别和ＡＦＰ病例报告的滞后、随访表的及时报送仍有待提高。     

杭州市急性弛缓性麻痹病例检出疫苗相关株病毒的调查分析

目的为维持无脊髓灰质炎脊灰阶段提供依据。方法分析无脊髓灰质炎阶段杭州市连续5年检出脊灰疫苗相关株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例的流行病学特征,以及疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰(VAPP)的发生情况。结果检出病毒相关株的AFP病例集中在2-3月龄的儿童占60%,全部为男性。零剂次免疫儿童占30%,VAPP的发生率为0.58/100万。结论提高VAPP诊断准确性,加强AFP病例监测,保证高水平免疫接种率。     

汕头市11年维持无脊髓灰质炎状态分析

目的评价汕头市1994~2004年维持无脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)工作效果。方法对急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测系统和口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗(OPV)免疫工作进行分析评价。结果1994~2004年共报告AFP 183例,<15岁儿童非脊髓灰质炎AFP病例报告发病率为1.39/10万,合格粪便采集率为93.99%。183例AFP病例中,共分离出脊髓灰质炎病毒(PV)14株,检出率为7.65%,检出的PV均为疫苗株。疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰1例。1996年之后,AFP病例监测系统评价指标均达到卫生部和世界卫生组织(WHO)要求的指标和标准。OPV每年常规免疫报告接种率≥95.37%,每轮OPV强化免疫接种率≥96.26%,抽查评估接种率为92.31%~98.23%。结论汕头市1994~2004年已连续11年无脊髓灰质炎野病毒引起的病例报告,保持无脊髓灰质炎状态,但AFP监测和OPV免疫存在薄弱地区和薄弱人群,应继续采取和落实有效措施。     

Retrospective hospital-based searches for cases of acute flaccid paralysis

OBJECTIVE: Australia had to demonstrate adequate acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance by achieving a rate of one per 100,000 in children under the age of 15 to fulfil one of the requirements of the Regional Commission for the Certification of Poliomyelitis Eradication to be declared polio free. To increase the ascertainment rate of AFP cases, a hospital search was conducted to identify cases not reported to the active AFP surveillance. METHODS: A computerised search of hospital admissions in New South Wales (NSW) and Western Australia (WA) on ICD-9 codes of Guillain Barré Syndrome (GBS), unspecified encephalitis, poliomyelitis, vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and flaccid paralysis was conducted for the period 1995-98. Medical records of cases that were not reported to the active surveillance were reviewed in three hospitals of NSW and two hospitals in WA. RESULTS: Twenty additional cases recorded as GBS and five as transverse myelitis (TM) were identified through the searches, which increased the average four-year AFP rate from 1.0 to 1.4 per 100,000 in children under the age of 15 years in these two states and the overall AFP rate in Australia increased from 0.78 to 1.14. There were no cases of polio or VAPP found. Nine cases of GBS and five of TM reported to the active AFP surveillance were not found in the hospital searches. CONCLUSION: A combination of active surveillance and hospital-based searches increased the investigated AFP rate, which fulfilled one of the certification requirements for Australia to be certified polio free. Implications: Until global certification is achieved, AFP surveillance needs to be improved to identify cases of importation of wild poliovirus.     

临沂市2003~2006年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统评价

目的评价全国保持无脊髓灰质炎状态行动计划出台以来临沂市急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测系统运转情况。方法对2003~2006年临沂市AFP病例监测系统资料用EpiData软件进行统计分析。结果2003~2006年全市共报告AFP病例202例,未发现脊灰野病毒引起的病例。病例分布在全市12个县(区):发病以0到5岁儿童为主,占83.2%;男性发病多于女性,男女比例1.93:1;所有监测病例经山东省专家诊断组均为排除脊灰病例,格林巴利综合征最多,占19.9%,监测并鉴定了3例疫苗相关病例(VAPP)。自2003年起,15岁以下儿童非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率均大于1/10万,各项主要监测指标均达到了卫生部规定的80%的要求。结论临沂市AFP监测系统保持高度敏感性,有能力及时发现各类监测病例。     

Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and other diseases with acute flaccid paralysis syndrome in Belarus

According to the WHO global polio eradication initiative acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance has been conducted in Belarus since 1996. For the period 1996-2002, 295AFP cases were reported. The main indices ofAFP surveillance in Belarus met the WHO criteria. A11 AFP cases, with the exception of one, were virologically examined. Polioviruses (PV) were isolated from 28 (9.5%) of them. Results of intratypic differentiation (a neutralization test with type-specific monoclonal antibodies and a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay) proved vaccine origin of all isolated PV. According to the final classification, 11 AFP cases were classified as vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Nine VAPP cases were recipient [six of them developed after the first, two--after the third and one--after the fourth oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) dose] and two cases in non-vaccinated children were classified as contact VAPP cases. PV of all three serotypes were isolated with an equal frequency from the recipient cases and only PV2--from contact ones. Immunological investigations of children with VAPP showed that the majority of them had disorders in B-cell immunity. A risk of one VAPP case per 96,000 first OPV doses and per 745,000 distributed ones was estimated. The other 284 AFP cases were classified as AFP of non-polio etiology (non-polio AFP). Among them Guillain-Barré syndrome (118 cases, 41.5% of all non-polio AFP cases), traumatic neuritis (63 cases, 22.2%), transient monoparesis of limb (35 cases, 12.3%), myelitis (26 cases, 9.2%) were registered most frequently. Vaccine PV were isolated from 19 (6.7%) children with non-polio AFP, 28 (9.9%) children excreted non-polio enteric viruses. In contrast to VAPP, other AFP with PV isolation had no clinical picture typical of poliomyelitis, and had no any residual paralysis 60 days after the onset of paralysis. PV isolation from them seemed to be not related to the etiology of the disease, but was a mere coincidence of paralysis with the recent vaccination. Results of AFP surveillance supported the previous data on the absence of classical poliomyelitis cases caused by wild PV in Belarus for more than 35 years.     

Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in India during 1999: decreased risk despite massive use of oral polio vaccine

OBJECTIVE: Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) is a rare but serious consequence of the administration of oral polio vaccine (OPV). Intensified OPV administration has reduced wild poliovirus transmission in India but VAPP is becoming a matter of concern. METHODS: We analysed acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance data in order to estimate the VAPP risk in this country. VAPP was defined as occurring in AFP cases with onset of paralysis in 1999, residual weakness 60 days after onset, and isolation of vaccine-related poliovirus. Recipient VAPP cases were a subset with onset of paralysis between 4 and 40 days after receipt of OPV. FINDINGS: A total of 181 AFP cases met the case definition. The following estimates of VAPP risk were made: overall risk, 1 case per 4.1 to 4.6 million OPV doses administered; recipient risk,1 case per 12.2 million; first-dose recipient risk, 1 case per 2.8 million; and subsequent-dose recipient risk, 1 case per 13.9 million. CONCLUSION: On the basis of data from a highly sensitive surveillance system the estimated VAPP risk in India is evidently lower than that in other countries, notwithstanding the administration of multiple OPV doses to children in mass immunization campaigns.     

闽东地区急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统建立的应用研究

[目的]评价闽东地区AFP监测系统的工作质量和应用性。[方法]利用EpiInfo软件对全区AFP监测系统上报数据进行分析。[结果]监测系统的敏感性，及时性和完整性逐年提高。15岁以下儿童非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率、合格粪便采集率等各项监测指标连续多年达到WHO和卫生部消灭脊灰的证实要求。[结论]AFP监测系统的建立和应用，在查明闽东地区脊灰发病状况、制定免疫策略，指导消灭脊灰工作中发挥了重要作用，并为无脊灰的证实提供可靠的科学依据。