微创手术治疗老年高血压丘脑出血的探讨

目的 探讨微创手术治疗老年高血压丘脑出血疗效及预后，总结手术经验。方法 回顾性分析小骨窗开颅术与微创血肿穿刺碎吸术治疗老年高血压丘脑出血患者之近期并发症发生率，病死率与疗效。结果 小骨窗开颅术患者39例，出现术后并发症29例，死亡4例；微创血肿穿刺碎吸术患者40例，出现术后并发症20例，死亡2例；两组之间并发症发生率有显著性差异（P〈0．05），病死率无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。两组治疗后6个月按ADL量表评定疗效，微创血肿穿刺碎吸术组优于小骨窗开颅术组（P〈0．05）。结论 老年高血压丘脑出血小骨窗开颅术微创手术方法治疗疗效显著，微创血肿穿刺碎吸术治疗疗效更佳。     

小骨窗入路显微手术治疗高血压脑出血(附64例报告)

64例高血压脑出血患者采用微创小骨窗人路显微手术清除血肿.术后24 h复查CT,血肿清除80%以上者56例(87.5%),血肿残余50%以上者仅2例.术后随访3～6个月,按日常生活活动能力(ADL)分级:Ⅰ级8例(12.5%).Ⅱ级28例(43.75%),Ⅲ级22例(34.375%),Ⅳ级6例(9.375%),无死亡病例.认为小骨窗入路显微手术治疗高血压脑出血创伤小、效果好,而且安全.     

微创颅内血肿清除术与小骨窗颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效比较

目的比较微创颅内血肿清除术与小骨窗颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法选择1999年10月～2001年12月我科收治的高血压脑出血患者（基底核或脑叶出血量为30—60ml）60例。分为微创颅内血肿清除术组（甲组）与小骨窗颅内血肿清除术组（乙组），每组各30例，均在CT定位下行血肿清除术。分别于治疗前、治疗后4周进行疗效对比。结果两组患者疗效间差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；两组患者治疗前、后神经功能缺损评分间差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论微创颅内血肿清除术与小骨窗颅内血肿清除术均是治疗高血压脑出血的有效治疗手段。前者疗效尤佳。     

立体定向引导下的前额锁孔入路神经内镜血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血

目的：探讨立体定向引导下的前额锁孔入路神经内镜血肿清除术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血的临床疗效。方法比较立体定向引导下的前额锁孔入路神经内镜血肿清除术与传统立体定向血肿穿刺引流术,两组患者手术时间、术后第1天血肿清除率、术后再出血率、并发症发生率、术后1月内死亡率、术后6月格拉斯哥预后（GOS）评分的差别,分析手术疗效。结果神经内镜组患者术后第1天血肿清除率高,术后再出血率低,术后6月格拉斯哥预后评分高（P〈0.05）;立体定向组患者手术时间短,差别有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;神经内镜组患者术后并发症发生率、1月内死亡率低于立体定向组,差别无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论立体定向引导下的前额锁孔入路神经内镜血肿清除术具有微创、直视下清除血肿干净、术后再出血率低,并有助于改善患者预后等优点。     

定向置软管吸引术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效分析

目的观察应用定向置软管血肿吸引术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效。方法将55例高血压脑出血病人分为定向置软管血肿吸引术治疗组(微创组)和内科保守治疗组(内科组)。两组格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分(GCS)均为7分～15分。结果血肿完全清除或吸收时间,微创组平均5.6d内科组平均25d;近期(1个月)、远期(6个月)疗效随访,微创组优于内科组;微创组死亡0例,内科组死亡2例。结论定向置软管血肿吸引术治疗高血压脑出血,能明显缩短住院时间,功能恢复优良率高,死亡率降低。     

CT定向钻孔引流术与传统开颅术治疗高血压脑出血448例对比观察

高血压脑出血(HICFI)的手术方法多样,大体可分为传统开颅术(大骨瓣开颅和小骨窗人路开颅)和微创手术(细孔钻孔引流术和CT定向钻孔引流术)。为探讨手术方式对HICH患者近远期疗效的影响,2000～2004年,我们对448例HICH患者,分别采用传统开颅术和CT定向钻孔尿激酶溶解引流术治疗,同时监测术后颅内压(ICP)的变化,并对近远期疗效进行比较。现报告如下。     

超声引导下经微骨窗显微手术治疗基底节区脑出血的临床应用效果观察

目的观察在超声引导下经微骨窗显微手术治疗基底节区脑出血的临床应用效果。方法对该院2016-01～2017-12收治的111例高血压基底节区脑出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,将其分为研究组62例和对照组49例,研究组在超声引导下行经微骨窗显微手术治疗,对照组则行传统的微骨窗显微手术治疗,比较分析两组临床疗效。结果研究组在手术时间、术中出血量、术后血肿清除率的情况优于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P 0. 01);术后随访3个月及以上,研究组日常生活能力(ADL)评分优于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P 0. 01)。结论高血压基底节区脑出血在实时超声引导下行微骨窗入路显微手术治疗可以准确定位脑内血肿的位置,减少脑组织副损伤,可明显改善患者预后,是适合基层医院应用的有效手术治疗方法。     

小骨窗开颅术与大骨瓣开颅术治疗高血压脑出血疗效比较

目的比较小骨窗开颅术与传统大骨瓣开颅术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效。方法将130例高血压脑出血患者随机分为小骨窗组和大骨瓣组,各65例。分别行小骨窗开颅血肿清除术和传统大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术。比较两组患者术后并发症发生率、病死率及手术总有效率。结果术后小骨窗组并发症发生率为15.4%、病死率为3.1%,均显著低于大骨瓣组的32.3%、9.2%（P均〈0.05）,小骨窗组手术总有效率为96.9%,显著高于大骨瓣组的64.6%（P均〈0.05）,小骨窗组疗效显著优于大骨瓣组。结论小骨窗开颅较大骨瓣开颅手术治疗高血压脑出血创伤小,术后并发症发生率及病死率低。     

立体定向手术治疗高血压脑出血22例疗效分析

46例高血压脑出血患者随机分为立体定向组(22例)和小骨窗组(24例),分别采用立体定向术和小骨窗开颅手术治疗,以拔管时间和日常生活能力(ADL)评分作为疗效评价指标.结果 立体定向术组患者术后存活率高于小骨窗开颅手术治疗组,但没有显著性差异;拔管时间短于小骨窗开颅手术治疗组(P＜0.05);而ADL评分明显改善(P＜0.05).认为立体定向术治疗高血压脑出血具有创伤小、操作简便、清除血肿较彻底等优点,是治疗高血压脑出血的一种有效方法.     

超早期手术治疗74例高血压脑出血术式比较

目的 比较去大骨瓣开颅手术（大骨瓣组）和微创小骨窗开颅手术（微创组）两种手术方式在超早期治疗74例高血压脑出血患者的近期和远期的临床疗效。方法 74例高血压脑出血6h以内手术患者随机分为大骨瓣组和微创组行手术治疗。术后分别评估临床神经功能缺损程度和日常生活活动能力（ADL）。结果 住院日数、术后并发症等微创组明显少于大骨瓣组，临床神经功能缺损程度评分，两组手术后效果均明显优于手术前，手术后微创组亦明显优于大骨瓣组。术后1个月及1年后ADL随访结果表明微创组优于大骨瓣组。结论 大骨瓣组较微创组存活率有所提高，但并发症多，致残率增加；而微创组术后并发症少，但早期死亡率有所增加。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.