急性睡眠剥夺时程对青年男性军人脑认知功能的影响

目的:研究急性睡眠剥夺(SD)不同时程对脑认知功能的影响。方法:76例军医大学男性健康志愿者学员,接受48小时持续睡眠剥夺,全程进行脑电监测,每12小时进行事件相关电位、记忆分离加工检测。结果:1记忆测试:睡眠剥夺后外显记忆成绩(F=65.5732,P=0.0001)、内隐记忆成绩(F=44.3333,P=0.0001)均较基线出现显著性差异;2事件相关电位(ERP):睡眠剥夺后ERP潜伏期(F=61.0453~244.0524,P=0.0001)及波幅(F=10.5511~23.9379,P=0.0001)较基线出现显著性差异;3脑电非线性动力学分析:睡眠剥夺后关联维度(F=133.9194,P=0.0001)、近似熵(F=11.4091,P=0.0001)均较基线出现显著性差异。结论:急性睡眠剥夺将会阻碍脑认知信息加工过程,促使外显及内隐记忆消退,使得脑神经元信息网络呈现更复杂的混沌模式,上述效应随SD时程不同而程度各异。     

睡眠剥夺影响执行控制的功能磁共振成像研究

目的: 探讨完全睡眠剥夺(total sleep deprivation,TSD)对大脑执行控制功能的影响.方法: 采用自身前后对照设计.以13名健康男性大学生作为被试,进行两次Go/No-go测验,同时进行功能磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)扫描,第一次在正常睡眠后12小时完成,第2次间隔3周在睡眠剥夺36小时后完成.结果: 与睡眠后的Co/No-go测试成绩相比,睡眠剥夺后被试的正确击中率下降[(0.99±0.01)vs.(0.97±0.04),P＜0.05)],错误反应率增高[(0.04±0.04)vs.(0.10±0.08),P＜0.05].fMRI结果显示前扣带回皮质活动降低[(-0.391±0.003)vs.0;P＜0.05],前额叶皮质活动明显增强[(0.653±0.003)vs.0;P＜0.05].结论: 睡眠剥夺36小时导致执行抑制功能的显著下降,前额叶皮质出现功能代偿是维持认知作业的重要特征.     

睡眠剥夺条件下小睡对划消测验和事件相关电位P300的影响

目的：探讨小睡对连续40小时睡眠剥夺的应对作用。方法：8名青年被试做自身前后对照，睡眠剥夺时间从第一天的6：00到第二天的22：00，共为40小时，在实验过程中给予打字的工作负荷。小睡时间分别为每天中午的13：00和晚间的1：00，共3次，每次30分钟，同时用脑电图进行监测，在晚间1：00和实验结束时分别测量视觉事件相关电位。并且在实验开始前、实验结束后2天和每次小睡后30分钟后测量划消测验。结果：无论是睡眠剥夺组还是加入小睡组，被试的作业反应时延长、正确数降低，漏划数增加。同完全睡眠剥夺相比，加入小睡后，被试划消测验的反应时明显缩短，正确数及漏划数无明显变化。无论是睡眠剥夺组还是加入小睡组，实验结束后两天的恢复值同实验前相比无明显差异。睡眠剥夺组的P300潜伏期明显延长，正确率降低，但振幅无明显变化。加入小睡后P300潜伏期明显缩短，正确率、振幅没有明显变化。结论：小睡对睡眠剥夺有一定的应对作用。     

运动对睡眠剥夺引起胰岛素抵抗和T2DM风险升高的缓解作用初探

目的:探究运动对睡眠剥夺引起胰岛素抵抗的缓解作用。方法:采用随机数字表法将32只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为4组(n=8):对照组、睡眠剥夺组、运动A组(睡眠缺乏+长时间单次运动组)、运动B组(睡眠缺乏+短时间多次运动组)。除对照组外,各组小鼠采用改良多平台法(Modified multiple platform method,MMPM)进行睡眠剥夺,即:每天(6:00am～10:00pm)剥夺时间16h,休息8h,持续4d。睡眠剥夺过程中,运动A、B组小鼠每天睡眠剥夺后1h置于水深8cm的睡眠剥夺水箱中进行游泳运动训练,运动A,B组累计训练时间30min。最后一次睡眠剥夺过程结束后,所有小鼠禁食不禁水12h后断尾取血,采用口服葡萄糖耐量试验(Oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)法,测量血糖和血浆胰岛素含量,计算稳态模型数值(Homeostasis model assessment,HOMA-IR)。结果:与对照组相比,睡眠剥夺组小鼠HOMA-IR值明显升高(P0.05);而与睡眠剥夺组相比,运动A组的HOMA-IR值明显降低(P0.05);运动B组小鼠的HOMA-IR值虽然也有所下降,但无明显统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:长时间不间断运动对于缓解由睡眠不足引起的胰岛素抵抗有效。     

肌电反馈放松训练对大学生失眠症治疗作用的初步探索

目的: 探究肌电反馈放松训练对大学生失眠症的治疗作用.方法: 采用肌电反馈放松训练对36例失眠症患者进行治疗,在治疗前后让失眠症患者填写抑郁自评量表、焦虑自评量表,并记录治疗前后被试的睡眠多导图和肌电值.结果: 与治疗前相比,治疗后被试的睡眠潜伏期缩短(32.9 4±22.6/85.7 4±52.8,P=0.015),觉醒次数减少(1.8±0.8/3.5 4±1.5,P=0.031),快速眼动睡眠期时间延长(78.7 4±22.9/42.5±24.5,P=O.033),3期、4期睡眠时间延长(56.0 4±39.4/31.9 4±26.2,P±=0.024),睡眠效率提高(78.1 4±11.2/64.3 4±21.3,P=0.027);焦虑自评量表得分和抑郁自评量表得分均降低(30.9 4±5.3/35.7 4±5.8、40.9 ±8.6/43.7 4±6.2,P=0.027、0.016);肌电值降低(2.6 4±0.9/0.8±4±O.2,P=0.017).结论: 肌电反馈放松训练具有放松肌肉、缓解紧张、改善睡眠的作用.     

睡眠剥夺对吗啡成瘾小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的:观察睡眠剥夺对吗啡成瘾小鼠的空间学习记忆能力的影响。方法:ICR小鼠40只随机分为4组(n=10):生理盐水对照组、吗啡成瘾实验组、生理盐水+睡眠剥夺对照组、吗啡成瘾+睡眠剥夺实验组。小鼠递增注射吗啡7 d建立成瘾模型后,通过睡眠剥夺箱48 h建立睡眠剥夺模型,水迷宫实验观察其学习记忆的前后差异对比。结果:与单纯吗啡成瘾组及睡眠剥夺组相比,吗啡成瘾+睡眠剥夺组与睡眠剥夺小鼠水迷宫逃避潜伏期时间明显延长(P<0.05)。结论:睡眠剥夺加重吗啡成瘾ICR小鼠的学习记忆能力的损害作用。     

长效纳曲酮缓释剂对阿片类药物依赖者图片再认能力的影响

目的:探索用长效纳曲酮缓释剂(Long-term sustained release naltrexone,LSRNTX)治疗阿片类药物依赖者半年后对其图片记忆能力的影响.方法:本研究设计为对比观察.用长效纳曲酮缓释剂治疗6个月以上的阿片依赖综合征患者35人为实验组,设置三个对照组,即戒毒时间相同但不用药物治疗的强制戒毒组(n=26)、未戒毒的阿片依赖对照组(n=27)和正常对照组(n=22).现场采集记录所有被试对随机序列呈现的新旧图片进行再认时产生的脑电ERP(Event Related Potential)波形.结果:(1)图片记忆的反应时四组间差异有统计学意义(F=19.030,P＜0.001),两两比较显示正常对照组的图片记忆反应时最短[(1035.3±89.2)ms],LSRNTX治疗组的反应时短于强制戒毒组和阿片依赖对照组[(1128.5±90.2)msvs.(1240.0±87.3)ms,(1380.1±132.9)ms].图片的记忆正确率四组间差异有统计学意义(96.27%,92.97%,90.04%,89.93%;P＜0.001).(2)图片记忆的P200潜伏期四组间差异有统计学意义(F=9.247,P＜0.001),两两比较显示正常对照组[(176.0±20.5)ms,]、LSRNTX治疗组[(180.7±21.4)ms]的P200潜伏期均短于强制戒毒组[(201.4±22.3)ms]和阿片依赖对照组[(206.6±33.3)ms](均P＜0.001).(3)Fz点P200波幅四组差异有统计学意义(F=6.666,P＜0.001),LSRNTX治疗后波幅显著提高到6.35μV.结论:LSRNTX治疗后的阿片类药物依赖患者的脑电ERP波形有所恢复,患者的图片记忆能力也同样提高.     

褪黑素对睡眠剥夺大鼠记忆的影响

目的探讨褪黑素对睡眠剥夺(SD)大鼠记忆的影响及其机制。方法24只大鼠随机分为对照组(SD 生理盐水)和2个实验组(SD 小、大剂量褪黑素),用小平台水环境法建立大鼠SD模型,SD48h和SD72h后用水迷宫测试大鼠的记忆能力,最后检测大鼠大脑皮层和海马中一氧化氮(NO)和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果实验组大鼠SD48h和SD72h水迷宫反应时均明显小于对照组(F=11.89、5.44,P=0.00、0.012)。实验组大鼠大脑皮层和海马组织中NO和MDA含量明显低于对照组(F=14.31~27.41,P=0.00)。结论褪黑素对睡眠剥夺大鼠记忆障碍有改善作用,这可能与抑制睡眠剥夺大鼠大脑皮层和海马中NO及MDA的升高作用有关。     

学习困难初二学生的工作记忆容量

目的:探讨学习困难初二学生的工作记忆容量。方法:用学习困难量表筛选出初中二年级语文困难26人、数学困难29人、双困难29人和28名对照组初二学生,通过计算机个别测试,所有初二学生均完成言语和空间6项工作记忆任务。结果:四组学生的6项工作记忆任务得分差异均有统计学显著性,对照组得分均高于三类学习困难初二学生。在阅读广度上对照组初二学生得分高于三类学习困难初二学生(3.9±0.6/1.7±0.6、2.9±0.9、1.8±0.6,F=61.37,P=0.000),语文困难和双困难组初二学生得分显著低于数学困难组(P=0.000);在计算广度上对照组得分均高于三类学习困难组(4.5±1.1/3.8±0.8、1.8±0.8、1.8±0.6,F=79.38,P=0.000),语文困难组得分高于数学困难组及双困难组(P=0.000);双困难组的6项工作记忆容量任务得分均低于对照组。结论:学习困难初二学生的工作记忆容量均存在缺陷,不同学习能力组学生的工作记忆容量出现了不同程度的分化,言语工作记忆容量对学习困难初二学生的影响大于空间工作记忆容量的影响。     

间歇缺氧及睡眠剥夺大鼠血管内皮细胞相关指标的变化

背景：血管内皮功能损坏是睡眠呼吸暂停的病理基础。 目的：观察间歇缺氧、睡眠剥夺对SD大鼠有创动脉收缩压及血浆一氧化氮、内皮素、降钙素基因相关肽水平的影响。 方法：将3月龄雄性SD大鼠16只随机等分为2组,模型组大鼠每天置入睡眠剥夺合并间歇性缺氧条件10 h (22：00-08：00),单纯睡眠剥夺条件12 h(08：00-20：00),剩余时间置大鼠笼饲养。对照组无睡眠剥夺、无缺氧条件饲养。 结果与结论：造模8周后,与对照组比较,模型组大鼠有创动脉压明显升高(P < 0.01),血浆一氧化氮、降钙素基因相关肽水平显著降低(P < 0.01),血浆内皮素水平显著升高(P < 0.01)。说明间歇性缺氧、睡眠剥夺可以引起SD大鼠血压增高,血管内皮功能受损。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.