不同珠株制备的人用狂犬病疫苗免疫原性比较

目的：比较3种毒株（aG,CTN,CaG)制备疫苗的免疫原性及抗狂犬病毒攻击的能力，方法：应用ELISA法测定3种毒株制备的疫苗免疫家兔，豚鼠，地鼠所获的免疫血清效价，并通过用上述的地鼠免疫血清和3种病毒后进行小鼠的中和试验。结果：在家兔，豚鼠两组内，细胞适应株毒种制备的疫苗（CaG和CTN株）血清免疫效价明显高于鼠脑毒种（aG株）。细胞适应株毒种制备的疫苗免疫地鼠所获得的免疫血清中和3株病毒的能力高于豚鼠脑毒种。结论：使用细胞适应株毒种生产狂犬疫苗较豚鼠脑毒种具有更好的免疫原性。     

狂犬病北京3aG-V生产株的特性研究

目的 研究狂犬病北京固定毒Veto细胞适应株3aG-V生产株的生物学特性。方法 观察毒株形态、培养条件、致病性、免疫原性、毒力试验及其检查在中枢神经系统是否形成病毒包涵体(尼氏小体)。结果 狂犬病北京aG固定毒3aG-V株具有抗原性好、培养产毒量高、保持有aG固定株弱毒性、传代稳定、无变异的特性。结论 狂犬病北京aG固定毒3aG-V株可作为替代地鼠肾细胞狂犬病疫苗aG毒株，用于Veto细胞培养病毒生产出毒液毒力高、灭活后效力高、安全性好的纯化Veto细胞狂犬病疫苗的生产用疫苗株。     

肾综合征出血热纯化疫苗候选毒株在Vero细胞上的适应传代及其免疫原性研究

目的 将肾综合征出血热纯化疫苗候选毒株适应于Vero细胞，并对其抗原性和免疫原性进行研究。方法 将汉滩病毒H8207株和汉城病毒Y86013株在Vero细胞上进行连续终末稀释传代，采用间接免疫荧光法、酶联免疫吸附试验和空斑减少中和试验，研究传代后毒株的繁殖特性、病毒滴度、抗原量及免疫原性。结果 经过5次终末稀释传代，两株病毒在Vero细胞上均显示出良好的适应性，从第六代开始病毒滴度稳定在7．0Lg TCID50/m1以上，第八代两毒株抗原量均已达到1：64，H8207株抗原量继续升高，最高时达1：256。用两株病毒不同培养代次上清液制备的单价原液灭活疫苗免疫家兔二针，免疫血清对同型毒株的中和效价均达到1：10。结论 两株病毒已适应于Vero细胞，且具有病毒滴度高和免疫原性良好的特性，适合用作Vero细胞肾综合征出血热灭活纯化疫苗的候选毒株。     

狂犬病毒单克隆抗体的杂瘤细胞系的建立

《病毒学报》1985,1(2)105朱家鸿、曾毅报道,将感染狂犬病毒aG株(我国狂犬疫苗生产毒种)后发病的BALB/c乳鼠脑内病毒免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞S_P2/0融合。融合率为95.7％(401/419),阳性克隆占26.8％,经克隆化后获得3株杂交瘤细胞,用免疫荧光、BLISA和双向免疫扩散试验证明,该3株细胞分泌抗狂犬病毒     

乙型脑炎Vero细胞灭活疫苗毒株的遗传稳定性

目的 研究流行性乙型脑炎Vero细胞灭活疫苗毒种（P3毒株）在生产过程中的遗传稳定性,为疫苗的安全性和免疫原性评价提供依据.方法 检测P3毒株鼠脑传代一代毒株、主种子、工作种子、疫苗及疫苗续传5代后病毒E蛋白基因核苷酸及氨基酸序列,并与GenBank中乙脑病毒P3株（AF036919）进行比对分析,同时比较主种子、工作种子、疫苗及疫苗续传5代后毒株的病毒滴度、抗原含量及效价.结果 以上5代次病毒的E蛋白基因核苷酸及蛋白质序列完全相同,同源性均为100％,与GenBank中乙脑病毒P3株（AF036919）比较显示：核苷酸序列中第E9、E10、E324、E330、E1223、E1338基因位点存在差异,同源性为99.73％,其中只有E1223突变引起相应氨基酸aE408突变（L→S）,同源性为99.80％,但该位点为非毒力相关位点,而其他位点均为沉默突变.4个代次疫苗毒株病毒滴度均≥8.0 lgLD50/ml,且各代次抗原含量及效价较为相似.结论 在生产乙型脑炎灭活疫苗（P3株）过程中建立的以Vero细胞为基质的乙脑毒种库具有良好的遗传稳定性.     

CVA10候选疫苗病毒株的分离、鉴定及其致病性和免疫保护性研究

目的分离、筛选柯萨奇病毒A组10型(Coxsackievirus A10,CVA10)病毒候选疫苗株,并对其免疫原性及免疫保护性进行评价,为CVA10疫苗的研制奠定基础。方法本研究从北京市儿童医院、军事医学研究院、北京市疾控中心共收集80个手足口病(hand foot and mouth disease,HFMD)标本,通过细胞培养法、RT-PCR的方法分离、鉴定CVA10病毒株。对病毒进行嗜斑纯化,各纯化病毒株与Al(OH)_3(0.5 g/ml)佐剂混合后制备原疫苗,免疫Balb/c小鼠,收集血清。应用交叉中和实验及抗体阳转率实验筛选候选CVA10疫苗株。筛选后T9疫苗株免疫ICR乳鼠,观察ICR乳鼠的致病情况。结果共分离出14株CVA10病毒株。交叉中和实验筛选得到4株候选疫苗株。最后阳转率实验确定T9为候选疫苗株。Al(OH)_3+CVA10灭活抗原在Balb/c小鼠体内能诱生高滴度的特异性抗体,该抗体对Balb/c小鼠有保护作用。T9病毒免疫ICR乳鼠后,对乳鼠完全致死。结论筛选1株CVA10病毒候选疫苗株,CVA10候选疫苗对ICR乳鼠动物模型有致病性。     

柯萨奇病毒A组16型疫苗免疫后中和抗体检测方法的比较

目的 采用3种方法检测灭活的柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CA16)疫苗的免疫保护性抗体水平,旨在构建评价疫苗免疫保护的检测平台.方法 CA16候选株疫苗(3726,4430和4432)按0、4、6、8周,经腹腔接种小鼠、大鼠和豚鼠,采集0、4、6、8周和10周血样.通过竞争抑制ELISA、细胞微孔病变实验和乳鼠攻毒保护实验评估免疫血清中和抗体水平,利用SPSS16.0软件分析3种检测方法相关性.结果 血清中和抗体在首次加强免疫2周后达到峰值;竞争抑制ELISA和细胞微孔病变实验测得中和效价的相关系数为0.861;竞争抑制ELISA和乳鼠攻毒保护的相关系数为0.8;细胞微孔病变实验和乳鼠攻毒保护的相关系数为0.89.结论 竞争抑制ELISA检测中和抗体与“金标准”相比具有灵敏、快速、大量、低廉等特点,具有广阔的应用前景.     

有源汉坦病毒疫苗候选株的分离鉴定及其某些特性 …

目的 对人源汉坦病毒疫苗候选株作分离鉴定及特性的研究。方法 用Ｖ ｅｒｏ细胞分离病毒,用免疫荧光法作病毒效价测定。用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ及部分核苷酸序列分析等检定。结果 用Ｖｅｒｏ细胞从安徽省凤台县肾综合征出血热病人血清中分离一株汉坦病毒（ＨＶ）,其抗原特性及ＰＣＲ分型结果证明为汉滩病毒（Ⅰ型病毒）;其免疫血清对来源于不同地区的ＨＶ均有中和活性。Ｍ片段部分序列分析结果表明,该毒株与７６－１１８等毒株苷酸序     

肾综合征出血热病毒结构蛋白的纯化及免疫学特性分析

应用从肾综合征出血热（ＨＦＲＳ）患者血清中提取的ＩｇＧ与活化的Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ偶联，制备亲和层析柱，用此亲和层析柱从ＨＦＲＳＶ感染的小白鼠乳鼠鼠脑中提取出２种分子量为６７０００和５５０００的病毒结构蛋白。经ＥＬＩＳＡ证明，此病毒结构蛋白能与ＨＦＲＳ患者血清ＩｇＧ及抗ＨＦＲＳ病毒的ＭｃＡｂ反应，效价为１６０。与６株抗ＨＦＲＳＶＭｃＡｈ试验表明，此病毒结构蛋白能与Ｈ７株反应。血凝试验证明，此病毒蛋白不能凝集鹅红细胞、鸽血球和人＂Ｏ＂型血红细胞。将纯化的病毒结构蛋白免疫家兔，证明其有较强的免疫原性，可刺激家兔产生特异性抗体；微量中和试验及乳鼠中和试验证明，中和效价为２５６，说明纯化的病毒结构蛋白具有中和抗原位点；免疫血清对感染乳鼠有一定保护作用。     

流行性乙型脑炎Vero细胞纯化灭活疫苗的研究

目的研制新的流行性乙型脑炎传代细胞疫苗。方法将流行性乙型脑炎弱毒株ＳＡ１４１４２适应于Ｖｅｒｏ细胞,作纯化灭活疫苗,比较不同培养方法病毒在Ｖｅｒｏ细胞的增殖规律,对病毒的浓缩和纯化条件进行研究,并将所制备的疫苗按不同蛋白浓度免疫动物。结果发现普通转瓶培养,可长时间维持病毒的高滴度。在感染病毒后,以无牛血清的培养基替代含牛血清的培养基,不仅可维持病毒的高滴度增殖,而且可多次收获,确立了应用８％ＰＥＧ８０００浓缩病毒液,１５％～６０％的蔗糖密度梯度超速离心纯化的工艺,每剂量为０５μｇ纯化疫苗的中和抗体水平,即可达到与现有商品疫苗相一致的滴度。结论ＳＡ１４１４２株制备的Ｖｅｒｏ细胞纯化疫苗,有望成为一种新的反应轻、效价高的疫苗。     

狂犬病毒融合糖蛋白DNA疫苗及免疫效果的研究

目的：构建含两种狂犬病毒疫苗株的融合糖蛋白基因DNA疫苗并对小鼠的免疫效果进行评价.方法：用RT-PCR法分别扩增和分离出SRV9株和CTN株的狂犬病毒糖蛋白部分表位的基因（SRV9毒株的1～252氨基酸和CTN毒株253～524氨基酸）,构建含融合G蛋白基因的DNA疫苗质粒VR1055-SRV9CTN.碱裂解法大量提取重组质粒并经Sepharose 4FF柱层析纯化后直接肌肉注射免疫NIH小鼠,用ELISA法和淋巴细胞转化实验分别检测质粒DNA疫苗诱导小鼠产生抗狂犬病毒的体液免疫和细胞免疫效果.CTLL-2依赖细胞株/MTT比色法进行IL-2活性测定.结果：VR1055-SRV9CTN DNA疫苗具有较好的诱生狂犬病毒抗体能力.诱导细胞免疫方面,质粒VR1055-SRV9CTN DNA疫苗和空载体对照组的ConA刺激指数存在显著性差异（t=7.201,P=0.000）.小鼠血清中的IL-2活性测定表明DNA疫苗组显著高于空载体组（t=21.616,P=0.000）.CVS株RV脑内攻击保护实验中,疫苗组和对照组小鼠存活率分别为63%、25%,二者间差异具有显著性（t=7.065,P=0.008）.结论：含狂犬病毒糖蛋白基因VR1055-SRV9CTN DNA疫苗既能诱导体液免疫又能诱导细胞免疫,具有较好的免疫保护效果.     

Failure of protection induced by a Brazilian vaccine against Brazilian wild rabies viruses

Summary.  This report shows that the SMB vaccine currently used in Brazil for human immunisation provides different degrees of protection in mice, depending on the rabies virus strain used as challenge. Using the NIH and Habel potency tests to evaluate the protective activity of rabies vaccine, we observed that vaccinated mice showed a higher resistance to a challenge with a fixed rabies virus (CVS – Challenge Virus Strain). The vaccine potency using the Habel or NIH tests was respectively > 6.4 (log 10) and 1.0 (Relative Potency-RP) when the fixed rabies virus was used for challenge, and from 2.9 to 4.3 (log 10) or 0.13 to 0.8 (RP) when different wild rabies viruses were used for challenge. The presence of virus neutralising antibodies (VNA) could not explain the differences of susceptibility after vaccination, since sera of vaccinated animals had similar VNA levels against both fixed and wild strains before virus challenge (respectively, 5.6 ± 0.24 and 5.0 ± 0.25 IU/ml of VNA against the fixed rabies virus and the 566-M strain of wild rabies virus in sera of mice vaccinated with 0.2 units of vaccine). Only cell-mediated immunity parameters correlated with the protection induced by vaccination. The IFN_γ titers found in sera and brain tissues of animals challenged with CVS strain were higher (from 36.7 ±  5.7 to 293.3  ±  46.2 IU/ml) than those found in mice challenged with 566-M virus strain (from 16.7 ± 5.8 to 36.7 ± 5.8). The proliferation index of spleen cells obtained with CVS stimulation reached a maximal value of 15.1 ± 0.7 while spleen cells from vaccinated mice stimulated with 566-M virus failed to proliferate. The implications of these data in human protection by vaccination are discussed. Received October 13, 1997 Accepted April 3, 1998     

Expression of the nucleoprotein gene of rabies virus for use as a diagnostic reagent

The nucleoprotein (N) gene of rabies virus CTN strain, was cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion with maltose binding protein (MBP). The antigenicity of this recombinant MBP-N fusion protein was examined by Western blotting and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Subsequently, an indirect ELISA was developed to detect rabies specific antibody levels. Using sera from naive and vaccinated animals the ELISA results were compared with virus neutralizing antibodies detected by a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Neutralizing titres by RFFIT were found to correlate well with the OD values in the ELISA (r=0.9436) and the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA were shown to be 93.4 and 100%, respectively. The data indicate that the recombinant MBP-N fusion protein can be expressed and isolated straightforwardly and may be useful as a safe and abundant source of antigen to monitor seropositivity in vaccinated canines.     

Quantitative estimation of Newcastle disease virus antibody levels in chickens and turkeys by ELISA

A quantitative single-well ELISA for estimation of Newcastle disease (ND) virus antibodies in chickens and turkeys was developed using purified antigen from PMV-1/Chicken/Ulster 2C/71. The test was standardised using sera from 20-week-old chickens or 20- 30-week-old turkeys. Absorbance values for negative sera in chickens increased with the age of the birds but overall was lower than the cut-off for the test. ND haemagglutination inhibition (HI) positive field sera were always positive by ELISA and the mean was significantly higher than that of the negative population. Standard antisera to four of seven of the other PMV serotypes (including PMV-3) gave positive reactions in ELISA and three were also positive at low level by PMV-1 HI test. Absorbance values remained negative in turkeys given two inoculations of PMV-3 vaccine in spite of good PMV-3 HI responses. Doubling dilutions of chicken and turkey sera were tested by ELISA and end-point titres calculated. Standard curves relating ELISA titre and absorbance of each sample at 1/100 dilution were constructed and used to determine titres of test samples from single well absorbance values. A significant positive correlation between ELISA titre and HI titre for chicken and turkey sera was demonstrated. Sensitivity of the test was investigated using birds experimentally infected with PMV-1/Chicken/Ulster 2C/71 or a pigeon PMV-1 isolate. Seroconversion was detected at the same time by ELISA and HI. In experiments to estimate the ELISA titre required to protect birds against virulent ND, five groups of chickens were vaccinated twice with one of four commercial ND vaccines (three inactivated; one live) on two occasions and challenged with a virulent ND strain (PMV-1/ Chicken/Antrim/73). Two of the groups vaccinated with inactivated vaccines were protected against challenge. In another group also given inactivated vaccine, clinical signs were seen in one bird and ELISA proved a better indicator of immune status than HI. In the groups given living vaccine, no signs of ND were seen and ELISA indicated a much higher level of vaccinal antibody than HI test. In turkeys given two inoculations with inactivated vaccine, antibody levels were boosted to acceptable levels by ELISA and HI indicating that vaccinal antibody levels were adequate.     

湖南3县(市)狂犬病病毒分子生物学研究

目的研究湖南省狂犬病高发区和无病例区动物携带狂犬病的分子生物学特征。方法用直接免疫荧光法检测犬唾液及犬、猫脑标本，以RT．PCR法复核阳性进行遗传学分析。结果武冈市和洞口县送检的82只和17只犬中，分别有12只和1只检测到狂犬病毒抗原与核苷酸阳性，阳性率分别为14．63％和5．88％。凤凰县67份大脑标本未检测出病毒。28份猫脑组织标本也未检测出狂犬病毒。用RT-PCR法扩增阳性大脑组织（编号为Wg13，Dk13）的狂犬病毒N基因，两株病毒之间核苷酸与氨基酸的同源性分别为99、4％及99．1％；Wg13株与中国疫苗株CTN株和aG株的核苷酸同源性（氨基酸）分别为89．4％（98．2％）、86．1％（95．1％）；Dk13株与中国疫苗株CTN株和aG株的核苷酸同源性分别为89．1％（98．0％）、86．1％（94．9％）。与其他国家分离到的狂犬病毒相比，两株病毒与印度尼西亚的同源性最大，分别为92．8％、93．2％，而与印度、日本及斯里兰卡等其他国家同源性相对较小。结论两株狂犬病毒均为I型狂犬病毒。其N基因的核苷酸序列与当前使用的疫苗株相比，两株病毒与CTN疫苗株分在同一组，同源性较大。     

中国狂犬病毒疫苗株（5aG株）糖蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

用逆转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）方法从中国狂犬疫苗株（５ａＧ株）病毒感染细胞中扩增得到该株病毒糖蛋白基因，并进行序列测定。结果表明该基因开放阅读框架全长１５７５ｂｐ，编码５０５个氨基酸的成熟糖蛋白及Ｎ－端１９个氨基酸的信号肽，该基因与其他株系相应基因比较，核酸序列同源性为８８％～９１％，氨基酸序列同源性为８７％～９０％，其中膜外区同源性高于膜内区及跨膜区同源性。糖蛋白中重要功能区段嗜乙酰胆碱受体区段、抗原位点３等在个株系间高度保守。     

Antigenic variation of wild and vaccine rabies strains of Egypt

Nineteen street rabies virus strains, isolated in Egypt from humans (two), dogs (nine), cats (two), farm animals (two), gerbils (three), and a jackal were antigenically analyzed. The Pasteur strain used for the preparation of human rabies vaccine, the Flury high and low egg passage stains (HEP, LEP) used for animal vaccines, and the challenge virus standard (CVS) strain were also assayed. All were examined by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, using a panel of 20 monoclonal antibodies against the nucleocapsid of rabies and rabies-related viruses. The rabies isolates demonstrated patterns of reactivity with the antinucleocapsid panel different from those of the Pasteur, HEP, and CVS strains. Representative human, dog, and rodent isolates were analyzed by neutralization tests in mice, with a second panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies against rabies and Mokola envelope glycoproteins. With this panel, the isolates demonstrated patterns of reactivity different from the vaccine strains. These data indicate antigenic variation between wild virus and vaccine strains.     

Development of recombinant rabies viruses vectors with Gaussia luciferase reporter based on Chinese vaccine strain CTN181

The recombinant rabies virus (RV) vectors encoding the secreted gene marker Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) were generated based on Chinese vaccine strain CTN181. Vectors included replication competent CTN-Gluc, CTN/G(Q333R)-Gluc, in which the amino acid in position 333 of glycoprotein was mutated from glutamine (Q) to arginine (R), and replication constrained CTNΔG-Gluc, in which the glycoprotein encoding gene (G) was deleted. The growth of recombinant RVs in transfected cells was confirmed through biochemical assays of Gluc activities. Gluc expression in recombinant CTNΔG-Gluc virus was highest while that in CTN/G(Q333R)-Gluc virus was lowest. The optimal time to harvest recombinant RVs was determined and the function of pathogenic and nonpathogenic rabies glycoprotein in virus recovery was examined. The addition of glycoprotein was slightly beneficial for virus recovery and the titer of rescued virus was lowered even when the amino acid in G333 position of glycoprotein was mutated from nonpathogenic Gln to pathogenic Arg. Conclusions: Viral vectors based on a human rabies vaccine strain CTN181 were successful. Gluc was useful as an in vitro gene marker for monitoring the growth of recombinant RVs iteratively in cell culture.     

遗传重配获得H5N1流感病毒Vero细胞适应株

目的以传统遗传重配技术选育HSN1流感病毒Veto细胞适应株,制备Vero细胞H5N1流感疫苗。方法以流感病毒Vero细胞适应株A／Yunnan／1／2005Va（H3N2）为母株与反向遗传学技术改造的禽流感病毒疫苗株A／Anhui／1／2005（H5N1）共同感染SPF鸡胚和Vero细胞,用羊抗A／Yunnan／1／2005Va（H3N2）抗体筛选,血抑试验和基因测序鉴定病毒型别,并进行重配株的其他相关生物学试验。结果获得了1株在Vero细胞高产的H5N1流感病毒,重配前后的单价灭活疫苗免疫小鼠抗体血清效价差异无统计学意义（F=0．857,P〉0．05）。结论通过流感病毒Vero细胞适应株与流行株的重配和抗体筛选,可以获得H5N1流感病毒Vero细胞适应株。