丘脑底核电刺激治疗帕金森病及其术后管理

目的探讨丘脑底核电刺激治疗帕金森病术后症状缓解特点,为提高术后患者管理质量提供依据。方法自2008年1月至2009年12月,共34例帕金森病患者于我院接受丘脑底核电刺激手术治疗,其中单侧植入3例,双侧植入31例。术后由神经内外科医师配合对患者进行患者管理。分别于患者首次开机、术后半年和1年时对患者进行UPDRS运动评分,并记录副反应发生情况。结果 34例患者手术顺利,术后平均随访10.6个月。所有患者术后均出现微毁损效应。患者在不服药状态下,术前、首次开机、术后半年和术后1年UPDRS运动评分分别为:46.8±8.9,20.1±9.7,23.1±9.4和22.3±8.9;刺激器打开并服药后,患者症状得到进一步缓解。1例患者术后发生皮肤感染,1例患者发生胸前囊袋积液,经妥善处理后症状控制。结论丘脑底核电刺激治疗帕金森病疗效肯定,高质量的术后患者管理是维持手术疗效的重要环节。     

立体定向脑深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病

目的探讨立体定向脑深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病的手术方法和效果。方法对20例具有双侧症状的中晚期帕金森患者行双侧丘脑底核脑深部电刺激治疗。术中采用立体定向技术结合1.5T磁共振扫描及微电极记录技术进行靶点精准定位植入电极,术后采用统一帕金森病评分量表(UPDRS)运动评分评价刺激效果。结果术后随访6个月5年,平均3年,神经刺激器工作时,患者运动评分明显改善。肢体异动2例,脑出血1例。无明显的永久并发症和副作用。结论立体定向脑深部电刺激术的安全性较高,可明显改善帕金森病患者的运动功能。     

帕金森病脑深部电极植入术后程控参数与疗效相关性研究

目的分析丘脑底核-脑深部电刺激术(STN-DBS)治疗帕金森病的术后程控参数及效果,为帕金森病STN-DBS术后程控及术后管理提供参考。方法纳入2012~2018年就诊于新疆医科大学第一附属医院87例患者,应用UPDRS-Ⅲ评分UPDRS-II日常生活活动评分UPDRS-I精神行为情绪评分量表MMSE简易精神量表PDQ-39生活质量评分量表分析手术前后帕金森病患者运动及非运动症状改善情况,评估程控参数的设置对帕金森病人症状改善及生活质量改善作用。结果帕金森病患者与术前相比,患者术后UPDRSⅠ评分UPDRSⅠⅡ评分UPDRSⅢ评分UPDRSⅣ评分改善明显,手术后随访至今,患者症状改善稳定,生活质量明显提高。结论 STN-DBS是一种安全,有效治疗帕金森病的方法,并减少药物的剂量及药物所致副作用,术后程控是脑深部电极植入器治疗的重要一环。     

丘脑底核慢性电刺激与苍白球毁损术治疗帕金森病疗效比较

目的分别应用脑深部电刺激(deepbrainstimulation,DBS)和苍白球毁损术(posteroventralpallidot-omy,PVP)治疗原发性帕金森病(Parkinson'sdisease,PD),对照研究DBS和PVP对PD患者的震颤、肢体僵硬、运动迟缓的疗效。方法应用CT影像学与微电极电生理定位结合的方法进行靶点定位,为11例帕金森病患者进行同期双侧丘脑底核电极植入,26例患者进行分期双侧苍白球腹后部毁损术,经过至少6个月的随访并行UPDRS评分。结果11例同期进行双侧丘脑底核电极植入及26例分期进行双侧苍白球毁腹后部毁损术患者术后的震颤、肢体僵硬、运动迟缓症状均不同程度的改善,但以DBS手术的改善程度更为明显,两组患者手术前后的UPDRS评分下降程度差异显著(P<0.05)。结论双侧同期DBS是目前治疗PD相对较好的方法,双侧电极植入在改善肢体症状的同时可以明显控制、改善中轴症状,在治疗中晚期PD患者方面较PVP有较大的优势。     

丘脑底核电刺激治疗帕金森病的临床应用

目的探讨脑深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病的手术方法和脉冲发生器程控调节。方法自2000年1月至2005年10月用脑深部电刺激丘脑底核治疗帕金森病126例,其中单侧46例,双侧80例。采用磁共振扫描结合微电极记录技术进行靶点定位。术后用UPDRS运动评分评价刺激效果。结果82例帕金森病患者术后随访6～60个月,平均11.8个月。脉冲发生器开启时,在“关”状态下,UPDRS运动评分改善率45.2%;在“开”状态下,UPDRS运动评分改善率25.7%,未发现任何并发症。结论脑深部电刺激丘脑底核能有效控制帕金森病患者的症状,手术并发症少,术后可根据患者的症状调节参数。     

双侧丘脑底核电刺激治疗原发性帕金森病

目的 探讨双侧丘脑底核(STN)电刺激(DBS)对原发性帕金森病(PD)的治疗效果及手术方式。方法 应用MRI扫描、手术计划系统及微电极导向技术进行靶点定位,对15例病人行双侧丘脑底核电极植入及锁骨下刺激器植入,术后1～2周打开刺激器,术后1个月到2年随访评价。结果 全部15例病人术后肢体僵直、震颤及运动迟缓等症状明显缓解,UPDRS运动评分和日常生活能力评分均有显著下降(P<0.01),左旋多巴服用量也有不同程度的减少,无严重或永久并发症发生。结论 双侧STN电刺激手术治疗原发性PD,可全面改善病人症状,尤其是中线症状的改善更为明显;可通过调节刺激参数达到最佳治疗效果并避免副反应的发生;病人服药量减少,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病的临床应用

目的 探讨脑深部电刺激术(DBS)治疗帕金森病(PD)的手术方法和脉冲发生器程控调节。方法 脑深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病36例，其中丘脑底核(STN)35例和丘脑腹中间核(Vim)1例，单侧18例，双侧18例。采用磁共振扫描结合微电极记录技术进行靶点定位。术后用UPDRS运动评分评价刺激效果。结果 36例PD患者术后随访2～32个月，平均6．3个月。脉冲发生器开启时，在“关”状态下，UPDRS运动评分改善率45．2％；在“开”状态下，UPDRS运动评分改善率20．7％，未发现任何并发症。结论 DBS能有效控制PD症状，手术并发症少，术后可调节参数，已成为治疗帕金森病的重要手术方法。     

脑深部电刺激术治疗扭转痉挛及术后神经调控

目的探讨脑深部电刺激术治疗扭转痉挛的有效性和安全性,以规范刺激参数调试方案。方法分别采用丘脑底核电刺激术(10例)和苍白球内侧部电刺激术(3例)治疗13例原发性扭转痉挛患者,并进行刺激参数调试,Burke-Fahn-Marsden肌张力障碍量表评价扭转痉挛改善情况,记录手术相关并发症。结果 6例于开启刺激器后1~3 d、3例于1周后扭转痉挛症状改善率60%,6个月后改善率75%,1年后85%;2例于开启刺激器后2个月出现扭转痉挛症状改善,6个月后改善率60%,1年后80%;1例于开启刺激器后出现扭转痉挛症状轻微改善,6个月后改善率为45%,1年后为75%。无一例发生手术相关不良反应。行双侧丘脑底核电刺激术者开启刺激器后6个月刺激参数为电压1.50~2.00 V,频率130~145 Hz,脉宽60~90μs;1年时刺激参数为电压2.00~2.50 V,频率130~150 Hz,脉宽60~90μs。行双侧苍白球内侧部电刺激术者开启刺激器后6个月刺激参数为电压2.50~2.80 V,频率130~160 Hz,脉宽60~90μs;1年时刺激参数为电压2.50~4.00 V,频率145~170 Hz,脉宽60~90μs。结论丘脑底核电刺激术和苍白球内侧部电刺激术均可有效改善扭转痉挛症状且安全性良好,刺激参数调试应选择个体化程控参数。     

国产电刺激器左右异频治疗Meige综合征

目的观察脑深部电刺激术(DBS)使用国产刺激器异频程控治疗Meige综合征的疗效。方法回顾性分析1例Meige综合征的病例资料,在双侧苍白球内侧核(Gpi)植入国产电极刺激器,术中采用微电极准确定位靶点,术后1个月开机进行常规程控,3个月后实施左右异频程控。采用肌张力障碍评分量表(BFMDRS)评价疗效。结果术后1个月开机,症状明显改善,BFMDRS从术前22分降至6分。但由于右侧电极触点邻近内囊后肢,刺激电压较低,病人出现左侧肢体发麻现象,通过增加左侧刺激电压达到治疗效果。术后3个月时症状反复,BFMDRS评分升至10分;改用左右异频刺激,通过降低右侧刺激频率,提升右侧电压改善症状,并降低左侧电压以减少耗电量,病人左侧肢体麻感消失,症状进一步改善,BFMDRS降至4分。结论国产脑深部电刺激器实施双侧Gpi DBS治疗Meige综合征效果理想,左右异频刺激可降低不良反应,进一步提高疗效。     

脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病的程控

目的探讨丘脑底核脑深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病(PD)的手术方法和脉冲发生器程控调节。方法自2000年1月～2004年2月用脑深部电刺激丘脑底核(STN)治疗帕金森病61例,其中单侧30例,双侧31例。采用磁共振扫描结合微电极记录技术进行靶点定位。术后用帕金森病评定量表(UPDRS)运动评分评价刺激效果。结果61例PD患者术后随访6～36个月,平均11．3个月。脉冲发生器开启时,在“关”状态下,UPDRS运动评分改善率45．2％;在“开”状态下,UPDRS运动评分改善率20．7％,未发现任何并发症。结论脑深部刺激(DBS)能有效控制帕金森病患者的症状,手术并发症少,术后可根据患者的症状调节参数,丘脑底核(STN)已成为治疗帕金森病的最佳靶点。     

Evidence for effectiveness of botulinum toxin for hyperhidrosis

Summary Hyperhidrosis refers to excessive and uncontrollable sweating beyond that is required to return body temperature to normal. Although a broad spectrum of treatment modalities are available including topical and systemic therapies, iontophoresis, and surgical interventions, their efficacy are usually short-term or are associated with unacceptable side effects. Recently, chemodenervation using botulinum toxin has emerged as a safe and effective treatment for both primary palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis in several clinical trials. In this article, we utilized the scale developed by the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment (TTA) subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology evaluating current evidence supporting the use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of primary focal hyperhidrosis. As a result, there is a strong evidence to support the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in axillary (Level A evidence) and palmar (Level B evidence) hyperhidrosis. Correspondence: Roongroj Bhidayasiri, MRCP (UK), Chulalongkorn Comprehensive Movement Disorders Center, Division of Neurology, Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand     

Strategies for the Development of Drugs for Pharmacoresistant Epilepsies

Summary: Presently, most strategies for development of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) center around seizure models that are known to respond to presently marketed AEDs. These strategies do not take into account that epilepsy can be a progressive disease. Moreover, region-specific aspects of ep-ileptogenesis are rarely considered when new AEDs are developed. Seizures in the temporal lobe are often difficult to treat. Animal studies on various seizure models in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex (EC) suggest that these structures do not a priori produce seizures that are difficult to treat. However, seizure-like events in the EC tend to progress to a state of status epilepticus-like activity that cannot be suppressed by presently marketed AEDs. Loss of 7-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission and increased excitatory synaptic coupling seem to cooperate for induction of this state. Epilepsy induced alterations in the interaction between the EC and the hippocampus may lead to alterations that facilitate precipitation of seizures. Because of the recurrent interaction between the hippocampus and the EC, these seizures may reach an intensity that is no longer controllable by presently available AEDs. Ontogenetic alterations of the circuitry between the EC and the hippocampus. seizure-induced stabilization of synaptic connections over-expressed during ontogenesis, seizure-induced lesions and subsequent rearrangements of internal cell properties, and synaptic arrangements and kindling-like alterations of nerve cell and glial behavior may all be involved in the generation of a neuronal aggregate whose balance between inhibitory and excitatory processes becomes readily disturbed. Strategies for the development of AEDs treating such seizures should suppress hyperactivity and prevent progression of epilepto-genesis. AEDs directed against seizures may be effective if they can be given in sufficient concentrations to suppress very intense local seizures.     

Evidence for the effectiveness of botulinum toxin for sialorrhoea

Summary Sialorrhoea is a common symptom in many neurological disorders. Recently, botulinum toxin has been introduced as a treatment for sialorrhoea, and in this paper, we review the evidence for its effectiveness. The publications on the topic were searched and reviewed independently by two authors using the scale developed by the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment subcommittee for the American Academy of Neurology. All papers identified in our search fulfilled were evaluated, and classified into 1 of the 4 levels of evidence. According to this scheme, the effectiveness of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of sialorrhoea is considered established (level A). Botulinum toxin B is considered probably effective in the treatment of sialorrhoea (level B). Correspondence: Daniel D. Truong, The Parkinson’s and Movement Disorder Institute, 9940 Talbert Ave., Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA     

Searching for new targets for treatment of pediatric epilepsy

The highest incidence of seizures in humans occurs during the first year of life. The high susceptibility to seizures in neonates and infants is paralleled by animal studies showing a high propensity to seizures during early life. The immature brain is highly susceptible to seizures because of an imbalance of excitation and inhibition. While the primary outcome determinant of early-life seizures is etiology, there is evidence that seizures which are frequent or prolonged can result in long-term adverse consequences, and there is a consensus that recurrent early-life seizures should be treated. Unfortunately, seizures in many neonates and children remain refractory to therapy. There is therefore a pressing need for new seizure drugs as well as antiepileptic targets in children. In this review, we focus on mechanisms of early-life seizures, such as hypoxia–ischemia, and novel molecular targets, including the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “The Future of Translational Epilepsy Research”.     

Traits for selection of paraprofessionals for behavior-modification consultation training

This paper aims at specifying the characteristics associated with success in behavior-modification consultation. Consultants were undergraduate paraprofessionals who completed a program in consultation. Discussed are the training procedures, the psychometric and other selection measures, and statistical results when comparing the selection tools with different criteria.     

Considerations for Intentional Use of Self-Disclosure for Family Therapists

One of the most debated ethical issues in psychotherapy is that of therapist self-disclosure. In this article, relevant marriage and family therapy literature on therapist self-disclosure will be presented. The influence of practice setting, particularly in training clinics and private practice, on therapist self-disclosure is discussed. A distinction is drawn between intentional and spontaneous self-disclosure. Risks for excessive self-disclosure become amplified in private practice, whereas training clinics are more likely to discourage the use of self-disclosure as a clinical technique. Literature presented is intended to demonstrate that advanced training settings and advanced practice settings hold disparate positions on the issue of self-disclosure. This gap between advanced training and advanced practice may leave therapists open to ethical vulnerabilities. Recommended steps toward intentional and ethical practice are presented.