156例妇女阴道细菌临床检验方法的比较分析

目的比较临床常用的四种检验方法在细菌性阴道炎诊断中的临床价值,为细菌性阴道炎的诊断提供操作简便、经济、阳性检出率高的检测方法。方法选取我院妇科门诊就诊且初步诊断为细菌性阴道炎患者156例,随机分为A、B、C、D四组,每组39例,A组患者阴道分泌物行线索细胞检查,B组患者行细菌性阴道病快速检测(BV快速检测法),C组患者行胺试验检查方法,但不进行pH检测,D组患者行pH检验法,但不进行胺试验检查法,比较四组患者细菌性阴道炎的阳性检出率。结果线索细胞检验方法检测阳性率为71.79%,细菌性阴道病快速检测阳性率为66.67%,胺试验检查阳性率为48.72%,pH检验检查阳性率为46.15%。其中,线索细胞检验方法阳性检测率最高,与胺试验检查法、pH检验法比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论细菌性阴道病(BV)快速检测法具有结果准确可靠、操作简单、检查耗时少、经济、方便等优点,可补充线索细胞检查法的不足,作为细菌性阴道病检查的首选方法;pH检验法、胺试验检查方法联合使用可提高细菌性阴道病的阳性检出率。     

细菌检验中PCR检验法的应用价值分析

目的:评价细菌检验中PCR检验法的应用价值。方法:随机抽取某院在2017年1月～2018年7月期间行细菌检验的阴道炎患者75例,以无菌棉签蘸取阴道穹隆部位的分泌物,分别行细菌培养及聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检验,比较两种方法阴道检测结果。结果:细菌检验阳性率:PCR检验法为89.33%,高于细菌培养法61.33%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);不同致病菌检出率:PCR检验法对肠球菌、戛纳杆菌及棒状杆菌检出率分别为20%、34.67%、32%,高于细菌培养法的12%、28%、21.33%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在细菌检验中,采取PCR检验法,具有较高的检出率及准确性,效果显著。     

不同检验方法对血脂相关指标的影响研究

目的探讨分级检验方法和常规拉网式检验法两种不同检验方法对血脂相关指标的影响。方法将2018年5～6月荔联社区中血脂检测的360例老年人(年龄60～80岁,其中男198例,女162例)随机分为分级检验组[n=180,男97例,女83例,平均年龄(73.5±0.3)岁]和常规拉网式检验组[n=180,男101例,女79例,平均年龄(72.7±0.4)岁],两组被检测人员在性别以及年龄方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。两组检测人员分别予以分级检验方法及常规拉网式检验方法检测血液中的总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白AI(ApoAI)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB)六个指标,分析两种检验方法的检验结果、阳性检出率以及漏检率等数据,对比两种不同检验方法对血脂相关指标的影响。结果分级检验法TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、ApoAI、ApoB分级检验法检验结果高于拉网式检验法,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);分级检验法TC、TG、HDL-C与拉网式检验法阳性检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05),LDL-C、ApoAI、ApoB分级检验法阳性检出率高于拉网式检验法,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);且分级检验法漏检率(1.11%)低于拉网式(18.33%),差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论常规拉网式检验方法和分级检验方法各有优势,但在血脂生化检验工作中,分级检验方法可以提高检验的准确率以及阳性检测率,能够降低漏检率,值得在临床推广和使用。     

真假蜂蜜的检验

目的提高学生实际操作技能和掌握多种鉴别掺假蜂蜜的方法。方法采用糖类化学性质检验法和几种快速检验法相结合鉴别真假蜂蜜。结果化学性质检验法与快速检验法相结合、互相补充,能准确检验真假蜂蜜。结论本文采用的检验方法和药典法进行比较,结果完全一致,并且方便、快捷,可靠。     

无菌检验方法在药品生产企业中的应用

目的探讨无菌检验方法在药品生产企业中的应用。方法选择盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液为实验样品进行无菌方法验证。结果利用试验确立的方法证明试验,能够当作盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液的无菌检验法。结论无菌检验方法的应用可全面掌握测定方法,准确检测方法的有效性,并适用于试验样品的检验,防止检验的假阴性和假阳性,有利于企业对药品的质量控制,确保了药品安全。     

血塞通治疗高血压性脑出血的临床研究

目的评价微创颅内血肿碎吸术后应用血塞通治疗高血压性脑出血的疗效。方法采用X2检验及秩和检验法对比应用血塞通治疗组与常规组的疗效。结果及结论本文研究结果表明脑出血微创术后于急性期应用血塞通治疗可以降低致残率,明显提高患者的生存质量且不增加活动性脑出血的发生率。     

ELISA检验法对血站血液中多种传染病的检出价值及安全性研究

目的 分析血站血液经酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检验多种传染病的检出价值与安全性。方法 将血站近期内（2021年1月至2022年1月）采取的血液标本共50份作为观察对象,分别采取高通量ELISA检验法以及常规ELISA检验法进行检测,分析其对人类获得性免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）抗体、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）抗体、梅毒螺旋体（TP）抗体、乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）的检测结果,并比较两种检查方法的安全性、HIV抗体、HCV抗体、TP抗体、HBV-HBsAg阳性率及诊断准确率。结果 高通量ELISA检验法对HIV抗体、HCV抗体、TP抗体、HBV-HBsAg检测检测结果均高于常规ELISA检验法检验,对比有统计学意义（P <0.05）;高通量ELISA检验法在标本条码识别、温度控制、时间把控、加液量、洗液量及结果判读检验中失误率均低于对照组,检验的准确率、阳性率均高于常规ELISA检验法,对比有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论 对血站血液传染病的检验采取高通量ELISA检验法能够明显提高传染病检出率,并可在检验期间避免检验失误情况的发生,提高检验准确率及多...     

患者血脂生化检验中分级检验法的价值分析

目的探析患者生化检验中分级检验法的临床价值。方法选取我院接收的行血脂生化检验186例患者为观察对象,随机分为对照组与研究组两组,每组93例。对照组行常规拉网式检验法检测,研究组行分级检验法检测,比较观察不同检测方法的应用效果。结果对照组与研究组患者的TG、TC和HDL-C等指标情况比较,组间数据差异无统计学意义(P 0.05);研究组患者的APoB、ApoAI与LDL-C等指标情况显著高于对照组(P 0.05);9.68%是对照组患者的漏检率,显著高于研究组患者的2.15%(P 0.05);研究组每人行血脂检测的平均费用显著低于对照组(P 0.05)。结论相比常规拉网式检验法,在血脂生化检验中给予患者分级检验法,既能有效降低漏诊情况的发生,而且还能使检测过程更具便捷性,使患者的经济压力负担减轻。     

I2检验在Meta分析异质性评价中的误用

Meta分析异质性是指Meta分析纳入的各单项原始研究间存在的差异。选用恰当的方法或指标识别和测量异质性是评价Meta分析结果可靠性的重要步骤。尽管I²检验是目前使用极为广泛的Meta分析异质性检验方法，但从I²统计量定义可知，I²检验并不能真实展现异质性大小，当前Meta分析异质性评价方法误用情况严重。本研究系统梳理Meta分析常用异质性评价方法，通过两个实例展示I²统计量在Meta分析异质性检验中的误用情况，并介绍能够合理展现Meta分析异质性的统计指标，以期提高Meta分析异质性评价的可靠性和规范性。     

骨炎败毒丸的微生物限度检验法验证

目的建立骨炎败毒丸的微生物限度检验法。方法按中国药典2010年微生物限度检查验证方法的验证,以回收率对方法有效性进行评价。结果采用常规法,5种阳性菌的回收率均>70%,控制菌验证试验均为阳性。结论骨炎败毒丸其中药成分在微生物限度检查时不会干扰检查结果,不具有抑菌活性,常规法用于骨炎败毒丸的微生物限度检查可行性强,垂直操作简单易行,结果准确,可用于骨炎败毒丸的微生物限度检验。     

Assessment methods in medical education

Assessment is a component of any instructional system. In medical education several methods have been in use and newer techniques are emerging depending on specific curricula. In using any assessment method it is important to check for practicality, validity and reliability. The methods that are being used currently in Ethiopia have been in use in many countries and still remain as the predominant methods used in many parts of the world. The methods of assessment used in Ethiopia include long case, short case, viva voce and progressive assessment. Each of these methods have its own weaknesses and strengths. The long case has high face validity though there are many advantages related to patient selection and patient and examiner variation, resulting in low reliability. The specific advantage of short case is the diversity of patients observed by the candidate though subjectivity and inter rate variability remain major drawbacks. Progressive assessment is useful in that direct observation and more exposure are used to assess students. However, subjectivity remains a major weakness of this method. It is noted that viva voce is affected by subjectivity and personality of the candidate and appears to add little to the other methods of assessment. In general, the relationship between the various methods of assessment is not consistent. There is a need to find out more objective and effective methods of assessment or at least, improve on the existing ones. In the mean time, in using any of these assessment methods, one should look into the weaknesses and strengths of each method.     

医院药学管理者管理能力测评量表的编制及信效度检验

目的：编制医院药学管理者管理能力测评量表,并检验其信效度,为医院药学管理者管理能力评价提供测评工具。方法：应用德尔菲法对医院药学管理者应具备的管理能力进行三轮函询,并确定各指标权重值;编制医院药学管理者管理能力问卷,对318名医院药学管理者和药师进行调查以检验其信效度。结果：参与函询的专家积极性较高,专家的权威系数为0.85,三轮函询后专家意见协调系数为0.39~0.55,医院药学管理者应具备的管理能力包括管理知识、管理技能、领导力和职业态度4个一级指标（权重值分别为0.200 9,0.246 3,0.206 3,0.346 5）,12个二级指标,58个三级指标,管理能力问卷的内在一致性信度Cronbach’s α系数为0.989,内容效度和结构效度均可靠。结论：编制的医院药学管理者管理能力测评量表具有良好的信效度,可为医院药学管理者的选拔、培训及考核提供理论依据。     

Performance tests in human psychopharmacology (1): Test reliability and standardization

Reliability, validity and standardization are well-established principles in most areas of psychometrics, but are rarely mentioned in performance assessment within human psychopharmacology. Test reliability and standardization are examined here, while validity is covered in two succeeding articles. The undocumented reliability of human psychopharmacology performance tests makes the interpretation of findings difficult and ambiguous. Reliability, or consistency within and between test sessions is, however, easy to calculate. Several procedures for calculating reliability are described, with test–retest reliability recommended as the most appropriate single summary measure. Poor test standardization is another major problem, with many research groups using different tests. The extent of this problem is examined, and a set of standardization requirements proposed. They could comprise the basis for test manuals. The problems of undocumented reliability and unstandardized tests have been recognized within the field for many years, yet no moves have been made to remedy the situation. One simple solution would be for psychopharmacology journals to accept only documented tests, and to request test–retest reliability data.     

药品不良反应/事件病例报告质量评价指标体系实证研究

目的:对建立的药品不良反应/事件(ADR/ADE)病例报告质量评价指标体系进行实证研究,评价其信度、效度及综合评价模型的可靠性。方法:随机抽取我院2002-2009年每年100份ADR/ADE病例报告,对其质量进行综合评价,根据调查结果对指标体系的内在信度、内容效度进行评价,运用加权TOPSIS法和综合指数法对其综合评价模型进行验证,通过方差分析、相关性分析对综合评价模型等级分类的可行性和3种综合评价方法结果进行分析。结果:评价指标体系总体上具有较好的信度(总的克朗巴赫α系数为0.894、折半信度r为0.998);指标体系符合专家的共识和认同,具有较好的内容效度;确立了区分不同评分等级的界限,且各等级之间比较差异有统计学意义(F=32.28,P=0.001)。综合评价模型评分结果与加权TOPSIS法和综合指数法评价结果的Spearman相关系数分别为0.786(P=0.021)和0.905(P=0.002),且呈正相关,评价结果较为可靠。结论:建立的ADR/ADE病例报告质量评价指标体系具有较好的内在信度和效度,能较为全面地反映病例报告的质量水平,具有较好的科学性、可行性和可靠性。     

Validation of the timeline follow-back in the assessment of adolescent smoking

The timeline follow-back instrument (TLFB) is a valid and reliable method of quantifying alcohol use patterns. The use of this instrument has been expanded to assess other behaviors, such as drug use, sexual behavior, binge eating, and panic attacks. Some evidence for the validity and reliability of this assessment instrument has emerged in the area of adult smoking. However, to date, there is no published evidence of its reliability and validity in the assessment of adolescent smoking. The purpose of this study is to present early evidence of the utility of the TLFB to collect information on adolescent smoking behavior. Through secondary data analysis of four studies on adolescent smokers, we examined the associations between the TLFB and measures of dependence, smoking history, respiratory symptoms, and saliva cotinine. Moreover, we examined the stability of the TLFB data across two 15-day time periods. Results provide preliminary evidence of the validity and reliability of the TLFB in the assessment of adolescent smoking. In particular, the TLFB instrument offered important data on the heterogeneity of adolescent smoking patterns beyond a global measure of cigarettes per day, and the reduction of digit bias. Implications of these findings for the assessment of adolescent smoking are discussed.     

脊髓损伤患者日常生活活动能力评定量表（AMS）信度和效度分析

目的对脊髓损伤患者的日常生活活动能力评定量表（AMS）的信度和效度进行分析。方法选取脊髓损伤患者30例,应用AMS进行康复评定,并进行信度和效度分析。结果AMS具有较好的组内信度、组间信度、表面效度、敏感度,在与FIM、BI对照研究显示具有较好的标准效度。结论日常生活活动能力评定量表（AMS）具有较好的信度和效度,可以在临床上广泛地应用脊髓损伤的康复评定。     

Methods for causality assessment of adverse drug reactions: a systematic review.

Numerous methods for causality assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have been published. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of these methods and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. We conducted electronic searches in MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE and the Cochrane databases to find all assessment methods. Thirty-four different methods were found, falling into three broad categories: expert judgement/global introspection, algorithms and probabilistic methods (Bayesian approaches). Expert judgements are individual assessments based on previous knowledge and experience in the field using no standardized tool to arrive at conclusions regarding causality. Algorithms are sets of specific questions with associated scores for calculating the likelihood of a cause-effect relationship. Bayesian approaches use specific findings in a case to transform the prior estimate of probability into a posterior estimate of probability of drug causation. The prior probability is calculated from epidemiological information and the posterior probability combines this background information with the evidence in the individual case to come up with an estimate of causation. As a result of problems of reproducibility and validity, no single method is universally accepted. Different causality categories are adopted in each method, and the categories are assessed using different criteria. Because assessment methods are also not entirely devoid of individual judgements, inter-rater reliability can be low. In conclusion, there is still no method universally accepted for causality assessment of ADRs.     

新入职药师规范化培训课程体系的构建及信效度检验

目的 构建医院新入职药师规范化培训的课程体系,并检验其信效度。方法 采用Delphi法确定新入职药师规范化培训课程体系的指标,层次分析法确定各级指标权重；采用调查问卷法进行信度和效度分析。结果 专家权威系数为0.86,权威程度较高；各级指标的肯德尔协调系数为0.32~0.45,专家的协调程度较好；最终建立了包括3个一级指标,12个二级指标,59个三级指标的新入职药师规范化培训课程体系,并对各指标进行了权重赋值,其中一级指标知识、技能、职业素养的权重值分别为0.3416、0.4108、0.2476。信度检验显示：总的Cronbach"s α系数为0.993,3个一级指标的Cronbach"s α系数分别为：知识0.874,技能0.964,职业素养0.866。结构效度检验显示：KMO值为0.925,Bartlett球形检验P＜0.001,探索性因子分析共提取3个公因子,累计方差贡献率为81.636%；内容效度检验显示：条目水平的内容效度指数为0.845-1.000,量表水平的全体一致内容效度指数和平均内容效度指数分别为0.910和0.923。结论 构建的新入职药师规范化培训课程体系具有较高的科学性及良好的信效度,为新入职药师规范化培训的开展与考核提供了理论依据,有助于保证培训实施的规范性和科学性。     

Assessing Observer Agreement in Studies Involving Replicated Binary Observations

We propose a new approach to evaluating agreement between two observers making binary observations on a set of subjects. This approach compares the probability of disagreement (or discordance) between the observers to the probability of disagreement between replicated observations made by the same observer on the same subject. We consider two situations: (1) a symmetric assessment of agreement between two observers, and (2) an assessment of the agreement of a new observer with an imperfect “gold standard”. We develop a nonparametric method for estimation of the new agreement coefficients when observers make replicated readings on each subject. The reliability of the estimation method is examined via a simulation study. Data from a study aimed at determining the validity of diagnosis of breast cancer based on mammograms is used to illustrate the new concepts and methods.     

Assessing observer agreement in studies involving replicated binary observations

We propose a new approach to evaluating agreement between two observers making binary observations on a set of subjects. This approach compares the probability of disagreement (or discordance) between the observers to the probability of disagreement between replicated observations made by the same observer on the same subject. We consider two situations: (1) a symmetric assessment of agreement between two observers, and (2) an assessment of the agreement of a new observer with an imperfect "gold standard". We develop a nonparametric method for estimation of the new agreement coefficients when observers make replicated readings on each subject. The reliability of the estimation method is examined via a simulation study. Data from a study aimed at determining the validity of diagnosis of breast cancer based on mammograms is used to illustrate the new concepts and methods.