莱菔子脂肪酸成分的气相色谱-质谱联用分析

目的研究中药莱菔子提取物的质量控制方法。方法采用超声提取法提取莱菔子种子中的脂肪酸成分,进行甲酯化处理后用气相色谱-质谱（GC—MS）联用技术分离和鉴定脂肪酸成分的组成和含量。结果从莱菔子中共分离鉴定出7种脂肪酸成分,占总量的99．80％。结论分离鉴定出的7种脂肪酸成分中相对含量较高的有油酸（34．84％）、亚麻酸（26．16％）、芥酸（20．33％）、棕榈酸（11．23％）等脂肪酸。     

开封产紫白菊花脂溶性成分研究

目的对开封产紫白色菊花脂溶性成分进行初步研究。方法采用索氏提取法从紫白色菊花中提取脂溶性成分,用气相色谱-质谱联用检测其化学成分。结果从紫白色菊花中分离出56个化学成分,鉴定了其中的43个,占色谱总馏分出峰面积的83．92％。其中鉴定了18个脂肪酸成分。结论紫白色菊花脂溶性成分中主要为脂肪酸类（34．81％）,其次为烷烃类（29．83％）、萜类（13．39％）、甾醇类（5．89％）。     

脂肪酸的分析方法研究

用毛细管毛相色谱法对十四碳到二十二碳的脂肪酸甲酯进行了分析，用气质联用法考察了用等效链长度（ＥＣＬ）值对未知脂肪酸进行定性的可能性，及银化薄层色谱法（Ａｇ－ＴＬＣ）分离脂肪酸的特点。结果表明，用等效链长度值可以对大多数未知脂肪酸进行定性。并提出了结合银化薄层色谱法和用毛细管气相色谱法对生物样品中复杂脂肪酸成分进行分析的方法。     

泌尿生殖道解脲脲原体感染检验与耐药性试验结果分析

目的研究支原体中的解脲脲原体（uu）和人型支原体（Mh）分离率及对9种抗生素的耐药性。方法应用法国生物梅里埃试剂盒对1612例患者进行支原体检测，同时对支原体阳性标本进行抗生素敏感性检测。结果1612例标本中支原体的分离率为49．8％，其中uu为33．4％，Mh为14．3％，UU＋Mh混合感染率为2．1％。结论通过体外试验检测支原体的耐药性对指导临床用药具有重要意义，大环内酯类和喹诺酮类抗生素在本地区的耐药率逐渐增加。     

紫珠果实中脂肪酸的GC-MS分析

目的：研究紫珠果实中脂肪酸成分,方法：采用GC－MS技术。结果：从紫珠果实中分离得7个脂肪酸、并测定了相对含量,鉴定出紫珠果实中含棕榈酸（11．37％）、亚油酸（64．5％）、油酸（17．2％）、硬脂酸（4．62％）、花生二烯酸（6．65％）,花生三烯酸（0．41％）、花生酸（0．7％）。结论：以上化合物均首次从该植物中分离鉴定。     

新疆紫草低极性部位GC-MS/MS化学成分分析

目的研究新疆紫草低极性部位的主要化学成分。方法新疆紫草用乙醇提取,提取液回收乙醇后用石油醚萃取,石油醚萃取部位分为乙酰化处理和未进行处理两部分,采用GC-MS／MS法进行测定,与标准谱库进行比较分析,并用峰面积归一化法计算各成分的质量百分数。结果共检出14种化学成分,其中含棕榈酸（9．31％）和硬脂酸（5．03％）,并含有γ-棕榈酸内酯（2．56％）和十四酸（2．02％）等。结论新疆紫草低极性部位主要成分为长链脂肪酸及其内酯。长链脂肪酸为首次从新疆紫草中分离得到;脂肪酸内酯为首次从紫草科植物中分离得到。     

气相色谱-质谱法分析牛至中挥发油与脂肪酸成分

目的鉴定秦巴山区牛至中挥发油和脂肪酸成分。方法利用索氏提取法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取牛至中脂肪酸和挥发油成分,采用气相色谱 质谱（GC MS）联用技术分离鉴定。结果分别鉴定了脂肪酸中16 个化合物和挥发油中36 个化合物,并运用气相色谱峰面积归一化法确定相对百分含量。脂肪酸主要由亚油酸甲酯（27.40%）、异油酸甲酯（21.99%）和棕榈酸甲酯（10.63%）组成;挥发油中含量较高的是麝香草酚（27.28%）、十五烷（6.44%）、十八烷（5.53%）、2 甲基 5 （异丙基）苯酚（5.49%）、1-甲氧基-4-甲基-2-（1-异丙基）苯（3.18%）、十六烷（2.77%）、1-甲基-4-（5-甲基-1-亚甲基-4-己烯基） 环己烯（2.70%）。结论牛至脂肪酸和挥发油中含有多种有效活性组分。     

北沙参的脂肪酸特征及产地差异性分析

目的 研究北沙参的脂肪酸特征,比较山东莱阳、河北安国、内蒙古赤峰等三个主产地的北沙参脂肪酸差异。方法 Bligh and Dyer法提取总脂;甲酯化后,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析;通过与脂肪酸标准品及NIST 11.0质谱数据库比对鉴定脂肪酸种类,采用面积归一法分别计算各成分的相对质量分数。结果 分别从山东莱阳、河北安国和内蒙古赤峰的北沙参药材中鉴定了17、17和18种脂肪酸;三个产地药材的优势脂肪酸种类一致,依次为C18:2 n-6c（亚油酸,49.22~63.96%）、C16:0（棕榈酸,17.43~25.33%）和C18:1 n-9c（油酸,13.85~19.44%）,均未检测到n-3型多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）。山东莱阳药材的多不饱和脂肪酸总量（PUFA）低于河北安国及内蒙古赤峰,但饱和脂肪酸（SFA）、 单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）和多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）三者比值最接近1:1:1。结论 不同产地北沙参的脂肪酸种类相近。亚油酸是北沙参含量优势脂肪酸,提示可以作为北沙参防治胆固醇代谢相关疾病的质量标志物候选分子。     

分子蒸馏分离深海鱼油药用组分的研究

深海鱼油富舍ω3型功能性脂肪酸（EPA、DHA和DPA）。采用刮膜式分子蒸馏小试装置对深海鱼油粗产品中的药用组分进行分离,馏余液中药用组分的含量（26．5％以上）达到了某药企对药品中ω-3型脂肪酸总含量的要求（大于25％）。通过研究蒸馏温度、进料速率和刮膜器转速对馏余液中药用组分总含量和收率的影响,得到分子蒸馏分离深海鱼油粗产品中药用组分的最佳工艺条件：蒸馏温度300C,进料速率0．7L·h-1。和刮膜转速300r·min-1。     

中药赤芍抗内毒素活性的实验观察

目的：通过提取中药赤芍中抗内毒素（LPS）活性的有效成分,进行药理学观察,探讨赤芍抗内毒素活性的内在机制。方法：将常规中药化学分离技术与生物传感器相结合,分离赤芍抗LPS的有效成分,应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法和鲎试验法检测该有效成分对LPS的中和作用。结果：赤芍中抗LPS的有效成分具有较强的中和LPS的活性．该有效成分能够在体外实验中显著抑制由LPS介导的培养细胞系释放TNF-α。结论：中药赤芍中存在高活性的抗LPS有效成分．该成分可以LPS为靶点,应用常规中药化学分离技术与生物传感器相结合的方法进行快速、有效地提取分离。     

Effect of placental fatty acid metabolism and regulation by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor on pregnancy and fetal outcomes

Fatty acids, particularly the omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids (EFAs), are considered critical nutritional sources for the developing fetus. The placenta governs the fetal supply of fatty acids via two processes: transport and metabolism. Placental fatty acid metabolism can play a critical role in guiding pregnancy and fetal outcome. EFAs can be metabolized to important cell signaling molecules in placenta by several major isoform families including: the Cytochrome P450 subfamily 4A (CYP4A); Cyclooxygenases (COXs); and Lipoxygenases (LOXs). Peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptors (PPARs) have been demonstrated to regulate a number of placental fatty acid/lipid homeostasis-related proteins (e.g., metabolizing enzymes and transporters). The present review summarizes research on the molecular and functional relevance of fatty acid metabolizing enzymes and the role of PPARs in regulating their expression in the mammalian placenta. Elucidating the pathways of placental fatty acid metabolism and the regulatory processes governing these pathways is critical for advancing our understanding of the role of placenta in supplying EFAs to the developing fetus and the potential implications on pregnancy and fetal outcome. A more complete understanding of placental fatty acid disposition may also provide a basis for nutritional/pharmacological interventions to ameliorate the risk of adverse pregnancy and/or fetal outcomes.     

Unsaturated fatty acids and pain

Fatty acids, which are the essential nutrients for humans, are an important source of energy and an essential component of cell membranes. They also function as signal transduction molecules in a range of biological phenomena. Recently, an increasing number of physiologic and pharmacologic reports on fatty acids have improved our understanding of the association of fatty acids with certain diseases. It has also become apparent that functional properties of fatty acids are modulated by factors such as the amount of individual fatty acid intake and their distribution among organs. Recently, the functional relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids and pain has been the focus of many studies. Both basic and clinical studies have shown that a dietary intake of n-3 series polyunsaturated fatty acids results in a reduction in the pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis, dysmenorrhea, inflammatory bowl disease, and neuropathy. In addition, levels of n-6 series polyunsaturated fatty acids are high in patients with chronic pain. These results indicate that polyunsaturated fatty acids play a vital role in pain regulation. In this review, we summarize a number of basic and clinical studies on polyunsaturated fatty acids and their association with pain.     

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analytical strategies for fatty acid analysis in biological samples

Fatty acids play critical roles in biological systems. Imbalances in fatty acids are related to a variety of diseases, which makes the measurement of fatty acids in biological samples important. Many analytical strategies have been developed to investigate fatty acids in various biological samples. Due to the structural diversity of fatty acids, many factors need to be considered when developing analytical methods including extraction methods, derivatization methods, column selections, and internal standard selections. This review focused on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS)-based methods. We reviewed several commonly used fatty acid extraction approaches, including liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase microextraction. Moreover, both acid and base derivatization methods and other specially designed methods were comprehensively reviewed, and their strengths and limitations were discussed. Having good separation efficiency is essential to building an accurate and reliable GC–MS platform for fatty acid analysis. We reviewed the separation performance of different columns and discussed the application of multidimensional GC for improving separations. The selection of internal standards was also discussed. In the final section, we introduced several biomedical studies that measured fatty acid levels in different sample matrices and provided hints on the relationships between fatty acid imbalances and diseases.     

Eicosanoid precursor polyenoic fatty acids modulate synaptic levels of dopamine in ex-vivo slices of rat brain striatum

BACKGROUND: Considerable evidence indicates that polyunsaturated fatty acids are important in normal brain structure and function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rat brain striatal slices incubated with tritiated dopamine were electrically stimulated twice. During the first only buffer was perfused. During the second period buffer, fatty acid plus indomethacin, or fatty acid plus nordihydroguaiaretic acid were perfused. The ratio of the two stimulations indicated changes in released tritium. RESULTS: The only fatty acids to induce significant changes in tritium were the eicosanoid-precursors, dihomo-gamma-linolenic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. DISCUSSION: There were no differences between the effects of the fatty acid alone or fatty acid in the presence of indomethacin, indicating little involvement of the cyclooxygenase pathway. Fatty acid in the presence of nordihydroguaiaretic acid reversed the low synaptic tritium concentrations, indicating that the lipoxygenase pathway may be active in dopaminergic metabolism in striatum.     

Fatty acids and inflammation: the cutting edge between food and pharma

Inflammation underlies many common conditions and diseases. Fatty acids can influence inflammation through a variety of mechanisms, including acting via cell surface and intracellular receptors/sensors that control inflammatory cell signalling and gene expression patterns. Some effects of fatty acids on inflammatory cells appear to be mediated by, or at least are associated with, changes in fatty acid composition of cell membranes. Changes in these compositions can modify membrane fluidity, lipid raft formation, cell signalling leading to altered gene expression, and the pattern of lipid and peptide mediator production. Cells involved in the inflammatory response are typically rich in the n-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid, but the contents of arachidonic acid and of the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can be altered through oral administration of EPA and DHA. Eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid have roles in inflammation. EPA also gives rise to eicosanoids and these may have differing properties from those of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids. EPA and DHA give rise to resolvins which are anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving. Thus, fatty acid exposure and the fatty acid composition of human inflammatory cells influences their function. As a result of their anti-inflammatory actions marine n-3 fatty acids have therapeutic efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis, although benefits in other inflammatory diseases and conditions have not been unequivocally demonstrated. The anti-inflammatory effects of marine n-3 fatty acids may contribute to their protective actions towards atherosclerosis, plaque rupture and cardiovascular mortality. The therapeutic dose of n-3 fatty acids is not clear.     

Targets for modulation of fatty acid oxidation in the heart

Fatty acids are a major source of fuel used by the heart to provide large amounts of energy necessary to sustain contractile function. In the healthy heart, a balance between fatty acid and carbohydrate use ensures that energy supply to the heart matches demand. However, myocardial ischemia causes profound changes in metabolism, including alterations in glucose and fatty acid metabolism that can lead to excessive myocardial fatty acid oxidation, which occurs at the expense of glucose oxidation. This contributes to cellular acidosis, a decrease in cardiac efficiency and contractile dysfunction in the ischemic heart. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation has recently emerged as a promising approach to the prevention of these adverse effects of fatty acids. As a result, a number of key enzymes involved in the metabolism of fatty acids are potential targets for therapeutic intervention in myocardial ischemia. This includes inhibition of fatty acid uptake into the myocyte, inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid uptake and direct inhibition of fatty acid beta-oxidation. This review describes these potential targets for modulation of energy metabolism in the heart.     

治疗脂肪肝的药物临床应用评价

脂肪肝是由多种原因引起的肝细胞内脂肪堆积过多而导致的病变。脂肪肝已成为仅次于病毒性肝炎的第二大肝病,并被认为是隐蔽性肝硬化的常见原因之一。脂肪肝可分为酒精性脂肪肝和非酒精性脂肪肝。目前,临床上并没有针对脂肪肝的特效药物,多采用药物对症治疗的方法。本文对近年来脂肪肝的治疗药物的临床应用进行总结。     

Endocannabinoid metabolomics: A novel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry reagent for fatty acid analysis

We have synthesized 4,4-dimethoxyoxazoline derivatives of several fatty acids associated with the endocannabinoid metabolome using tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane in a 1-step reaction by microwave irradiation. The derivatization incorporates a nitrogen into the final product, which allows for improved detection by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mode. Palmitic and oleic acid derivatives show a 200-fold increase in sensitivity compared with the free acids when analyzed in negative-mode APCI. In addition to improving sensitivity, the oxazoline derivatization creates a similar ionization response for the fatty acids tested, which simplifies their quantitation. Fatty acid oxazoline derivatives can be detected using the same conditions optimized for the endocannabinoids, which allows for a simultaneous quantitation of the entire endocannabinoid metabolome.     

气相色谱法快速测定大豆油中脂肪酸含量

脂肪酸以甘油三酯的形式存在于大豆油中，其组分含量的测定，需经甲酯化后用气相色谱法进行定量分析。本文提供的方法，优化了分析条件，操作简便省时，整个分析过程只需２５ｍｉｎ，结果准确，主要脂肪酸组分的回收率为（９９．８２±０．５４）％。     

Fatty acid composition in serum correlates with that in the liver and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity scores in mice fed a high-fat diet

In this study, we investigated the correlation between the serum fatty acid composition and hepatic steatosis, inflammation, hepatocellular ballooning scores, and liver fatty acids composition in mice fed a high-fat diet. Livers were collected for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease score analysis. Fatty acid compositions were analysed by gas chromatography. Correlations were determined by Pearson correlation coefficient. Exposed to a high-fat diet, mice developed fatty liver disease with varying severity without fibrosis. The serum fatty acid variation became more severe with prolonged exposure to a high-fat diet. This variation also correlated significantly with the variation in livers, with the types of fatty acids corresponding to liver steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocellular ballooning scores. Results of this study lead to the following hypothesis: the extent of serum fatty acid variation may be a preliminary biomarker of fatty liver disease caused by high-fat intake.