HIV感染患者普外科手术切口的愈合情况及感染发生状况分析

目的研究HIV感染患者普外科手术切口的愈合情况及感染发生状况。方法回顾性分析2010年3月至2017年3月本院接受外科手术治疗的72例HIV感染患者的诊疗情况,选择同期在本院接受外科手术治疗的60例HIV阴性患者作为对照组,分析比较两组患者的切口愈合以及发生感染的情况,并对研究组患者的手术切口愈合影响因素进行分析。结果研究组患者的愈合不良率(27.78%)明显高于对照组患者的愈合不良率(8.33%),两组比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组患者的感染率(20.83%)明显高于对照组患者的感染率(3.33%),两组比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。年龄、体重指数、血红蛋白、白蛋白、总淋巴细胞计数、手术时间均对HIV患者切口的愈合率有明显影响。研究组愈合较差的患者与愈合较好的患者相比,研究组愈合较差的患者年龄越大、体重指数越低、血红蛋白越低、血清蛋白越低、总淋巴细胞计数越低、CD4+T淋巴细胞计数越低、HIV感染临床分期越高,两组比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。HIV临床分类C类患者明显高于B类与A类,在CD4+T淋巴细胞计数3级的患者高于2级与1级的患者,数据差异比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 HIV感染患者的伤口愈合不良率与切口感染率高于HIV阴性的患者,这与HIV感染患者的免疫力降低以及营养不良的状况有较大关系。     

乙肝病毒感染对腰椎后路单节段开放融合固定术切口愈合的影响及相关因素分析

目的:对比观察乙肝病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染者与非HBV感染者腰椎后路单节段开放融合固定术后切口愈合情况,探讨HBV感染对切口愈合的影响及相关因素。方法:回顾分析2011年1月~2016年6月我院收治并因腰椎退变性疾病行单节段腰椎后路开放融合固定术患者共1562例,其中HBV感染者148(9.5%)例,根据纳入排除标准最终共121例纳入观察组;以同样纳入排除标准随机选择与观察组年龄、性别、手术时间段相匹配121例非HBV感染患者作为对照组。比较两组患者切口愈合情况;比较观察组中切口愈合不良(乙级愈合:切口红肿、渗出、硬结、血肿、脂肪液化、裂开;丙级愈合:切口感染)患者与切口愈合良好(甲级愈合)患者年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)、手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴细胞总数、肝功能异常(AST40U/L或ALT50U/L)、HBV-DNA(+)情况。结果:观察组121例患者中,乙级愈合11例,丙级愈合5例;对照组121例中,乙级愈合4例,丙级愈合2例。观察组与对照组切口感染率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),观察组与对照组切口愈合不良差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组中切口愈合不良组与切口愈合良好组患者性别、年龄、手术时间、淋巴细胞总数无统计学差异(P0.05);术前肝功能异常病例数、HBV-DNA(+)病例数、术中出血量有统计学差异(P0.05)。观察组术后HBV再激活23例,与未激活患者相比年龄、手术时间、术中出血、HBV-DNA(+)病例数差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:HBV感染患者行腰椎后路单节段开放融合固定术切口愈合不良发生率较非HBV感染者更高;肝功能异常(AST40U/L或ALT50U/L)、HBV-DNA(+)、术中出血多是HBV感染者切口愈合不良的危险因素。腰椎后路单节段开放融合固定术可导致乙肝病毒再激活,与年龄较大、手术时间较长、术中出血较多、术前HBV-DNA(+)有关。     

一期后路手术治疗人类免疫缺陷病毒阳性胸腰椎结核

目的观察一期后路手术治疗人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)阳性胸腰椎结核患者的临床疗效。方法 2011年11月—2016年5月,首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院骨科采用一期后路手术治疗的13例HIV阳性胸腰椎结核患者作为观察组,选取同期性别、年龄、手术节段及手术方式相匹配的13例HIV阴性胸腰椎结核患者作为对照组。收集患者血红蛋白、白蛋白、CD4+T淋巴细胞计数、病毒载量、手术节段、手术时间、术中出血量等资料,记录术后并发症和死亡情况,并采用疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分、神经功能美国脊柱损伤协会(ASIA)分级、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、后凸Cobb角、后凸矫正率、矫正丢失角度、融合时间等指标评估临床疗效。结果 2组患者血红蛋白、白蛋白、手术时间和术中出血量差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组均未出现切口感染、慢性窦道形成、脑脊膜感染等并发症,观察组中出现脑脊液漏1例,神经根刺激症状1例,机会感染1例,伤口延迟愈合4例;对照组出现神经根刺激症状1例,伤口延迟愈合1例;2组并发症发生率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组中出现术后并发症患者的CD4+T淋巴细胞计数、病毒载量、血红蛋白及白蛋白与未发生术后并发症的患者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。所有患者随访(31.0±12.1)个月,末次随访时未见结核复发,ESR、CRP恢复正常,2组患者植骨融合时间、末次随访VAS评分、神经功能ASIA分级、后凸矫正率、矫正丢失角度的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论通过全面的术前评估、围手术期规范化抗病毒及抗结核治疗、术后积极预防并发症,一期后路手术治疗HIV阳性胸腰椎结核可获得满意的临床疗效。     

后路减压椎间植骨融合术治疗伴HIV感染老年腰椎退行性疾病患者的疗效分析

目的：探讨后路减压椎间植骨融合术治疗伴人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV感染老年腰椎退行性疾病患者的疗效。方法：回顾性分析2015年1月～2021年10月因腰椎退行性疾病于首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院骨科接受后路减压椎间植骨融合术治疗的25例老年(≥65岁)HIV感染者(HIV组)的临床资料,选取同一时期因腰椎退行性疾病接受后路减压椎间植骨融合术治疗的35例年龄、性别、症状持续时间、退行性疾病类型、合并基础疾病种类及严重程度、减压类型、融合类型与HIV组相匹配的老年非HIV感染者作为非HIV组,比较HIV组与非HIV组术前腰椎骨密度、CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数、CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数/CD8⁺T淋巴细胞计数、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、白蛋白、血红蛋白、合并感染疾病情况;两组均予以围术期规范化处理及出院后长期健康管理,观察两组患者术前及术后6个月、12个月的腰腿痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、腰椎Oswestry功能...     

围手术期处理对HIV阳性骨折患者术后并发症的影响

目的探讨应用围手术期处理对HIV阳性骨折患者术后并发症的影响。方法2010年1月到2014年2月,本研究收集49例骨科HIV阳性合并闭合性骨折患者（治疗组）及68例HIV阴性闭合性骨折患者（对照组）的临床资料,两组患者均给予钢板螺钉、髓内钉或椎弓根钉内固定;治疗组通过围手术期应用营养支持、免疫调节药物、高效抗逆转录病毒治疗、合理应用抗菌药物以及术中精细操作规范手术程序等处理;观察组仅给予一般围手术期处理。观察两组患者术后骨科并发症、HIV／AIDS并发症、骨折愈合情况及其治疗前后白细胞、血红蛋白和CD4^＋T淋巴细胞等变化进行比较分析,并分析总结围手术期处理方法。结果49例HIV阳性患者中四肢骨折36例（占73．46％）,脊柱椎体压缩性骨折10例（20．41％）,多发骨折3例（6．12％）。给予早期切开复位钢板螺钉内固定手术治疗的患者39例（占79．59％）;带锁髓内钉固定术治疗7例（14．29％）;脊柱骨折行切开复位减压植骨融合椎弓根钉内固定术10例（占20．41％）。经过特殊围手术期治疗方法,除1例患者伤口延迟愈合不良,其余全部患者伤口均一期愈合,无伤口感染。发生机会性感染1例,无骨感染,无术后死亡、无其他严重骨科并发症（如肺栓塞、骨不愈合或慢性骨髓炎等）。对照组患者术后仅3例切口延迟愈合,无切口感染、骨感染,无术后死亡及严重骨科并发症。治疗组（15例营养不良患者）予营养支持、免疫调节治疗前、后CD4^＋T淋巴细胞、血红蛋白等相比较差异具有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。结论对HIV阳性闭合性骨折患者,通过合理术前评估、优化围手术期处理措及适当的手术方式可以显著减少并发症的发生,本组患者均取得良好的临床疗效。     

生物型人工全髋关节置换术治疗HIV感染者股骨头缺血性坏死

目的探讨采用生物型人工全髋关节置换术治疗HIV感染者股骨头缺血性坏死的疗效。方法回顾分析2014年2月—2017年1月,采用生物型人工全髋关节置换术治疗的22例(35髋)股骨头缺血性坏死的HIV感染者(阳性组)临床资料,以同期治疗的33例(43髋)未感染HIV患者(阴性组)作为对照。阳性组患者年龄、性别、双侧股骨头缺血性坏死发生率以及股骨头缺血性坏死病程比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);股骨头缺血性坏死分期比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。记录两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、输血率、术后并发症及住院时间。随访期间髋关节功能采用Harris评分评价,复查髋关节正侧位X线片观察假体位置。结果阳性组随访时间13～24个月,平均20.2个月;阴性组为14～25个月,平均21.6个月。阴性组手术时间较阳性组明显缩短(t=3.677,P=0.001);但两组术中出血量、输血率及住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者术前及术后1、3、6、12个月Harris评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。阳性组术中及术后均未发生职业暴露,住院期间出现切口浅表感染2例、肺部感染1例;阴性组出现切口浅表感染1例、下肢静脉血栓形成1例,均经对症处理后痊愈。两组随访期间无患者死亡,未出现假体松动、下沉。结论生物型人工全髋关节置换术是一种治疗HIV感染者股骨头缺血性坏死的安全、有效方法。     

HIV/HCV共感染者细胞免疫功能及临床研究

目的探讨HIV/HCV共感染者的临床特征及其细胞免疫功能。方法分析本院2004年至2009年收治的HIV/HCV共感染者40例,分析其HIVRNA载量、HCV RNA载量、CD4细胞数以及临床特征,并以单独感染HCV患者30例和AIDS患者50例作为对照。结果与AIDS组相比,HIV/HCV共感染组血清白蛋白更低,ALT、AST和HIV RNA载量水平更高(P0.01);与HCV组比较,HIV/HCV共感染组血清白蛋白、ALT和AST水平更低(P0.01),HCV RNA载量水平更高,脾大患者明显增多(P0.01),脂肪变性及肝纤维化程度有加重趋势。CD4细胞计数依次为HIV/HCV组AIDS组HCV组正常组(P0.01)。结论 HIV/HCV共感染对HCV和HIV病毒复制水平、艾滋病患者的细胞免疫功能、慢性丙型肝炎的疾病进展等均有一定影响。     

HIV感染者血浆新喋呤检测的临床意义探讨

目的 探讨HIV感染者血浆新喋呤(Npt)水平的变化规律及其与CD4+T淋巴细胞计数、HIV病毒载量的相关性.方法 采用ELISA法定量检测129例HIV感染者和39例健康成人的血浆Npt水平,同时检测其CD4+ T淋巴细胞数和HIV病毒载量,并对结果进行统计分析.结果 HIV感染者血浆Npt水平(24.10 ± 26.03 nmol/L)显著高于对照组(5.20 ± 0.57 nmol/L);随着病情进展呈逐渐上升趋势,与CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数呈负相关(r = -0.397,P＜ 0.05),与HIV病毒载量呈显著正相关(r = 0.613,P＜ 0.001).结论 血浆Npt可作为HIV感染者病情进展的参考指标,其与CD4+T淋巴细胞计数呈负相关,与HIV病毒载量呈显著正相关.     

40例HIV感染者剖宫产的麻醉处理

目的探讨HIV感染者进行剖宫产时的麻醉处理。方法对实施剖宫产的40例HIV感染产妇的临床诊疗资料进行回顾性分析。结果所有患者硬膜外麻醉阻滞完善,术后镇痛效果良好,未发现有关麻醉并发症。术后切口I期愈合,5 d后拆线出院,住院期间病情没有进展。42例新生儿于术日抽血检查HIV抗体,结果均为阴性。所有参加手术的医护人员至今未发现HIV感染者。结论对实施剖宫产的HIV感染产妇进行麻醉处理,可有效提高产妇的术后恢复效果,且有效避免新生儿及医护人员受到HIV感染。     

HIV/AIDS患者合并乙型、丙型肝炎病毒感染及其血相关指标的临床分析

目的探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者/获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)患者HIV感染、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)合并感染情况。方法回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院2009年8月至2014年3月收治的152例住院HIV/AIDS患者的临床资料,另外,选取同期20例健康体检者的检测结果,对CD4+T淋巴细胞绝对数、血常规、血生化肝功能、凝血项相关指标等进行统计学分析。结果 152例住院HIV/AIDS患者中,HIV感染者80例,HIV/HBV合并感染者44例,HIV/HCV合并感染者23例,HIV/HBV/HCV合并感染者5例。各感染组CD4+T低于参考区间者139例(91.4%),各感染组患者CD4+T水平较对照组差异均具有统计学意义(P均0.001)。各感染组患者的贫血发生率为59%~65%。各感染组患者血红蛋白(HGB)、红细胞(RBC)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、白蛋白(ALB)以及肌酐(Cr)水平较对照组差异均具有统计学意义(P均0.05)。HIV/HBV合并感染组患者凝血酶原时间(PT)和凝血酶原国际标准化比率(INR)均高于HIV感染组和健康对照组,组间差异均具有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论入院HIV/AIDS患者伴随HBV、HCV合并二重或多重感染情况严重,合并感染易造成贫血的发生、肝功能损伤及凝血功能下降。     

Management of patients infected with HIV

HIV-VIRAL HEPATITIS CO-INFECTIONS: Several characteristics reveal an HIV-HBV co-infection: high B viral replication, high percentage of patients exhibiting chronic B virus, high risk of cirrhosis, and possibility of B reactivation in severely immunodeficient patients. Regarding HIV-HCV co-infections, there is a greater risk of progression towards cirrhosis. However, anti-retroviral treatment appear to stall the progression of the C-virus hepatic disease. METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS WITH ANTI-RETROVIRAL TREATMENTS: Among the morphological lipodystrophic syndromes, the lipohypertrophic forms must be distinguished from the lipoatrophic forms. Substitution of some antiretroviral molecules is the first measure to be taken, but the results are difficult to assess; other current drug alternatives are unconvincing. The management of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia observed during treatment with antiretrovirals is debatable, and efficacy is not always clearly demonstrated. Regarding hyperlactatemia, potentially the most severe complication of mitochondrial toxicity of antiretroviral treatment, which requires suspension of the nucleoside analogs in severe or moderate symptomatic forms, and simple surveillance and continuation of the treatment in the mild or moderate asymptomatic forms. VIROLOGICAL FAILURE: There are three options possible: continue the same treatment, change it or stop it. Efficacy should be assessed on CD4 and the variations in viral load, rather than on the absolute value of the viral load. IN POOR RESSOURCE SETTINGS: Only a minority of patients has access to antiretroviral treatments. Efforts must be made to continue to search for other forms of management: community measures for prevention and early screening, psychological and nutritional support, prophylactic and treatment strategies for infections or opportunist diseases.     

The etiology of urolithiasis in HIV infected patients

PURPOSE: It is commonly thought that urinary lithiasis in HIV infected patients on protease inhibitor therapy is composed primarily of the protease inhibitor itself. Since many HIV infected patients on protease inhibitors presenting to our institution had nonprotease inhibitor stones, we investigated potential underlying metabolic abnormalities that may account for the lithogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all HIV infected patients on protease inhibitors with renal colic and evidence of nephrolithiasis who presented to our institution between June 1996 and January 2001. Patients were evaluated for stone composition and metabolic abnormalities of blood and urine when possible. RESULTS: A total of 24 patients were identified, and all were or had been on protease inhibitors (indinavir 14, ritonavir 3, nelfnavir 2, unspecified 5). Of the 14 patients on indinavir only 4 (28.6%) had indinavir containing stones. The remaining stones in this group and in those not on indinavir contained various amounts of calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate, ammonium acid urate and uric acid. Of 10 patients who underwent 24-hour urine collection for metabolic evaluation 8 (80%) had abnormalities, including hypocitraturia in 5, hyperoxaluria in 4, hypomagnesuria in 4, hypercalciuria in 3, increased supersaturation of calcium oxalate in 3 and hyperuricosuria in 2. Abnormalities in the levels of urinary phosphate and sodium were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infected patients form many types of stones, which probably are attributable to underlying metabolic abnormalities rather than the use of protease inhibitors. A complete metabolic evaluation is warranted in these patients, as a means of guiding treatment to prevent future stone episodes, while avoiding the need to alter antiretroviral regimens.     

How to recognize patients at risk or infected with HIV.

This monthly series was developed from the AOA Task Force on AIDS Writers' Workshop, held August 16 to 18, 1991, in New York. The workshop was sponsored by an educational grant from Burroughs Wellcome. It will provide brief clinical updates and perspectives on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Readers may request tear sheets from the AOA editorial offices.     

Lung cancer in HIV infected patients: facts, questions and challenges

AIDS related mortality has fallen sharply in industrialised countries since 1996 following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. This has been accompanied by an increase in the proportion of deaths attributable to non-AIDS defining solid tumours, especially lung cancer. The risk of developing lung cancer seems to be higher in HIV infected subjects than in the general population of the same age, partly because the former tend more frequently to be smokers and, especially, intravenous drug users. The carcinogenic role of the antiretroviral nucleoside drugs and their interaction with smoking needs to be examined. Interestingly, there is no clear relationship between the degree of immunosuppression and the risk of lung cancer, so the reason for the increased risk is unknown. The mean age of HIV infected patients at the time of lung cancer diagnosis is 45 years and most are symptomatic. Lung cancer is diagnosed when locally advanced or metastatic (stage III-IV) in 75-90% of cases, similar to patients with unknown HIV status. Adenocarcinoma is the most frequent histological type. The prognosis is worse in HIV infected patients than in the general lung cancer population. Efficacy and toxicity data for chemotherapy and radiation therapy are few and imprecise. Surgery remains the treatment of choice for localised disease in patients with adequate pulmonary function and general good health, regardless of immune status. Prospective clinical trials are needed to define the optimal detection and treatment strategies for lung cancer in HIV infected patients.