数字骨科技术在成人肘内翻畸形精确分析和三维矫形的初步应用：附3例报告

目的探讨数字骨科技术在成人肘内翻畸形精确分析和三维矫形的初步应用效果。方法对2011年7月至2012年8月南部战区总医院收治的3例成人肘内翻畸形患者进行螺旋CT扫描,将获取的双上肢骨骼二维图像数据导入Mimics 10.1软件,三维重建双上肢骨骼模型,在Imageware 12.3软件中建立健侧镜像模型,精确分析患侧三维畸形参数,采用计算机辅助设计截骨方式,模拟截骨矫形和内固定过程,通过立体光固化成型制作三维截骨模板,术中将模板与肱骨截骨部位相吻合,沿模板进行截骨、矫形和内固定置入。结果三维截骨模板与肱骨远端匹配良好。随访期间未发生伤口感染、神经损伤、内固定物失败、肘内翻复发和骨不愈合并发症,末次随访时按Mayo肘关节功能评分标准,3例患者均评定为优。结论采用数字骨科技术精确分析畸形参数、模拟截骨手术和制作三维截骨模板,能够为成人肘内翻畸形治疗提供精准的三维截骨方式。     

肱骨髁上等腰三角形截骨联合锁定钢板内固定治疗大龄儿童肘内翻

目的探讨肱骨髁上等腰三角形截骨的优点以及联合成人桡骨远端L形锁定钢板内固定治疗大龄儿童肘内翻的临床疗效。方法自2008-01—2013-01采用肱骨髁上等腰三角形截骨联合成人桡骨远端L形锁定钢板内固定治疗儿童肘内翻21例。截骨方式设计为肱骨髁上等腰三角形截骨,术前设计截骨图纸,依据截骨角度(截骨角度=健侧提携角+肘内翻角)计算等腰三角形截骨外侧底边的长度。结果本组手术时间20~35 min,平均24.5 min;术中失血量15~30 ml,平均25.3 ml。21例均获得随访28~60个月,平均36个月。疗效依据Flynn肘关节功能评分标准并综合屈伸功能评价:优18例,良2例,可1例,优良率95.2%。末次随访时提携角0°~13°(9.20±1.21)°,肘关节屈伸活动范围0°~130°。结论采用肱骨髁上等腰三角形截骨联合成人桡骨远端L形锁定钢板内固定治疗大龄儿童肘内翻出血量少,肘关节外侧骨突畸形改善明显,内固定确切,可有效防止截骨角度丢失,并有利于肘关节早期功能锻炼,关节功能恢复满意。     

关节造影在儿童肘内翻畸形截骨矫正术中的应用体会

目的 评估关节造影在儿童肘内翻畸形截骨矫正术中应用的可行性与有效性。方法 回顾性分析自2017-02—2019-02长沙市中心医院骨科诊治的28例单侧儿童肘内翻畸形,其中14例采用关节造影联合肱骨远端闭合楔形截骨交叉克氏针内固定治疗（观察组）,14例采用单纯肱骨远端闭合楔形截骨交叉克氏针内固定治疗（对照组）。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、提携角改变度数、末次随访时肘关节功能。结果 28例均获得随访,随访时间为28～69个月,平均39个月。所有患儿术后3个月获得骨性愈合,无骨骺早闭、骨不愈合、肘内翻畸形复发等并发症发生。观察组术中未出现造影剂导致的不良反应,术后未出现钉道感染。对照组术后出现1例钉道感染,用抗生素对症治疗后痊愈。观察组手术时间较对照组短,术中出血量较对照组少,末次随访时提携角改变角度大于对照组,末次随访时肘关节功能结果优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 儿童肘内翻畸形截骨矫正术中进行关节造影可以清晰显示肘关节远端关节线并指导确定截骨角度和克氏针的位置,是一种安全、有效的辅助手术方法,值得在临床推广应用。     

3D打印联合肱骨远端截骨治疗儿童肘内翻畸形

目的:探讨采用3D打印技术联合肱骨远端截骨治疗儿童肘内翻畸形的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析自2017年1月至2020年1月行肱骨远端截骨矫形手术治疗的肘内翻畸形患儿17例,其中男11例,女6例;年龄5~11(7.8±1.7)岁。术前通过3D打印技术制作患侧肘关节模型,在模型上进行预手术,术中利用3D模型指导进行肱骨远端截骨矫形术。比较术前、术后6个月肘关节提携角、肘关节屈曲伸直角度变化情况,采用Flynn分级评价标准评价其临床疗效。结果:17例患儿均获得随访,时间6~12(9.6±1.7)个月。1例患儿出现伤口感染,予换药后完全愈合。所有患儿无骨不愈合、内固定断裂及神经损伤等并发症发生。患肢提携角由术前的(-20.8±2.4)°改善至术后6个月的(7.2±2.3)°;肘关节伸直角度由术前的(-5.6±3.9)°改善至术后6个月的(-2.6±2.1)°,术后6个月肘关节屈曲角度与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后6个月患侧肘关节功能与健侧比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。根据Flynn分级评价标准,优13例,良4例。结论:采用3D打印联合肱骨远端截骨治疗儿童肘内翻畸形,能够获得满意的治疗效果,利用该技术可以更精确地完成畸形矫正,恢复肘关节生理结构及功能。     

儿童肘内翻畸形的多平面矫正及疗效观察

肘内翻是小儿肱骨远端骨折最常见的并发症,目前矫正肘内翻畸形常用的手术方法是肱骨远端外侧闭合楔形截骨术.以往手术重点矫正冠状面内翻畸形,往往忽略水平面的内旋畸形,造成手术效果不理想,笔者自2003年12月～2006年2月,采用肱骨远端闭合楔形截骨多平面矫正交叉钢针张力带固定治疗小儿肘内翻56例,结果满意.现报告如下.     

CAD结合3D打印导航模板辅助TKA术前设计和临床应用

目的探讨计算机辅助设计(CAD)结合3D打印导航模板在全膝关节置换(TKA)手术中的应用效果。方法对具有TKA手术指征的患者进行术前CT扫描、三维重建和下肢解剖参数三维测量;在三维模型上选择匹配合适型号的假体,根据患者股骨髁外形和假体匹配情况,采用CAD技术设计个性化股骨远端截骨模板、股骨远端+1 mm截骨模板、外翻+1°截骨模板、外翻-1°截骨模板、股骨远端4合1截骨模板等,并通过3D打印技术制作实物模板,以引导股骨远端精准截骨。2014年3月至2016年10月采用该新方法辅助完成16例(18膝)TKA手术(3D打印组),选取同期行传统TKA手术的16例(16膝)患者纳入常规手术组。32例患者中男18例,女14例,年龄53~85岁,平均年龄(68.1±2.3)岁。记录手术时间和术中出血量,比较两组患者假体匹配、肢体力线恢复情况和手术疗效的差异。结果 3D打印组手术时间、术中出血量均少于常规手术组,两组术后3个月美国特种外科医院(HSS)膝关节评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。3D打印组经术前三维规划预测的假体尺寸与实际尺寸一致,而常规手术组根据X线片二维图像预选假体型号,准确率仅为75%;3D打印组假体位置、型号匹配良好,常规手术组股骨假体悬挂1例、股骨皮质过度切割1例;两组下肢力线内外翻偏差≤3°百分比比较,差异无统计学意义(3D打印组94%vs常规手术组88%,P0.05)。结论将CAD结合3D打印导航模板技术用于辅助TKA手术,可实现术前准确预选假体型号、术中精准截骨,方便可行,效果显著。     

改良截骨植骨低切迹内固定治疗肘内翻畸形

肱骨髁上骨折、肱骨远端全骨骺分离、肱骨内髁骨骺损伤等均可能发展至肘内翻畸形，出现上肢力线异常、肘关节疼痛、屈肘乏力，并且可引起骨性关节炎，同时影响外观，常需进行手术矫形治疗。方法上采用截骨加内固定术，有多种截骨和内固定术式。我院1998—2003年采用肱骨髁上改良截骨自体骨植骨螺钉钢丝低切迹加压内固定辅以中药熏洗治疗青少年肘内翻21例，经过随访证实疗效满意，现报告如下。     

肘内翻畸形35例治疗体会

采用肱骨远端外侧切口行肱骨髁上三维截骨治疗肘内翻畸形25例,全部内翻畸形得到矫正,其中并发尺神经麻痹1例,肘关节屈曲畸形1例,过伸畸形2例。我们体会完好的术前设计,精确的术中定位和准确的手术操作,有效的正确固定,是取得满意疗效的关键。     

成人创伤后肘内翻畸形的矫形及双柱固定

目的探讨肱骨髁上截骨双钢板固定治疗成人创伤后肘内翻的方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年6月-2010年12月手术治疗22例成人创伤后肘内翻畸形患者的临床资料。其中男16例,女6例;年龄18～29岁,平均21岁。既往均有肱骨髁上骨折病史;初次骨折后3个月～1年,平均6个月出现肘内翻畸形;出现畸形后4～17年,平均8年入院手术。术前患侧肘关节提携角为肘内翻16～25°,平均20.6°。肘关节功能采用Flynn评分均为差。术中行肱骨外侧闭合楔形截骨,以2块重建钢板塑形后分别置于肱骨内外侧柱以固定截骨断端。术后无需外固定,早期行功能锻炼。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。22例均获随访,随访时间6～24个月,平均13个月。末次随访时患侧肘关节提携角为肘外翻0～10°,平均7.5°。患者截骨处均骨性愈合,愈合时间8～13周,平均10周。术后无感染,神经、血管损伤,内固定物松动、断裂等并发症发生,无肘内翻复发。末次随访时Flynn评分优17例,良3例,中2例,优良率91%。结论采用肱骨髁上截骨加双钢板固定治疗成人创伤后肘内翻畸形,固定坚强,骨折愈合率高,术后能早期功能锻炼,肘关节功能恢复满意。     

3D打印导板辅助成人肘内翻畸形截骨矫正

[目的]探讨3D打印导板辅助成人肘内翻畸形矫正的临床疗效。[方法]回顾性分析2011年1月—2017年12月在我院行截骨矫形、钢板内固定的25例成人肘内翻患者的临床资料。其中,14例采用传统方法进行截骨矫形钢板内固定(传统组),11例采用个性化3D打印导板辅助截骨矫形钢板内固定(导板板)。比较两组围手术期、随访与影像资料。[结果]两组患者均顺利完成手术,术中均无桡神经损伤。导板组手术时间、术中失血量均显著优于传统组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。导板组恢复完全负重活动时间早于传统组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。相应时间点,两组间Mayo肘关节功能评分的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。影像方面,末次随访时,导板组的提携角显著大于传统组(P0.05)。两组截骨处均骨性愈合,两组截骨愈合时间的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]与传统截骨方法相比,3D打印截骨导板辅助肘内翻畸形截骨的手术疗效相当,但可明显减少手术时间、出血量并获得更为理想的术后提携角。     

肱骨髁上成角旋转中心微创截骨外固定治疗青少年肘内翻畸形

目的 :探讨采用肱骨髁上成角旋转中心(center of roration of angulation,CORA)微创截骨外固定治疗青少年肘内翻畸形的临床疗效。方法:自2013年8月至2017年8月,采用CORA微创截骨外固定治疗肱骨髁上骨折导致的青少年肘内翻畸形患者15例,其中男9例,女6例;年龄13～16岁,平均14.5岁;左侧11例,右侧4例;受伤至手术时间6～10年,平均7.5年,其中5例有肘内翻手术史术后复发。观察患者的矫正时间、骨折愈合时间及提携角,并采用Laupattarakasem标准进行疗效评价。结果:15例患者获得随访,时间12～30个月,平均24个月;畸形矫正时间3～5周,平均4周;骨愈合时间4～6个月,平均5个月;提携角由术前的-12°～-23°提高至术后的9°～14°。根据Laupattarakasem标准,本组优11例,良3例,可1例。结论:采用肱骨髁上CORA微创截骨外固定治疗青少年肘内翻畸形,具有微创、出血少、术后早期功能锻炼,矫形速度、角度可控,无须住院取除外固定等优点。     

PACS和Photoshop辅助下等腰三角形截骨并克氏针张力扣固定治疗儿童肘内翻

目的：应用影像归档和通信系统（picture archiving and communication system,PACS）和Photoshop系统辅助等腰三角形截骨并克氏针张力扣固定治疗儿童肘内翻的疗效分析。方法：回顾性分析自2014年10月至2019年10月采用肱骨远端等腰三角形截骨并克氏针张力扣固定治疗儿童肘内翻20例的临床资料,男13例,女7例;年龄3.2～13.5岁,中位数6.65岁;左侧12例,右侧8例。均为肱骨远端骨折畸形愈合后的远期并发症。术前用PACS系统设计截骨,模拟测量顶角位置及底边长度。再将图片导入Photoshop系统,画出术后模拟效果图,指导模拟截骨。结果：20例患儿均获得随访,时间20～24个月,中位数22.5个月。最后一次复查时患肢提携角5°～13°,中位数8.3°。疗效根据Flynn肘关节功能评分标准评价：优16例,良2例,可2例。结论：PACS和Photoshop系统辅助下等腰三角形截骨并克氏针张力扣固定治疗儿童肘内翻取得良好的临床疗效。     

Tardy posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow due to cubitus varus

BACKGROUND: Cubitus varus has long been considered merely a cosmetic deformity. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a causal relationship between cubitus varus and instability of the elbow. METHODS: In twenty-four patients (twenty-five limbs) with a cubitus varus deformity following a pediatric distal humeral fracture or resulting from a congenital anomaly (three limbs of two patients), tardy posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow developed approximately two to three decades after the deformity occurred. All patients presented with lateral elbow pain and recurrent instability. The average varus deformity was 15 degrees (range, 0 degrees to 35 degrees ). Surgery was performed in twenty-one patients (twenty-two limbs). Treatment consisted of reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament and osteotomy in seven limbs, ligament reconstruction alone in ten, osteotomy alone in four, and total elbow arthroplasty in one. RESULTS: In three patients, the triceps muscle was dynamically stimulated intraoperatively to contract while resisting extension of the elbow. This produced posterolateral rotatory subluxation of the elbow, which was reversed by corrective osteotomy and lateral transposition of a portion of the medial head of the triceps that originally had been attached to the elongated, deformed medial aspect of the olecranon. At an average of three years (minimum, one year) after the operation, the result was good or excellent for nineteen of the twenty-two limbs that had undergone an operation; three limbs had persistent instability. CONCLUSIONS: With cubitus varus, the mechanical axis, the olecranon, and the triceps line of pull are all displaced medially. The repetitive external rotation torque on the ulna permitted by these deformities can stretch the lateral collateral ligament complex and lead to posterolateral rotatory instability. Thus, cubitus varus deformity secondary to supracondylar malunion or congenital deformity of the distal part of the humerus may not always be a benign condition and may have important long-term clinical implications. Operative correction can relieve symptoms of instability. The indications for preventive corrective osteotomy remain to be determined.     

外侧闭合楔形截骨并交叉穿针皮外张力带固定治疗儿童肘内翻畸形

目的:探讨外侧闭合楔形截骨并交叉穿针外张力带固定治疗儿童肘内翻畸形的疗效。方法:2011年3月至2015年6月手术治疗肘内翻畸形儿童26例,其中男15例,女11例;年龄4~13岁,平均7.8岁;术前内翻角度11°~24°,平均(17.50±6.73)°,其中3例较健侧屈曲受限角度10°。均采用肘外侧切口,行肱骨远端髁上外侧闭合楔形截骨,保留内侧3~4 mm宽度的连续皮质,截骨对合后采用交叉克氏针穿针并皮外张力带(交叉针皮外部分在外侧反向折弯并针尾再返折相互钩绕)固定,截骨端外侧形成加压,术后随访比较治疗前后和健侧提携角,采用Laupattarakasem标准评价疗效。结果:26例均于术后2个月内骨性愈合,无感染和神经麻痹等并发症,随访时间13~29个月,平均18.8个月,提携角恢复为8°~14°,平均(11.50±3.17)°。Laupattarakasem标准评定术后优14例,良11例,可1例。结论:采用外侧闭合楔形截骨可以有效恢复肘内翻畸形,交叉穿针并皮外张力带固定可以满足术后早期活动要求。     

Three-dimensional printing technology for patient-matched instrument in treatment of cubitus varus deformity: A case report

BACKGROUNDRecently, medical three-dimensional printing technology (3DPT) has demonstrated potential benefits for the treatment of cubitus varus deformity (CVD) by improving accuracy of the osteotomy through the use of an osteotomy guide, with or without a patient-mated plate. Here, we present an interesting CVD case, involving a patient who was treated with corrective biplanar chevron osteotomy using an innovative customized osteotomy guide and a newly designed patient-matched monoblock crosslink plate created with 3DPT.CASE SUMMARYA 32-year-old female presented with a significant CVD from childhood injury. A computer simulation was processed using images from computerized tomography scans of both upper extremities. The biplanar chevron osteotomy was designed to create identical anatomy between the mirror image of the contralateral distal humerus and the osteotomized distal humerus. Next, the customized osteotomy guide and patient-matched monoblock crosslink plate were designed and printed. A simulation osteotomy was created for the real-sized bone model, and the operation was performed using the posterior paratricipital approach with k-wire positioning from the customized osteotomy guide as a predrilled hole for screw fixation to achieve immediate control of the reduction after osteotomy. Our method allowed for successful treatment of the CVD case, significantly improving the patient’s radiographic and clinical outcomes, with satisfactory result.CONCLUSION3DPT-created patient-matched osteotomy guide and instrumentation provides accurate control during CVD correction.     

Posttraumatic progressive cubitus varus deformity managed by lateral column shortening: A novel surgical technique

The outward angulation of elbow with supinated forearm is cubitus varus deformity. This deformity is often seen as sequelae of malunited supracondylar fracture of humerus in paediatric age group of 5e8 years. The deformity is usually non-progressive, but in cases of physeal injury or congenital bony bar formation in the medial condyle of humerus, the deformity is progressive and can be grotesque in appearance. Various types of osteotomies are defined for standard non-progressive cubitus varus deformity, while multiple surgeries are required for progressive deformity until skeletal maturity. In this study we described a novel surgical approach and osteotomy of distal humerus in a 5 years old boy having grotesque progressive cubitus varus deformity, achieving good surgical outcome.     

Supracondylar humeral osteotomy in children with severe posttraumatic cubitus varus deformity

The authors report the results of corrective osteotomy of the humerus in 11 children with severe posttraumatic cubitus varus deformity. The average carrying angle on the affected side was -24.4 degrees, and there was an average internal rotation deformity of the distal humerus of 22 degrees. Flexion and extension of the injured elbow were severely limited. A supracondylar lateral wedge osteotomy of the humerus was performed keeping the medial cortex intact. Two K-wires served as levers to correct the angular and rotational deformity of the elbow and then as fixation material to hold the osteotomy fragments. Postoperatively we immobilized the elbows in 90 degrees flexion for 3 to 4 weeks. There was no loss of the postoperative osteotomy alignment in most cases. Recurrence of mild varus deformity (-5 degrees and -7 degrees) occurred in only two patients. At the end of the follow-up we observed excellent results in 9 patients with an average carrying angle of 7.2 degrees (range 5-10 degrees).     

Posterior instability of the shoulder after supracondylar fractures recovered with cubitus varus deformity

Cubitus varus is a common complication after supracondylar fractures of the humerus, and there have been several discussions about the timing of correction of deformity. Although surgery is performed mainly for cosmetic purposes, the authors in this article show the relationship between cubitus varus and dislocation of the ulnar nerve and posterior instability of the ipsilateral shoulder with a Bankart lesion in three children. A special type of osteotomy to obtain three-dimensional correction was made. All shoulders were found to be clinically stable at follow-up with full pain-free range of motion. Corrective osteotomy of the distal humerus itself corrected the varus angulation and dislocation of the medial portion of the triceps in two patients and prevented the ulnar nerve from dislocating. The authors' experience illustrates the importance of biomechanics in understanding the pathoanatomy of cubitus varus; this deformity should not be regarded as a cosmetic deformity and should be treated early.