HPLC法测定磷酸川芎嗪葡萄糖注射液的含量及有关物质

目的:建立磷酸川芎嗪葡萄糖注射液含量及葡萄糖降解产物5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)的测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Inertsil C_(18)(5μm,4.6 mm×150 mm),流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(25:75:0.13),流速0.8 mL·min~(-1),UV295 nm检测。结果:川芎嗪在0.12-0.92 mg·m~(-1)范围内r=0.9997(n=5);5-HMF在0.14-11.4μg·mL~(-1)范围内r=0.9999(n=11),线性关系良好。川芎嗪和5-HMF的检测限分别为0.8 ng和0.5 ng。分析了3批样品,川芎嗪的含量为标示量的99.4%-100.0%。主要有关物质5-HMF为0.29-0.35μg·mL~(-1),未见其他有关杂质。结论:该法同时测定川芎嗪含量及制剂中5-HMF,过程简便、灵敏、准确。为该药提供了切实可行的质控方法。     

盐酸拉贝洛尔注射液灭菌工艺改变的杂质考察

目的建立盐酸拉贝洛尔注射液的杂质控制方法,对盐酸拉贝洛尔注射液灭菌工艺的合理性进行研究。方法采用HPLC法,分别对拉贝洛尔降解产物(杂质A)等有关物质和葡萄糖降解产物5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethyl furfural,5-HMF)进行检查。有关物质分析:色谱柱为Waters Sunfire-C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,3.5μm),流动相A为体积分数为0.1%的磷酸溶液,流动相B为乙腈-体积分数为0.1%的磷酸溶液(体积比为50∶50),梯度洗脱,流速:1.5 m L·min-1,检测波长:230nm,柱温:40℃。5-羟甲基糠醛分析:色谱柱为Varian pursuit XRS-C18柱,流动相为甲醇-水(体积比为5∶95),流速为1.0 m L·min-1,检测波长为284 nm,柱温为30℃。结果盐酸拉贝洛尔峰与杂质A峰及强制降解产物峰均分离良好,盐酸拉贝洛尔检测限为0.15 mg·L-1,在0.30³.76 mg·L-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为94.7%(RSD=3.6%,n=9);5-羟甲基糠醛检测限为0.07 mg·L-1,质量浓度在0.213.76 mg·L-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为94.7%(RSD=3.6%,n=9);5-羟甲基糠醛检测限为0.07 mg·L-1,质量浓度在0.21⁸.94 mg·L-1内线性关系良好(r=1.000),平均回收率为93.2%(RSD=1.4%,n=9)。结论有关物质及5-羟甲基糠醛的分析方法可用于该药品的杂质控制。     

HPLC法测定盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因和对氨基苯甲酸的含量

目的:用HPLC法同时测定盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因和对氨基苯甲酸含量.方法:色谱柱为Nova-PakC18(150 mm×4.0 mm,4μm);流动相为甲醇-10mmol·L-1 NaH2PO4溶液(用磷酸调pH6.48,含2 mml·L-1三乙胺)(30:70,V/V);流速为0.7 ml·min-1;检测波长为287 nm,柱温30℃.结果:盐酸普鲁卡因浓度在O.1～1.0 mg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.998 9),平均加样回收率98.9%(n=3,RSD=1.4%);对氨基苯甲酸浓度在1～10μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6),平均加样回收率99.2%(n=3,RSD=1.6%).结论:该方法准确、直观、便于盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液质量控制.     

RP-HPLC法测定氯霉素及注射液的有关物质和含量

目的:采用RP-HPLC法测定氯霉素及注射液的有关物质和含量.方法:用Kromasil C18色谱柱(10μm,4.6mm×200mm),以[0.1%庚烷磺酸钠溶液-二甲基甲酰胺-冰醋酸(500:5:0.5),pH3.2]-乙腈(70:30)为流动相;检测波长为272nm;流速为1.0ml·min-1.结果:氯霉素在0.02～1mg·ml-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,回归方程为Y=16813344X 5465(r=0.9999),氯霉素二醇物在1～40μg·ml-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,回归方程为Y=54695X 541(r=0.9999);平均回收率为99.3%,RSD=0.5%(n=5).结论:所用方法简便、准确、专属性好,可用于氯霉素及注射液的二醇物检测和氯霉素的含量测定.     

HPLC法同时测定赖氨匹林散中阿司匹林和游离水杨酸

目的: 采用HPLC同时测定赖氨匹林散中阿司匹林和游离水杨酸的含量,并对其降解产物水杨酸的含量进行控制.方法: 采用Diamonsil C18 (200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,甲醇-H3PO4(0.2%)-乙腈(18∶50∶32)为流动相,流速:1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为237 nm.结果: 阿司匹林在0.446～2.677 μg·ml-1浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 8),水杨酸在0.22～2.20 μg·ml-1浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 8),回收率好;结论: 本法简便、快速、准确专属性强.     

HPLC测定苦参素葡萄糖注射液中5-羟甲基糠醛的含量

苦参素葡萄糖注射液在配制和放置中产生葡萄糖的降解产物5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF),5-HMF可发生聚合反应而由聚合物可导致制剂变色,且葡萄糖注射液颜色的深浅与5-HMF产生的量成正比。并且其过量对人体有一定损害。为保证制剂的质量及临床用药安全,需加以控制。我们用HPLC法对苦参素葡萄糖注射液(含5%葡萄糖)中的5-HMF含量进行定量测定,方法简便、准确,可很好完成测定     

反相离子对HPLC法测定盐酸帕洛诺司琼注射液含量及有关物质

目的:建立反相离子对高效液相色谱法测定盐酸帕洛诺司琼注射液含量及有关物质。方法:用 Agilent Zorbax SB-C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以离子对缓冲液-乙腈(70∶30)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),紫外检测波长为210nm。结果:盐酸帕洛诺司琼主峰与有关物质及降解产物均能达到有效分离。盐酸帕洛诺司琼线性范围为12.00～150.01μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999,n=6);最小检测限为0.5 ng,最小定量限为3 ng;高、中、低3种浓度溶液测得的半均回收率(n=3)分别为99.5%(RSD=1.0%),99.0%(RSD=0.5%),99.4%(RSD=0.9%)。结论:本方法快速、简便、准确,能满足注射液含量和有关物质测定的要求。     

高效液相色谱法测定妇炎康片中苦参碱、氧化苦参碱的含量

目的:建立妇炎康片的含量测定方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法.色谱柱:Agilent Technologies ZORBAX Extend-C18(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-甲醇-磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.8)(16:16:68),流速:1.0 nd·min-1,检测波长:220nm,柱温:30℃.结果:苦参碱在0.02～0.40 mg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5);平均加样回收率为98.3%,RSD=1.7%(n=6);氧化苦参碱在0.01～0.20 mg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7);平均加样回收率为98.3%,RSD=2.6%(n=6).结论:该方法简便易行,结果准确可靠,可适用于妇炎康片的质量控制.     

鱼腥草注射液中3种主要挥发性成分的测定

目的 同时测定鱼腥草注射液中萜品烯-4-醇、α-萜品烯醇和甲基正壬酮挥发性成分的含量.方法 采用GC法,色谱柱为SE-54毛细管柱(30 mm×0.32 mm,0.25μm),升温程序为:以2℃·min-1从80℃升至120℃,再以10℃·min-1升至200℃,保持5 min.以正十六烷为内标,选用C18固相萃取小柱对样品进行纯化浓集.结果 萜品烯-4-醇0.03～0.30 mg·ml-1线性关系良好(r=0.9996),平均回收率为98.5%(RSD=1.0%);α-萜品烯醇0.01～0.10 mg·ml-1的线性关系良好(r=0.9998),平均回收率为98.8%(RSD=0.2%);甲基正壬酮0.01～0.10 mg·ml-1的线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.9%(RSD=1.8%).结论 所建方法准确、简便、快速,可用于测定鱼腥草注射液中的3种挥发性成分.     

高效液相色谱法测定脑塞通丸中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1的含量

目的建立脑塞通丸的含量测定方法.方法采用高效液相色谱法.色谱柱Agilent Technologies ZORBAX ExtendC18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长203 nm,柱温35℃.结果人参皂苷Rg1在8.516～425.8μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为97.6%,RSD=1.7%(n=6);人参皂苷Re在20.06～1003μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均加样回收率为97.6%,RSD=2.0%(n=6);人参皂苷Rb1在19.456～972.8μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均加样回收率为96.8%,RSD=1.3%(n=6).结论该方法简便易行,结果准确可靠,可适用于脑塞通丸的质量控制.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.