“象”与“像”的正确用法

全国科学技术名词审定委员会和国家语言文字工作委员会于2001年10月18日在中国科学院召开了“‘象’与‘像’用法研讨会”。会议对科技界“象”与“像”用法混乱的原因进行了认真分析，全国科技名词委和国家语委认为有必要再次对此二字的用法做出明确的界定。与会专家认为，‘象’是指自然界、人或物的形态、样子；‘像’是指用模仿、比照等方法制成的人或物的形象，也包括线经反射、折射而形成的与原物相同或相似的图景。‘象’与‘像’两字的语词搭配；象可组成现象、形象、印象、迹象、表象、物象、景象、天象、体象、危象、心象、构象、磁象、异极象、血象、分裂象、观象台、唯象系数、波粒二象性等。像可组成人像、画像、肖像、关像、虚像、镜像、图像、反像、逆像、倒像、阳像、电像、成像、影像、叠像、映像、双像、电像、音像、声像、摄像、视像、像元、像素、像幅、遗觉像、视宁像、网膜像、衍村像、孪生像、摄像机、像电流、像方焦点、显像、变像管、像增强器、求像作图法、凹凸反转像、像面全息术、双眼视像融合等。全国科技名词委在今后的工作中将执行上述意见，同时停止执行1990年的“意见”。     

橘子好处多

橘子的营养成分 橘子的营养丰富,含蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、粗纤维、钙、磷、铁、胡萝卜素、维生素B2、烟酸、维生素C以及橘皮甙、柠檬酸、苹果酸、枸橼酸等营养物质。     

胸痹心痛病因病机三期论

胸痹的发生与禀赋不足、年老体虚、邪气外侵、饮食不节、情志失调等多因素有关。其病机以正气亏虚、水饮、秽浊、痰瘀、气滞、寒凝等邪气积聚心脉为其特点。胸痹的发生发展分早、中、晚3个阶段。早期气血阴阳亏虚是胸痹的病机根本；中期痰饮、秽浊、气滞、血瘀、寒凝是胸痹病机演变的重要过程；晚期邪气积聚心脉是胸痹病机的最终环节，三者紧密相连。     

《中国艾滋病性病》稿约

1刊登范围 《中国艾滋病性病》杂志（原《中国性病艾滋病防治》）是由卫生部主管、中国性病艾滋病防治协会主办的学术刊物,为中国科技核心期刊。刊登艾滋病、性病的流行病学、病原学、诊断、治疗、预防和心理学、社会学等研究的原始工作论文,介绍国内外研究进展的学术文章。辟有专报、论著、工作研究、短篇报道、综述、学术讨论、学术报告、病例分析、经验交流、管理、国内外信息等栏目。     

《中国艾滋病性病》稿约

1 刊登范围 《中国艾滋病性病》杂志（原《中国性病艾滋病防治》）是由卫生部主管、中国性病艾滋病防治协会主办的学术刊物,为中国科技核心期刊。刊登艾滋病、性病的流行病学、病原学、诊断、治疗、预防和心理学、社会学等研究的原始工作论文,介绍国内外研究进展的学术文章。辟有专报、论著、工作研究、短篇报道、综述、学术讨论、学术报告、病例分析、经验交流、管理、国内外信息等栏目。     

花样翻新的黑龙江特色主食

黑龙江省是一个移民省份,没有某些地区讲究的传统饮食文化和养生理念。黑龙江人用玉米面与黄豆粉制作的大饼子、窝头、菜团子、混合面发糕;用标准粉制作的馒头、包子、饺子、打卤面、韭菜盒子、煎饼盒子,以及各种玉米粥、二米饭、红豆饭、饭包等和用薯类中的土豆、红薯代替的主食……     

2021年对本刊有突出贡献的审稿专家名单

审稿是保证期刊质量的重要环节。2021年,本刊总编、副总编.编委、通讯编委和审稿专家对于审稿工作付出了大量的时间和精力,在此,对辛勤付出的所有专家致以崇高的敬意和衷心的感谢!审稿数量超高10篇的专家包括(按照审稿数量的多少排序):冯波、窦京涛、李红(贵州)、高昕媛、肖建中、赵一鸣、李洪梅、关海霞、胡承、龚凤英、周健、李惠琴、张朝云、蔡晓凌、张军霞、吴红花、房辉、周洁、李健榕、徐向进、赵芳、滕晓春、李鸿、秦贵军、李成乾、黄凌宁、郭辉、杨少玲。     

经营管理创新 科学技术创新 《中国卫生产业》征稿函

本刊欢迎有关医疗卫生经营管理理论研究与实践应用、临床医学、医院改革、思想工作、医德医风以及科室、质量、人事、科研、教学、护理、药事、病案、财务、设备、后勤和医院文化等与医院管理相关的各个方面文章。读者对象:各级医院院长、医院管理者;医疗机构科研人员、管理人员;医务工作者;医学院校的师生以及关注医疗卫生事业发展的广大爱好者。     

感染马来丝虫微丝蚴中华按蚊元素的分析

应用原子吸收光谱分析仪对中华按蚊的羽化蚊、吸正常人血后0d、5d、8d、12d、18d及感染马来丝虫微丝蚴后5d、8d、12d、18d的中华按蚊虫体内13种元素含量的变化进行了分析。这13种元素由钾、钠、钙、镁等4种常量元素和铁、锌、镍、铝、钢、铅、铜、锰、铬等9种微量元素组成。结果表明，非感染马来丝虫微丝蚴中华按蚊体内元素的含量随蚊虫的发育而增减不一，减少明显的有锌、铁、镁、铜等，而钙、钾等却有所增加。感染蚊与非感染蚊相比较，多种元素的含量明显减少，于感染第5d，有铁、锌、钾、钙、钠、铝、钢、铅、铜、锰等10种；第8d有除钙、镁以外的11种；第12d有除钙、镁、铜、镍外的9种；第18d有钾、镍、铝、镉、铅、锰、铬等7种元素的含量显示出非常明显的差异。     

中学教师NAFLD与胰岛素抵抗及代谢性疾病的关系

选择贵阳市中学教师在我院体检并检出的非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)患者88例,测定身高、体质量、腹围、血压、血脂、尿酸(UA)、血糖(FBG)、胰岛素(FINS)等指标,并设对照组比较.结果 显示,NAFLD组体质量指数、腹围、谷丙转氨酶、甘油三酯、UA、FBG、FINS、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素分泌指数(IS)明显高于非NAFLD组,而高密度脂蛋白(HDL)显著低于非NAFLDF者(P均<0.01);NAFLD患者胰岛素抵抗(IR)与FBG、FINS、血压、UA密切相关(P均<0.01).认为IR是NAFLD的危险因素,肥胖、高脂、高尿酸、糖尿病、高血压通过不同机制参与了IR的发生、发展,进而影响NAFLD的发病.     

Amelioratory effects of testosterone propionate supplement on behavioral, biochemical and morphological parameters in aged rats

Testosterone has been shown to affect motor behavior and nigrostriatal dopaminergic (NSDA) system in young and adult male rats. However, it is not known whether exogenous testosterone intervention to aged male rats can ameliorate age-related motor impairment. Thus, in the present study, the open field motor behavior and adhesive tape removal motor performance as well as the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) of NSDA system were examined in aged male rats following chronic subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate (TP). Aged rats showed significantly reduced open field motor behavior and adhesive tape removal motor performance compared to adult rats. Chronic TP supplement significantly ameliorated the age-related motor deficits. The expression of TH and DAT of NSDA system was significantly enhanced in TP-treated aged rats revealed by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis respectively. The results imply that chronic TP treatment may favorably improve the declined motor behavior and motor performance with aging. Testosterone propionate supplement that facilitated NSDA system may influence the maintenance of motor behavior and performance in aged rats.     

运动想象疗法结合四肢联动治疗脑卒中偏瘫患者的疗效观察

目的探讨运动想象疗法结合四肢联动对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响。方法将60例脑卒中偏瘫患者分成观察组30例和对照组30例,两组患者均接受基础疾病药物治疗及常规康复治疗,对照组加以四肢联动训练,观察组在四肢联动基础上进行运动想象疗法。对每例患者分别在治疗前和治疗4周后进行偏瘫侧下肢FuglMeyer（FMA-L）和功能独立性测定（FIM）的评估。结果治疗4周后,每组治疗前后下肢功能比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,且观察组FMA-L评分与FIM评分优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论运动想象疗法有助于改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢的运动功能。     

Comparison of motor delays in young children with fetal alcohol syndrome to those with prenatal alcohol exposure and with no prenatal alcohol exposure

BACKGROUND: Researchers are increasingly considering the importance of motor functioning of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). The purpose of this study was to assess the motor development of young children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) to determine the presence and degree of delay in their motor skills and to compare their motor development with that of matched children without FAS. METHODS: The motor development of 14 children ages 20 to 68 months identified with FAS was assessed using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS). In addition, 2 comparison groups were utilized. Eleven of the children with FAS were matched for chronological age, gender, ethnicity, and communication age to: (1) 11 children with prenatal alcohol exposure who did not have FAS and (2) 11 matched children without any reported prenatal alcohol exposure. The motor scores on the VABS were compared among the 3 groups. RESULTS: Most of the young children with FAS in this study showed clinically important delays in their motor development as measured on the VABS Motor Domain, and their fine motor skills were significantly more delayed than their gross motor skills. In the group comparisons, the young children with FAS had significantly lower Motor Domain standard (MotorSS) scores than the children not exposed to alcohol prenatally. They also had significantly lower Fine Motor Developmental Quotients than the children in both the other groups. No significant group differences were found in gross motor scores. For MotorSS scores and Fine Motor Developmental Quotients, the means and standard errors indicated a continuum in the scores from FAS to prenatal alcohol exposure to nonexposure. CONCLUSIONS: These findings strongly suggest that all young children with FAS should receive complete developmental evaluations that include assessment of their motor functioning, to identify problem areas and provide access to developmental intervention programs that target deficit areas such as fine motor skills. Fine motor delays in children with FAS may be related to specific neurobehavioral deficits that affect fine motor skills. The findings support the concept of an FASD continuum in some areas of motor development.     

Motor functioning differentially predicts mortality in men and women

IntroductionResearch indicates gender differences in functional performance at advanced ages, but little is known about their impact on longevity for men and women.ObjectiveTo derive a set of motor function factors from a battery of functional performance measures and examine their associations with mortality, incorporating possible gender interactions.MethodAnalyses were performed on the longitudinal Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA) including twenty-four assessments of motor function up to six times over a 19-year period. Three motor factors were derived from several factor analyses; fine motor, balance/upper strength, and flexibility. A latent growth curve model was used to capture longitudinal age changes in the motor factors and generated estimates of intercept at age 70 (I), rates of change before (S1) and after age 70 (S2) for each factor. Cox regression models were used to determine how gender in interaction with the motor factors was related to mortality.ResultsFemales demonstrated lower functional performance in all motor functions relative to men. Cox regression survival analyses demonstrated that both balance/upper strength, and fine motor function were significantly related to mortality. Gender specific analyses revealed that this was true for women only. For men, none of the motor factors were related to mortality.ConclusionWomen demonstrated more difficulties in all functioning facets, and only among women were motor functioning (balance/upper strength and fine motor function) associated with mortality. These results provide evidence for the importance of considering motor functioning, and foremost observed gender differences when planning for individualized treatment and rehabilitation.     

基于运动想象的脑机接口康复训练对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的影响

目的探讨基于运动想象的脑机接口康复训练对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的影响。方法将14例有严重上肢运动功能障碍的老年脑卒中患者随机分为BCI组（7例）和对照组（7例）,均接受常规的康复治疗和药物治疗,BCI组进行为期2m,隔天1．5h的BCI的康复训练。治疗期间BCI组患者在线的运动想象的准确率被记录,在治疗前,治疗1m后,治疗2m后,以及治疗结束一个月随访时分别对两组患者上肢运动功能进行Fugl--Meyermotoras—sessment（FMA）和上肢动作研究测试（action research arm test,ARAT）的评定。结果经过2m的BCI康复训练,BCI组患者在线的运动想象准确率有显著提高fP〈0．05）;治疗结束后lm随访两组患者FMA和ARAT评分较治疗前均有提高,BCI组较对照组提高更明显,有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论基于运动想象的BCI康复训练可增强脑卒中患者运动想象的能力,进而提高脑卒中患者上肢的运动功能。     

行为训练对脑梗死患者运动功能和认知能力的影响

目的 研究运动再学习方法和促进技术对脑梗死患者运动功能改善的比较,以及运动再学习方法对事件相关电位（ERe）P300的影响.方法 选择150例脑梗死患者,分为运动再学习组（51例,接受运动再学习训练）、促进技术组（50例,接受促进技术训练）和对照组（49例,未训练）,比较12周后3组患者MAS、Berg平衡评分、Sheikh躯干控制评分、Fugl Meyer运动功能评分及步行能力等指标,观察两种方法对运动功能改善的优劣,以及运动再学习方法对ERP F300是否有改善.50例健康体检者作为ERP正常对照.结果 运动再学习组的手部运动和手精细活动能力较促进技术组有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,运动再学习组与对照组比较各项运动功能评分差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,对ERP P300潜伏期和波幅的影响与对照组相比差异也有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.但与正常对照组的ERP P300差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.结论 运动再学习方法对脑卒中患者手部运动和手精细功能的改善优于促进技术,这将显著提高患者日常生活自理能力,改善患者出院后生活质量.同时运动再学习方法也可以改善患者认知功能.     

早期康复对急性脑卒中患者运动功能的影响

目的探讨早期康复对急性脑卒中患者运动功能的影响。方法采用以Bobath和Brunnstrom方法为主的现代康复治疗技术,对30例急性脑卒中患者进行临床对照研究,并用Fugl-Meyer评分表评定运动功能。结果经治疗康复组运动功能明显改善,73.33%恢复达轻～中度运动障碍,20%为明显运动障碍,6%为严重运动障碍,对照组仅20%恢复达轻～中度运动障碍,60%为明显运动障碍,20%为严重运动障碍,两组差异非常显著(P<0.05)。结论早期康复能明显地改善急性脑卒中患者的运动功能,提高生命质量。     

糖尿病性神经病变的运动诱发电位研究

目的 探讨糖尿病运动神经中枢及神经根,周围神经功能。方法 应用经皮层,脊髓电刺激运动诱发电位对５０例ＤＭ进行观察。结果 异常率８２％,表现皮层,脊髓刺激ＭＥＰ潜伏期延迟,波形分化欠佳。部分伴有ＣＭＥＴ异常,ＭＥＰ异常率与病程长短呈正相关;空腹血糖水平对ＭＥＰ结果无明显影响。     

Is there an advanced aging effect on the ability to mentally represent action?

Motor programming theory suggests that an integral component in an effective outcome is an adequate action (mental) representation of the movements; a representation reflected in the ability to use motor imagery. Recent reports show a decline with advanced age (>64 years) using a variety of motor simulation tasks. Here, we examined the possible effects of advanced age on motor imagery ability in the context of estimation of reachability - that is, estimating whether an object is within reach or out of grasp. Thirty young adults (mean age: 20) and 23 older adults (mean age: 77) were instructed to estimate, using motor imagery, whether randomly presented targets in peripersonal (within actual reach) and extrapersonal (beyond reach) space were within or out of reach of their dominant limb while seated. Results indicated that the younger group was significantly more accurate than the older adults, p < 0.001. Whereas both groups made more errors in extrapersonal space, the values were significantly higher for the older group; that is, they overestimated to a greater extent. In summary, these findings add to the general notion that there is a decline in the ability to mentally represent action with advanced age.     

Motor functioning and alcohol dependence

BACKGROUND: Autopsy and neuroimaging research in stably abstinent alcoholics illuminated structural and functional abnormalities in brain areas that organize and coordinate motor functioning. Researchers that used behavioural tasks to measure motor functioning found that abstinent alcoholics perform worse than healthy controls. These researchers however did not analyze timed responses into their cognitive and motor components. They thus were unable to decide which aspects of information processing are impaired. We here used a Fitts' task to examine differences in cognitive and motor components between abstinent alcoholics and healthy controls. METHODS: Fifty-two abstinent alcoholics and 52 healthy controls participated in this research design. Fine motor functioning was assessed by means of the Fitts' task. RESULTS: Abstinent alcoholics needed more time to perform timed responses than healthy controls. As both reaction and movement times were higher in abstinent alcoholics, both cognitive and motor processes seem to be impaired. When the task became more difficult (small targets instead of large targets) abstinent alcoholics needed proportionally more time to give the correct response than healthy controls. This phenomenon solely applied to movement times. CONCLUSIONS: These research data indicate that abstinent alcoholics are somewhat impaired on a behavioral level. The execution of timed responses indeed was lengthier in abstinent alcoholics than in healthy controls. As both cognitive and motor processes were impaired, we here assume that both central and peripheral processes are affected by progressive alcohol intake. Abstinent alcoholics also have more difficulties to adapt their motor responses to changing task conditions.