眼调节幅度与近视眼的关系研究

目的　评价不同屈光状态下的眼调节幅度特点 ,分析调节幅度在近视眼的发生发展中的作用 ,进一步明确眼调节幅度与近视眼的因果关系。方法　被测者共 3 5人 ,其中男 17人(4 8 6% ) ,女 18人 (5 1 4% ) ,年龄 19～ 3 5岁 ,平均 2 6 49± 3 3 3岁。所有被测者均进行规范的主觉验光 ,每眼矫正视力均≥ 1 0。移近法测得左眼调节幅度 ,采用SPSS9 0应用软件包对不同分组进行比较分析。结果　①近视组AMP明显高于正视组 ;②正视组、轻度近视和中度近视组三组之间AMP存在显著差异 ,其中正视组最低 ,其次是轻度近视和中度近视 ;③正视组、迟发性近视组和早发性近视组三组之间AMP存在显著差异 ,其中正视组最低 ,其次是迟发性近视和早发性近视。④对调节幅度和近视屈光度做相关分析后 ,可见AMP随着近视屈光度的不断加深呈现上升趋势 ,直线回归方程为AMP =9 95 2 -0 764 屈光度。⑤将AMP和近视发生与否做Logistic回归分析 ,结果认为AMP可能是近视发生的原因之一。结论　高调节幅度可能是引发近视的原因之一 ,而弱的交感神经和强的副交感神经可能是引发高调节幅度 ,继而引发近视的解剖学因素。     

张力性调节和正视、近视相关性研究

目的:研究张力性调节(tonic accommodation)与正视、近视的相关性。方法:利用日本精工wv-500红外全自动电脑验光仪测量正视、近视屈光度数,在此基础上进行标准的主觉验光,结果以等效球镜表示。在完全黑暗的暗室中适应10min后,以日本精工wv-500红外全自动电脑验光仪测量张力性调节,结果以等效球镜表示。张力性调节和屈光度数均仅测量右眼。利用SPSS11.0软件包进行统计描述以及相关性分析。结果:大学学生47名,年龄19~23(平均20.9±0.76)岁。主觉验光屈光度数-7.50~+0.25(均值-2.78±1.82)D;张力性调节-0.08~3.16(均值0.61±0.61)D。右眼屈光度数与张力性调节之间的pearson相关系数仅为0.107,无明显的相关性。建立直线回归方程:张力性调节=0.71+0.035×屈光不正度数。结论:张力性调节和正视、近视度数存在有一定相关性,但是相关性不明显。随着近视度数的增加,张力性调节有降低趋势。     

IMI Accommodation and Binocular Vision in Myopia Development and Progression

The role of accommodation in myopia development and progression has been debated for decades. More recently, the understanding of the mechanisms involved in accommodation and the consequent alterations in ocular parameters has expanded. This International Myopia Institute white paper reviews the variations in ocular parameters that occur with accommodation and the mechanisms involved in accommodation and myopia development and progression. Convergence is synergistically linked with accommodation and the impact of this on myopia has also been critiqued. Specific topics reviewed included accommodation and myopia, role of spatial frequency, and contrast of the task of objects in the near environment, color cues to accommodation, lag of accommodation, accommodative-convergence ratio, and near phoria status. Aspects of retinal blur from the lag of accommodation, the impact of spatial frequency at near and a short working distance may all be implicated in myopia development and progression. The response of the ciliary body and its links with changes in the choroid remain to be explored. Further research is critical to understanding the factors underlying accommodative and binocular mechanisms for myopia development and its progression and to guide recommendations for targeted interventions to slow myopia progression.     

近视与调节功能的相关性研究现状

眼的调节是指睫状肌通过改变晶状体的屈光力，使物体在视网膜形成清晰像的过程，当眼的调节能力不足时，成像焦点落于视网膜后的区域，容易形成远视离焦，引起眼轴增长，导致近视的发展，且研究发现多数近视患者通常存在一定程度的调节功能障碍。近视已成为我国的公共健康问题，青少年近视的患病率急剧升高，如何预防及阻止近视的发生、发展是一大难题。既往研究发现眼调节功能障碍与近视的发生、发展存在一定联系，调节功能相关参数的测量对近视的防控有一定的指导意义。本文旨在综述近视与眼调节功能的相关性，以期为近视的防控和治疗提供新思路。     

假性近视、真性近视、混合近视正相对调节研究

目的:探讨假性近视、真性近视、混合近视正相对调节差异。方法:以2008年寒假和暑期到我院小儿眼科就诊的17岁以下初次被诊断为近视的67例患者(远视力<1.0,近视力≥1.0,电脑验光为近视)为研究对象,检查他们的5m时正相对调节后,通过10g/L阿托品睫状肌麻痹后分成3组:真性近视组、假性近视组、混合近视组,对比三组5m时正相对调节。统计学分析:方差分析LSD法对比真性近视、假性近视、混合近视三组正相对调节差异的显著性。统计软件为SPSS11.5软件。结果:真性近视与假性近视组间5m时正相对调节差异显著;真性近视与混合近视组5m时正相对调节差异显著。假性近视与混合近视组的5m时正相对调节差异无显著性。结论:5m时正相对调节力≤1.25D的近视患者有调节成分。     

Ciency of treatment for spasm of accommodation and late acquired myopia

The impact of long personal computer use on the development of spasm of accommodation and myopia was studied in adults. The majority of the examined bank employees were found to have symptoms of computer visual syndrome; myopia developing in adulthood (the maximum age being 32 years) was detected in 33.74% of cases. Complex treatment, including instrumental and drug therapies, for spasm of accommodation and myopia was performed in 97 patients. Increased visual acuity and accommodation extent, reduced refraction, and eliminated discomfort are indicative of the efficiency of the treatment performed. At the same time due to its unstable therapeutic effect, the development of efficient technological and medical measures to prevent spasm of accommodation and myopia remains urgent.     

Statistical evaluation of the role of elevated intraocular pressure and weakened accommodation in progressive acquired myopia

Ophthalmic tone was examined by Goldman's tonometry in 186 subjects (372 eyes) aged 13-35 with myopic and emmetropic refraction, as was the status of relative accommodation reserve. The findings evidence that in progressive myopia the mean level of intraocular pressure is by 3.0 mm Hg higher than ophthalmic tone in the eyes with emmetropic and stationary myopia; the relative accommodation reserve index was found decreased in 80-87 percent of patients with slowly and gradually progressing myopia, whereas in those with emmetropic and stationary myopia it was normal. This lead the authors to a conclusion that relatively elevated intraocular pressure (greater than or equal to 16 mm Hg, measured according to Goldman) and poor accommodation are factors indicating the risk of myopia progress and essentially influencing the refraction enhancement at this age.     

The autonomic control of accommodation and implications for human myopia development: a review

Prolonged nearwork has long been associated with myopia development, however, there is no well described linking mechanism. One theory suggests that if accommodation accuracy during nearwork is not maintained, the defocused retinal image leads to myopia development. Here we review the findings of research aimed at determining whether the autonomic inputs to the ciliary smooth muscle are involved in this type of environmental myopia. We examine whether an autonomic imbalance could be a precursor to axial elongation and the resulting myopia. Accommodation responses, such as tonic accommodation and nearwork-induced accommodative adaptation, as a function of refractive error, are described in relation to an autonomic imbalance model. The collective results of this research point to anomalous accommodation responses, possibly as a result of underlying anomalous autonomic input to the ciliary muscle, being involved in myopia development and progression.     

双眼协动参数在近视眼的差异研究

目的　探讨调节和辐辏的关系在近视发生、发展中的作用。方法　本研究对象包括 31例成人正视者与 4 6例成人近视者 ,近视者又分为高度近视者 (>- 6 0 0D)、中度近视者 (- 6 0 0～ -3 2 5D)和轻度近视者 (- 3 0 0～ - 0 5 0D)。双眼协动参数测量包括远距隐斜、近距隐斜及正、负相对调节 ,对不同屈光度数组的计算性调节 (AC/A)进行分析和比较。结果　近视组的计算性AC/A高于正视组 ,且计算性AC/A有随近视程度加深而增加的趋势。近视组和正视组的远隐斜及负相对调节差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但近视组的正相对调节其绝对值显著低于正视组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且近视组的近隐斜较正视组的近隐斜有内隐斜倾向 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　调节、辐辏及其相互作用协动参数在近视者中有明显的差异 ,AC/A为该差异的关键参数 ,并因近视度数增高而呈上升趋势 ,AC/A增高表明近视者在近距离工作时存在视网膜离焦趋势。     

青少年隐斜视对近视眼发生发展的影响

目的 了解隐斜视与调节性集合/调节比值（AC/A）、调节滞后量之间的关系,探讨隐斜视在近视发生发展中的可能作用。方法 横断面研究。选取近视伴隐斜视青少年62例,检测其屈光度、近距离水平隐斜度及AC/A、调节滞后量。按低、中、高度近视分组,分别对这3组中内隐斜患者与外隐斜患者的AC/A、调节滞后量进行比较,并对隐斜度与AC/A、调节滞后量进行相关性分析。结果 低度近视组内隐斜患者的AC/A、调节滞后量分别为（4.72±0.38）△/D、（-0.50±0.20）D,外隐斜患者分别为（3.4±0.31）△/D、（-0.20±0.10）D;中度近视组,内隐斜患者的AC/A、调节滞后量分别为（4.25±0.55）△/D、（-0.58±0.12）D,外隐斜患者分别为（3.26±0.25）△/D、（-0.30±0.13）D;高度近视组,内隐斜患者的AC/A、调节滞后量分别为（3.63±0.21）△/D、（-0.60±0.10）D,外隐斜患者分别为（2.50±0.29）△/D、（-0.28±0.12）D;3组中内隐斜患者与外隐斜患者的AC/A及调节滞后量差异均有统计学意义。内隐斜度与AC/A呈正相关（r=0.670,P<0.05）,与调节滞后量呈正相关（r=0.430,P<0.05）;外隐斜度与AC/A呈负相关（r=-0.331,P<0.05）,与调节滞后量呈正相关（r=0.423,P<0.05）。结论 近视患者中,内隐斜的AC/A、调节滞后量均大于外隐斜。内隐斜可能比外隐斜更易促进近视发展,隐斜度越大,近视发展越快。较大度数的外隐斜因伴随较大的调节滞后量对近视发生、发展起重要作用。     

近视患者LASIK术后早期单眼调节幅度的变化观察

目的:观察近视患者准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(laser in situ keratomileusis,LASIK)术后早期单眼调节幅度(amplitude of accommodation,AMP)的变化。方法:用LASIK治疗近视患者53例,根据等效球镜度数分为轻度、中度和高度近视组,所有被测者均进行规范的主觉验光,采用移近法在术前、术后1wk;1mo和3mo测量左眼调节幅度,所得结果输入SPSS11.0统计软件包。结果:LASIK术后1wk和1mo调节幅度明显低于术前AMP(P<0.05),术后3mo不同近视程度患者调节幅度与术前比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:不同近视程度近患者LASIK术后早期单眼调节幅度变化趋势基本相同,即均表现为先下降,后上升,至术后3mo时AMP基本恢复到术前戴镜水平;LASIK手术对近视患者单眼调节幅度无明显不良影响。     

Differences in the accommodation stimulus response curves of adult myopes and emmetropes

While the accommodation system has been implicated in myopia development, the nature of this relationship remains obscure. This study investigated the differences in accommodation stimulus response curves between adult myopes and emmetropes. Myopic subjects were classified according to age of onset and stability of their myopia. Accommodation stimulus response curves were measured using three different methods: (i) real targets presented at viewing distances of 4 m to 0.25 m, (ii) a target at 4 m viewed through negative lenses of increasing power, and (iii) a target at 0.25 m viewed through positive lenses of decreasing power. A Canon Autoref R-1 measured the accommodation responses at 5 levels of demand (increasing from 0 D to 4 D in 1 D steps). We found significant differences between the three methods used to stimulate an accommodation response in all subject groups, for example, accommodation lags at high accommodative demands were greatest for the negative lens series and least for the positive lens series. In addition, while differences between early-onset myopes, late-onset myopes and emmetropes were not observed, we did observe differences when myopic subjects were reclassified according to whether their myopia was progressing or stable. A reduced accommodation response to negative lens-induced accommodative demand was found in progressing myopes but not in stable myopes. These results provide further evidence for the link between myopia progression and inaccurate accommodation. The data also suggest that adult myopes with stable refractive errors show accommodation responses similar to that of emmetropes.     

The influence of interactions between accommodation and convergence on the lag of accommodation

Several models of myopia predict that growth of axial length is stimulated by blur. Accommodative lag has been suggested as an important source of blur in the development of myopia and this study has modeled how cross-link interactions between accommodation and convergence might interact with uncorrected distance heterophoria and refractive error to influence accommodative lag. Accommodative lag was simulated with two models of interactions between accommodation and convergence (one with and one without adaptable tonic elements). Simulations of both models indicate that both uncorrected hyperopia and esophoria increase the lag of accommodative and uncorrected myopia and exophoria decrease the lag or introduce a lead of accommodation in response to the near (40 cm) stimulus. These effects were increased when gain of either cross-link, accommodative convergence (AC/A) or convergence accommodation (CA/C), was increased within a moderate range of values while the other was fixed at a normal value (clamped condition). These effects were exaggerated when both the AC/A and CA/C ratios were increased (covaried condition) and affects of cross-link gain were negated when an increase of one cross-link (e.g. AC/A) was accompanied by a reduction of the other cross-link (e.g. CA/C) (reciprocal condition). The inclusion of tonic adaptation in the model reduced steady state errors of accommodation for all conditions except when the AC/A ratio was very high (2 MA/D). Combinations of cross-link interactions between accommodation and convergence that resemble either clamped or reciprocal patterns occur naturally in clinical populations. Simulations suggest that these two patterns of abnormal cross-link interactions could affect the progression of myopia differently. Adaptable tonic accommodation and tonic vergence could potentially reduce the progression of myopia by reducing the lag of accommodation.     

影响青少年近视发展因素研究、

目的探讨青少年近视发展速度与眼位、调节、主导眼、年龄及性别的关系,研究影响青少年近视发展的相关因素,用于指导青少年近视的防控工作。方法采集2012年1月至2013年3月在我院视光学门诊就诊且复查资料完整的青少年真性近视眼患者822例（1644只眼）,建立档案,测量并记录患者的屈光度、眼位、调节、主导眼、年龄及性别信息等,予以配戴最佳矫正视力的最大正镜化（MPMVA）为原则处方的眼镜。一年后复查患者的屈光状态,进行统计分析。结果近视发展速度外隐斜视者明显快于正位及内隐斜视者,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,内隐斜视及正位者组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;调节滞后者明显快于调节超前及调节正常者,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而调节超前及调节正常者组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;近视发展速度在13-14岁增长最快;主导眼与非主导眼、男与女组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论青少年眼位、调节是促进近视的发展因素;13-14岁近视发展速度最快;合理的验光配镜方法及调节功能训练可能减缓近视的发展。     

Accommodation, accommodative convergence, and response AC/A ratios before and at the onset of myopia in children.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate accommodation, accommodative convergence, and AC/A ratios before and at the onset of myopia in children. METHODS: Refractive error, accommodation, and phorias were measured annually over a period of 3 years in 80 6- to 18-year-old children (mean age at first visit = 11.1 years), including 26 who acquired myopia of at least -0.50 D and 54 who remained emmetropic (-0.25 to + 0.75 D). Refraction was measured by noncycloplegic distance retinoscopy. Concomitant measures of accommodation and phorias were taken for letter targets at 4.0 m and 0.33 m using the Canon R-1 open field-of-view autorefractor with an attached motorized Risley prism and Maddox rod. The accommodation and phoria measurements were used to calculate response AC/A ratios. RESULTS: Compared with children who remained emmetropic, those who became myopic had elevated response AC/A ratios at 1 and 2 years before the onset of myopia, in addition to at onset and 1 year later (t's = -2.97 to -4.04, p < 0.01 at all times). The significantly higher AC/A ratios in the children who became myopic are a result of significantly reduced accommodation. Accommodative convergence was significantly greater in myopes only at onset. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the abnormal oculomotor factors found before the onset of myopia may contribute to myopigenesis by producing hyperopic retinal defocus when a child is engaged in near-viewing tasks.     

眼动参数变化与青年近视眼关系的分析

目的:分析相对调节力(正,负)、水平隐斜(远,近)及调节灵活度等眼动参数与青年近视发生发展的关系。方法:在知情同意的情况下,选择大学入校新生266例,平均年龄18.8±0.8岁。根据受检者屈光状态分为五组:正视组29例,低度近视组118例,中度近视组82例,高度近视组37例,屈光参差组26例(其中屈光参差组不纳入研究对象所有受试者)。在综合验光仪上测正、负相对调节力,VonGraefe法测量远、近距水平隐斜度,利用±2.00D蝴蝶镜测调节灵活度,不同组眼动参数进行统计学分析。结果:正相对调节力正视眼组均值4.87±1.47D,低、中、高度近视组正性对调节力均值分别为2.36±1.21,2.92±1.40,2.86±1.81D,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);负相对调节力正视眼组与近视眼组无统计学差异(P>0.05);调节灵活度在正视眼组与近视眼组间无统计学差异(P>0.05);远、近水平隐斜正视组与近视组之间无统计学差异(P>0.05),但低度近视组与高度近视组间有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:正相对调节明显下降引起调节储备不足形成远视性离焦可能是青年近视发病病因之一,而负相对调节力、调节灵活度及远、近水平隐斜等眼动参数与青年近视发生无关。     

Changes in the objective accommodation indices in myopia and the assessment of the results of accommodation training

Objective parameters of accommodation (amplitude, time of response, and stability) were evaluated in patients with myopia aged 7-22 years on an AA-2000 Nidek accommodographer. A decrease in accommodation response depended on age and degree of myopia. Rapid accommodation parameters were in high correlation with the relative accommodation reserve. Three groups of patients with different efficiency of accommodation training were distinguished: with positive effect (77.1%), no effect, and paradoxical effect.     

Accommodation and induced myopia in marmosets

Accommodation may indirectly influence visually guided eye growth by affecting the retinal defocus signal used to guide growth. Specifically, increased lags of accommodation associated with low stimulus-response (S-R) function slopes will impose increased hyperopic blur on the retina and may induce axial elongation and myopia. The purpose of this study was (1) to measure accommodation in awake, free viewing marmosets and (2) compare accommodation behavior in marmosets before and after inducing different amounts of myopia with binocular spectacle lenses. In untreated marmosets, the average accommodation S-R slope approached one, but showed considerable inter-individual variability (mean+/-SD: 0.964+/-0.249 for monocular viewing; 0.895+/-0.235 for binocular viewing; monocular and binocular measures not significantly different). The monocular S-R slopes were significantly reduced following a period of lens rearing that produced axial myopia (change in slope=-0.30+/-0.30, p<.01) and the reduction in slope was proportional to the amount of myopia induced (p<.01). The S-R slopes measured either under monocular or binocular conditions before induction of myopia were not well correlated with the degree of myopia induced (monocular: r=-.240, p=.453; binocular: r=-.060, p=.824). These results support the hypothesis that the reduction in S-R slope in myopes is a consequence of the myopia induced. The alternative hypothesis-that low S-R slope increases susceptibility to the development of myopia--is not supported by the weak correlation between the pre-manipulation S-R slopes and the magnitude of the myopic shift.     

OCT测量近视眼在不同调节状态下眼前段结构变化

目的:探讨不同程度近视眼在不同调节状态下OCT(optic coherence tomography,OCT)测量的眼前段结构的变化。方法:招募60例近视患者,年龄:18～39岁,按近视程度分为轻中度近视组和高度近视组,用眼前段OCT对测试眼分别在调节放松(0D)、诱发3.00D和5.00D调节三种调节状态下进行眼前段扫描分析,分别测量不同调节状态下角膜后表面曲率(posterior corneal curvature,PCC)、前房深度(anterior chamber depth,ACD)、晶状体厚度(lens thickness,LT)和暗瞳直径的大小,采用重复测量的方差分析比较不同调节状态下上述参数的差异以及不同程度近视在相同调节状态下各参数的差异。结果:在调节放松情况下,轻中度近视组眼前段OCT测得的平均PCC,ACD,LT和瞳孔直径(pupil diameter,PD)分别为:6.92±0.91mm,2.67±0.19mm,4.17±0.21mm和6.21±0.56mm;高度近视组的平均PCC,ACD,LT和PD分别为:6.83±0.81mm,2.92±0.23mm,4.22±0.24mm和5.95±0.42mm。轻中度近视组与高度近视组在PCC和LT方面的差异均无显著性(t=0.401,-0.742;P=0.690,0.461),而ACD方面,高度近视组显著大于轻中度近视组(t=-4.637,P=0.000),高度近视组的PD则小于轻中度近视组(t=2.011,P=0.049)。两不同程度近视组中,在0.0D,3.00D和5.00D三种不同的调节状态下测得的PCC的差异均无显著性(F=0.084,0.047;P=0.920,0.954);ACD随调节的逐渐增大而均变浅(F=19.44,8.455;P=0.000,0.001);LT随调节的逐渐增大而均增厚(F=31.149,15.245;P=0.000,0.000);PD随调节的逐渐增大而均减小(F=83.634,53.429;P=0.000,0.000)。结论:眼前段OCT可以定量观察近视眼调节时眼前段各部分的变化,高度近视眼前房较轻中度近视深,而瞳孔较小;发生不同程度调节时,角膜的形状相对稳定,LT,ACD及PD随调节量的增加其变化量逐渐增大。     

眼正负相对调节力比值变化与近视眼发病关系的研究

目的 选择同年龄段、同等学历的大学生测量不同屈光组眼正、负相对调节力及其比值等调节参数,分析其与近视眼的发病的关系.方法 同意被检查入校新生292人,平均年龄( 18.76±0.80)岁.正视组29人,低、中、高度近视组分别为118、82、37人;26人远视及屈光参差者被排除.被检者在电脑验光基础上,使用综合验光仪进行主觉验光,并测其调节幅度、正负相对调节力.结果 正视组正相对调节力(PRA)均值(-.4.87±1.47)D,低、中、高度近视组正相对调节力均值分别为(-2.36±1.21)D、(-2.92±1.40)D、(-2.86±1.81)D,不同近视组PRA比正视组均有显著降低(F=24.54,p=0.00);正视组负相对调节力(NRA)均值(+2.09±0.46)D,低、中、高度近视组负相对调节力均值分别为(+1.99±0.51)D、(+1.95±0.45)D、(+1.99±0.47)D,各组比较差异无统计学意义(F=0.58,P=0.63);正视组PRA/NRA的比值均值为2.35±0.51,低、中、高度近视组PRA/NRA的比值均值分别为1.21±0.66、1.53±0.76、1.49±0.95,不同近视组PRA/NRA的比值比正视组均有显著降低(F =19.06,P=0.00).结论 同年龄段、同等学历大学生近视组的正负相对调节力比值、正相对调节力明显低于正视组.近视眼的正负相对调节力比值及正相对调节力下降是近视眼发病的共同特征.