二维超声斑点追踪显像技术对正常人左室旋转和扭转运动的评价

目的:应用二维超声斑点追踪显像技术探讨正常人左室旋转(LVrot)和左室扭转(LVtw)运动特征。方法:入选健康成人志愿者58例,取胸骨旁左室心尖和心底短轴观对LVrot进行定量分析,获LVrot及LVtw角度随心动周期变化曲线,记录心底部与心尖部LVrot角度峰值和LVtw角度峰值及达峰时间。结果:正常人扭转运动主要表现为心底部顺时针旋转和心尖部逆时针旋转,心脏整体表现为心动周期内逆时针方向为主的扭转运动。心尖部和心底部旋转角度达峰时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。扭转角度于收缩末期达峰值。结论:应用二维超声斑点追踪显像技术可无创性评价正常人LVrot和LVtw运动特征。左室心底部及心尖部旋转角度、达峰时间可做为评价左室运动同步性指标之一。     

二维超声斑点追踪显像技术在评价AMI患者左心室扭转运动中的应用

目的 观察二维超声斑点追踪显像（STI）技术评价急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者左室收缩功能的价值.方法 选择60例AMI患者（AMI组）及20例健康查体者（对照组）,均采用彩色多普勒超声仪以Simpson′s法测量左室射血分数（LVEF）及二尖瓣血流E峰/A峰,以STI技术测量左室心尖和心底各个节段旋转角度,同步记录左室整体扭转峰值（Ptw）、心尖扭转角度峰值（PAR）、心底扭转角度峰值（PBR）、收缩末期末左心室扭转角度（AVCtw）、等容舒张期末扭转角度（MVOtw）、解旋率（UntwR）、解旋减半时间（HTU）,并分析左室扭转参数与LVEF、E峰/A峰的相关性.结果 AMI组Ptw、 PAR、AVCtw、MVOtw明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）,其中前壁心梗者PAR显著低于下壁及前间壁心梗者（P〈0.05）;Ptw与LVEF呈显著正相关（r=0.527,P〈0.05）,UntwR与E峰/A峰无明显相关.结论 STI技术可通过定量检测收缩期左室扭转运动较好的评价AMI患者左室收缩功能改变,是指导临床诊治的新型无创性方法.     

慢性心力衰竭患者左室扭转和N端B型利钠肽原的相关性研究

目的分析慢性心力衰竭患者左室扭转与N端B型利钠肽原（NT—proBNP）之间的关系,探讨左室扭转诊断慢性心力衰竭的应用价值。方法应用二维斑点追踪成像技术评价102例慢性心力衰竭患者和41名健康人左室旋转和左室扭转峰值角度及相应达峰时间,分析上述指标与血浆NT—proBNP水平之间的关系。结果①与对照组比较,慢性心力衰竭患者左室旋转（心尖位和心底位）和左室扭转峰值角度均显著减小,左室旋转和左室扭转相应达峰时问则均显著延长,而NT—proBNP水平明显增高（P〈0．01）。②直线相关分析显示,慢性心力衰竭患者NT—proBNP水平与年龄、心尖位旋转达峰时间和左室扭转达峰时间呈正相关,与心尖位旋转峰值和左室扭转峰值呈负相关。③多重逐步线性回归分析将年龄等危险因素调整后表明,慢性心力衰竭患者NT—proBNP水平同左室心尖位旋转峰值和左室扭转峰值具有独立负相关关系。结论慢性心力衰竭患者左室旋转和扭转运动减低;其NT—proBNP水平与左室心尖位旋转峰值和左室扭转峰值呈负相关。     

二维斑点追踪技术评价双腔起搏器患者左心室旋转与扭转运动

目的 应用二维斑点追踪技术研究双腔起搏器患者左心室旋转与扭转运动的特征,以探讨左心室心肌收缩功能.方法 40例安置起搏器术后7d的病态窦房结综合征患者(起搏器组)和40例健康体检人群(对照组),获取左心室短轴心底水平、心尖水平二维图像,测量左心室短轴二水平收缩期峰值旋转角度,计算峰值扭转角度.结果 收缩期峰值旋转及扭转角度比较:起搏器组心底水平左心室前室间隔(-1.3°±2.4°.)、侧壁(-8.3°±2.2°)、后室间隔(-7.0°±2.5°),心肌峰值旋转角度较正常对照组减低[(-7.1°±2.9°)、(-12.0°±2.5°)、(-11.7°±2.5°)](均为P＜0.05),心尖水平前室间隔(11.1 °±3.2°)、下壁(10.4°±2.7°)、后室间隔(10.0°±3.3°).心肌峰值旋转角度较正常对照组[(6.5°±2.7°)、(7.3°±2.8°)、(7.0°±2.1°)]增强(均为P＜0.05).心底部峰值旋转角度减低,心尖部心肌峰值旋转角度增强(均为P＜0.05),左心室扭转角度无明显差异.结论 起搏器术后左心室存在局部心肌收缩功能变化,超声斑点追踪技术对于旋转与扭转运动的研究,为临床心功能的变化提供依据.     

运用斑点追踪技术研究肺动脉高压患者左心室心肌力学变化

目的运用斑点追踪技术研究肺动脉高压(PH)患者左室扭转的变化。方法 PH组为山东中医药大学第二附属医院2011年3月至2013年3月收入的PH患者45例,健康对照组为45例健康体检者,所有受试者均行超声心动图检查,并通过二维斑点追踪技术得到左室心肌力学参数。结果 PH组均为中重度肺动脉高压肺动脉收缩压(PASP)为(98.4±27.7)mm Hg,肺血管阻力(PVR)为(1 325.9±697.8)dyn.s/cm2。STI分析显示左心室心底部、心尖部和左心室整体扭转角度均较小(P<0.05),心底部的扭转速率较低(P<0.05)、解旋率达峰时间延迟P<0.05),左心室的扭转速率较低(P<0.05)。PH组的心尖-心底达峰时间差绝对值和用收缩期标化后的百分数均小于健康对照组(P<0.05)。其中,心底部的扭转速率值和达峰时间与肺动脉收缩压负相关(r=-0.610,P=0.018)。结论早期轻度PH时,左心室心底部的扭转幅度降低,重度PH会影响心底部、心尖部和左心室整体的扭转功能,提示STI可用于早期评估PH患者的左心室扭转功能。     

斑点追踪成像技术评价原发性高血压患者左室心肌分层应变的研究

目的:探讨采用斑点追踪成像( STI)技术测定左室心内膜层和心外膜层心肌收缩期峰值应变评价原发性高血压(EH)左室不同构型患者左室收缩功能的价值.方法:入选EH患者56例(EH组),其中非左室肥厚30例(A亚组),左室肥厚26例(B亚组);健康志愿者53例(对照组).应用STI技术获取所有对象左室长轴及短轴各切面的心内、外膜层心肌收缩期纵向、径向峰值应变及左室心内、外膜层心肌的整体纵向和径向峰值应变值.结果:B亚组患者左室心内、外膜层心肌收缩期纵向峰值应变显著低于对照组(心内膜层:P＜0.01;心外膜层:P＜0.05),EH组二尖瓣水平短轴径向峰值应变显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:EH患者径向应变的增高代偿了纵向应变的减低,STI可评价EH不同构型患者左室整体和局部收缩功能从而为早期发现心肌病变提供了无创性的新方法.     

应用斑点追踪技术评价主动脉瓣狭窄病人瓣膜置换术前后左室功能

目的应用超声二维斑点追踪技术研究主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)病人瓣膜置换术前后左室扭转功能,为临床手术时机选择及术后左室功能恢复提供理论依据。方法选取28例左室射血分数(LVEF)正常的主动脉瓣狭窄病人,应用斑点追踪技术及普通超声测量瓣膜置观察换术前及术后6个月普通参数及左室旋转角度,并计算扭转角度。与30名正常健康人群对照比较。结果与正常对照组比较,AS组术前心尖旋转角度增大(P0.01),心底旋转角度差异无统计学意义(P0.05),左室整体扭转角度增加(P0.01)。术后6个月,左室旋转角度及扭转角度与正常对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 LVEF正常的主动脉瓣狭窄病人,斑点追踪技术可早期发现左室心尖旋转角度、左室扭转角度已增大,同时在AS病人出现左室扭转失代偿前进行主动脉瓣置换术,术后6个月病人左室扭转功能可恢复正常。     

二维斑点追踪显像对冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入术前后左室心肌功能的定量评价

目的探讨二维超声斑点追踪显像技术(2DSTI)识别冠心病的早期缺血心肌及评价经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术后治疗效果的临床应用价值。方法 60例非心肌梗死患者根据冠状动脉造影(CAG)中左前降支(LAD)狭窄程度分为正常组,轻度狭窄组(75%)。分别于PCI术前1周内和术后3个月获取左室短轴观二尖瓣环水平、乳头肌水平、心尖水平及心尖四腔观、二腔观,左室长轴观的高帧频二维超声心动图,应用斑点追踪显像(STI)软件,检测其相关供血心肌节段的收缩期纵向、径向、圆周峰值应变以及左室基底部、心尖部旋转角度和左室整体扭转角度。结果 PCI治疗前:正常组应变-时间曲线轮廓整齐,波峰值较大,重度狭窄组应变曲线形态紊乱,多数节段波峰低平。重度狭窄组大多数节段、中度狭窄组部分节段收缩期纵向峰值应变明显低于正常组(P<0.05),重度狭窄组部分节段明显低于轻度狭窄组(P<0.05)。各冠脉狭窄组绝大部分供血心肌节段径向收缩期峰值应变及圆周收缩期峰值应变与正常对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。重度狭窄组收缩期在二尖瓣环及心尖水平最大旋转角度及整体扭转角度与正常对照组比较均明显降低,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05),与轻度狭窄组比较,在心尖水平最大旋转角度及整体扭转角度差别有统计学意义(P<0.05),与中度狭窄组比较,仅整体扭转角度差别有统计学意义(P<0.05);中度狭窄组心尖水平最大旋转角度及左室收缩期整体扭转角度与正常组比较明显降低,差别有统计学意义(PP<0.05)。各组左室短轴收缩期峰值径向应变、圆周应变无明显改善(P>0.05)。中重度狭窄组左室收缩期心尖部最大旋转角度及整体扭转角度均较术前明显升高,差别具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论 (1)应用2DSTI可定量评价左室心肌的局部功能和整体功能;(2)应用2DSTI能够识别     

多普勒超声心动图评价急性心肌梗塞后左室重构及心功能改变

应用多普勒超声心动图对56例不同部位急性心肌梗塞（AMI）后患者及40例正常人左室结构（LVR）、收缩舒张功能参数进行对比分析研究。结果显示AMI后患者左室舒张及收缩末期内径、左心室舒张末期容积、左心室收缩末期容积、左室射血前期与射血时间比、舒张晚期峰值血流速度、A峰面积增大；射血分数、短轴缩短率、舒张早期峰值血流速度、E峰／A峰面积则降低，两组间比较有极显著性差异（P＜0．01）。认为AMI后患者心脏不同程度的发生了LVR及收缩舒张功能减退。     

左心室旋转运动与收缩功能相关性的临床研究

目的 分析左心室乳头肌水平旋转角度与左室射血分数（LVEF）、左室短轴缩短率（FS）、MAM位移的相关性,探讨其在左室功能评价中的临床价值。 方法 研究对象89例,其中左室收缩功能减退（LVEF <50%）39例,左室收缩正常（LVEF >50%）50例。M型超声心动图测量左室短轴缩短率（FS）、MAM位移;Simpson’s法测量左室射血分数（LVEF）;二维灰阶超声心动图测量左室乳头肌水平旋转角度。 结果 89例研究对象心脏收缩时旋转角度为2.0～13.4度,平均旋转角度（7.73±3.76）度;左室收缩功能减退组较左室收缩正常组LVEF、FS、MAM位移、左室乳头肌水平旋转角度显著减小（P ＜0.001）;左室乳头肌水平旋转角度与LVEF、FS、MAM位移显著正相关（P＜0.001）。 结论 左室乳头肌水平旋转角度可作为评价左室整体收缩功能的一项指标。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.