老年糖尿病足患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析老年糖尿病足患者感染常见病原菌及耐药情况,探讨防治对策.方法 采用回顾性调查方法,调查并分析我院收治的68例老年糖尿病足感染患者分泌物中所分离的136株病原菌及其耐药状况.结果 老年糖尿病足患者感染病原体中,细菌性占92.6％,真菌性占7.4％.在细菌性病原体中,革兰阳性菌感染占58.7％,其中葡萄球菌属最为多见,且耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)发生率呈逐年上升趋势,未见对万古霉素耐药的革兰阳性球菌;革兰阴性杆菌感染占41.3％,其中以肠杆菌科细菌最为多见;混合感染病例占61.8％,真菌感染均以混合感染形式出现,呈逐年上升趋势.结论 及时对糖尿病足感染的病原菌及其耐药性进行监测,有利于老年人糖尿病足感染的防治.     

金黄色葡萄球菌肺部感染的临床分析

目的了解我院金黄色葡萄球菌肺部感染的耐药趋势及用药情况，供临床治疗参考。方法对临床分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌进行药物敏感试验，并统计临床用药情况、疗程及预后。结果金黄色葡萄球菌肺部感染多为老年发病、住院时间长、病死率高。659例肺部感染中检出金黄色葡萄球菌33例，耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）22例，万古霉素敏感率为71.4％、其次为头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢曲松敏感率／〉50％，氧氟沙星、环丙沙星其敏感性最低。而临床上敏感率最高的万古霉素用药频率却为最低。结论目前万古霉素仍然是耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌肺部感染的首选药物，但是临床的用药情并非如此，证明临床对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌肺部感染重视程度不够，值得关注。     

糖尿病足溃疡处病原菌分布情况及耐药性分析

目的观察糖尿病足溃疡分泌物病原菌分布情况及其耐药性分析,指导临床用药。方法回顾性分析2012年1月—2015年12月期间该院糖尿病患者足溃疡分泌物分离的292株病原菌的分布情况及其耐药性。结果糖尿病足病原菌以革兰阳性球菌为主(56.8%),其次是革兰阴性杆菌(39.7%)和真菌(3.5%);其中革兰阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌比例最多,占42.2%,溶血性葡萄球菌占20.5%;而革兰阴性杆菌的分布为变形杆菌占25.9%,铜绿假单胞菌占24.1%。其药敏结果显示,在金黄色葡萄球菌中,对莫西沙星耐药率为0,MRSA占22.5%,未见对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、达托霉素耐药的革兰氏阳性菌;亚胺培南对革兰阴性杆菌抗菌敏感性较高,其他常用抗菌药均有不同程度的耐药。结论糖尿病足溃疡处病原菌分布以革兰阳性菌为主,万古霉素和莫西沙星有较高抗菌活性。通过对糖尿病足感染的病原菌及耐药性进行监测,及时调整抗菌药物,减少耐药菌产生。     

呼吸道耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药临床分析

目的了解呼吸道耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)感染现状及耐药性。方法选择2010-11～2011-10门诊及住院患者呼吸道标本培养的263株金黄色葡萄球菌进行分析。结果 MRSA分离率为57.79%(152/263),药敏显示MRSA对万古霉素及利奈唑胺敏感,对复方新诺明及利福平保持一定敏感性,对β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类、氨基糖苷类耐药率在80%以上。结论呼吸道MRSA多重耐药情况严重,应首选万古霉素或利奈唑胺。     

下呼吸道感染金葡菌耐药性分析

目的调查我院住院病人下呼吸道感染金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）的耐药现状。方法对101例下呼吸道感染sA的住院病人临床资料进行分析,并比较甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）与耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）对抗生素的耐药性差异。结果共101例下呼吸道感染患者,分离出MRSA71例,分离率70．30％。下呼吸道sA感染发生于基础疾病较多,接受侵入性操作,长时间使用抗生素的患者;药敏结果显示,MRSA对多种抗菌药物的产生高度耐药,且耐药率明显高于MSSA（P〈0．01）,但对替加环素、万古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感率为100％。结论下呼吸道感染sA多发生于危险因素较多的患者;MRSA分离率高,对常用抗菌药物呈多重耐药。     

胸腰椎手术切口感染MRSA病原学分析

目的分析胸腰椎手术切口感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌病原学情况,指导临床治疗及用药。方法收集117例胸腰椎手术切口感染患者临床资料及标本,分离病原菌并进行耐药性分析。采用统计学分析患者耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染发生因素。结果从患者标本中,共分离到革兰阳性球菌88例(75.21%,88/117),革兰阴性杆菌29例(24.79%,29/117)。88例革兰阳性球菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌71例(60.68%,71/117),其中甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)50例,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)21例。表皮葡萄球菌12例(10.26%,12/117),其中甲氧西林敏感表皮葡萄球菌(MSSE)4例,甲氧西林耐药表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)8例。粪肠球菌5例(4.27%,5/117)。革兰阴性杆菌29例,其中大肠埃希菌7例(5.98%,7/117),肺炎克雷伯菌4例(3.42%,4/117),阴沟肠杆菌14例(11.97%,14/117),铜绿假单胞菌4例(3.42%,4/117)。MRSA在脓液、血液、分泌物、穿刺液以及导管样本分离率分别为21.95%、18.92%、14.29%、14.29%、9.09%。MRSA对苯唑西林、头孢曲松、庆大霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、万古霉素的耐药率分别为100.00%、76.19%、66.67%、42.86%、42.86%和0.00%。患者的性别、年龄及治疗中联合用药种类与患者MRSA感染无关(P0.05),而患者感染MRSA的发生与患者住院时间以及糖尿病有关(P0.05)。结论胸腰椎手术切口感染患者MRSA感染率较高,脓液是主要样本来源。临床治疗MRSA感染时,可优先选用万古霉素。患者感染MRSA的发生与患者住院时间以及糖尿病有关,临床应给予重视。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎的诊断与治疗北大核心CSCD

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA）因其对抗生素的高度耐药性及其诊治的复杂性令广大临床医生感到异常棘手,自发现至今已成为全球院内感染的重要病原菌之一.中国细菌耐药性监测（CHINET） 2013年的资料显示,金黄色葡萄球菌占分离总菌株数的9.61％,其中MRSA在金黄色葡萄球菌中的平均检出率为45.2％,MRSA分离率最高的医院达72.0％.     

儿童耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分离与耐药状况调查

目的了解桂北地区儿童耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的感染特点和耐药状况,为临床诊治提供参考。方法对2009-03—2012-10桂林医学院附属医院感染MRSA的患儿的临床特点进行调查,用头孢西丁纸片法鉴定MRSA,采用VITEK32全自动微生物分析仪GPS药敏板,检测MRSA分离株对20种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果分离金黄色葡萄球菌（SAU）289株,MRSA51株,MRSA分离率为17．65％,检出MRSA较多的标本是脓液和分泌物,检出MRSA的患儿中0～3岁者40例（78．43％）。所有MRSA的分离株都对青霉素和苯唑西林耐药,对头孢菌素类药物的耐药率较高,对克林霉素敏感率为53％,对复方新诺明、诺氟沙星、利福平的敏感率较高,对万古霉素、夫西地酸、替考拉宁、左旋氧氟沙星、米诺环素、呋喃妥因、达福普汀100％敏感。结论桂北地区儿童MRSA分离株多见于婴幼儿,万古霉素、夫西地酸、替考拉宁、达福普汀、复方新诺明、呋喃妥因、利福平具有较高的敏感率,可以考虑常规用于治疗桂北地区MRSA引起的儿童感染。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌院内肺部感染的临床研究

目的总结耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)院内肺部感染的特点及万古霉素的疗效.方法分析4年来确诊为MRSA院内肺部感染69例,研究其相关易感因素、药敏试验、抗生素使用情况和治疗效果.结果69例均存在严重基础疾患、人工气道、机械通气、抗生素的滥用和免疫功能低下等因素.MRSA对万古霉素100%敏感,三甲磺胺和利福平敏感率较高,其余抗生素敏感率极低.万古霉素治疗效果好.结论MRSA院内肺部感染者均存在明确易感因素.万古霉素为首选的治疗药物.     

结核患者合并金黄色葡萄球菌感染的耐药性分析

目的了解结核患者合并金黄色葡萄球菌感染对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法对来自结核病人标本分离的99株金黄色葡萄球菌,使用纸片扩散法对药敏结果进行分析。结果共计99株金黄色葡萄球菌检出62株MRSA,MRSA检出率为62.6%。MRSA对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、复方新诺明的敏感率较高,依次为100%、100%和75.8%,但对其他药物呈多重耐药。MRSA耐药率显著高于MSSA。结论金黄色葡萄球菌对常用抗菌药物呈现多重耐药性,特别对于MRSA应有针对性加强监测,根据分离株耐药特点选用不同的治疗方案。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.