血管性认知损害的危险因素

血管性认知损害(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)是指由各种血管性因素引起的不同程度的认知功能损害综合征,其发病率日益增高,但其危险因素尚不明确.注重VCI的早期预防可有效减少血管性痴呆的发生.文章对VCI的危险因素进行了综述.     

血管性认知损害的研究进展

血管性认知损害（VCI）指血管或与血管相关因素引起的认知功能障碍,其范围囊括了痴呆及非痴呆等各种类型的认知功能障碍,危险因素主要是血管性危险因素和基因遗传因素,病理生理改变是皮质下白质缺血及梗死,尼莫地平、美金刚、丙戊茶碱治疗VCI可能有一定疗效,防治其危险因素是预防VCI的首要原则。     

血管性认知功能障碍的诊断与治疗进展

血管性认知功能障碍（VCI）是指由脑血管病及血管性危险因素引起的以不同程度认知功能受损为特点的临床综合征,为最常见的认知功能障碍类型之一.VCI在疾病发展至血管性痴呆（VaD）之前,早期诊断、早期干预可以预防、延缓VCI,甚至逆转认知功能损害.因此,我们重点从概念、分子机制、生物学标记物及治疗等方面对VCI的研究进展作一综述.     

血管性认知功能损害的发病机制及早期诊断

血管性认知功能损害（VCI）是由脑血管病危险因素（高血压、糖尿病、高血脂等）、明显脑血管病（脑梗死、脑出血等）或不明显脑血管病（白质疏松症、慢性脑缺血等）引起的一大类综合征,包括传统意义上的血管性痴呆（VD）.研究显示,VCI为目前威胁老年人健康的重大疾病之一,其发病率约为64％,给社会和家庭造成极大的经济负担[2].VCI发病机制复杂,临床早期诊断困难.因此,研究VCI的发病机制及早期诊断,有助于其预防及早期治疗.     

非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍的研究进展

随着老龄化社会进程的加快,罹患认知功能障碍的老年人越来越多,认知功能障碍已成为影响中老年人健康和生活质量的重要疾病。血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)是在重新认识和批判血管性痴呆(VaD)的基础上提出来的,目的在于对其早期干预。而非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍(VCIND)恰好处于VCI的早期。早期干预可延缓患者认知功能的衰退及精神和行为症状的发展,有助于维持患者基本的认知功能,提高日常生活能力,减少患者住院日,以便节约医疗资源。本研究就非痴呆性血管性认知功能障碍的概念、危险因素、流行病学、临床特点及治疗等方面进行综述。     

血管性认知损害的筛查工具与早期诊断

血管性认知损害(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)是由脑血管病危险因素(如高血压、心脏病、糖尿病和高血脂等)、明显(如脑梗死和脑出血等)或不明显的脑血管病(如白质疏松和慢性脑缺血等)引起的从轻度认知障碍到痴呆的综合征[1,2].目前较为统一的意见是VCI包括3个内容[3～6]:非痴呆型血管性认知损害 (vascular cognitive impairment,no dementia,VCIND)、血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD )、AD伴血管病变(即混合性痴呆,mixed AD/VD).与血管性痴呆相比,其内涵有了扩展,认知障碍不强调记忆力损害,只要有某些认知领域的功能下降,即使没有记忆力减退,仍然可定性为认知障碍;同时,"血管性"不特指脑出血或梗死,还包括各种可能影响脑功能的心脑血管病变.     

血管性认知障碍的中西医研究进展

血管性认知障碍(VCI)是指由脑血管病变所致的早期或轻度认知功能损害,病情较为隐匿,且认知障碍程度尚未达到痴呆标准的一类综合征,该概念的提出对于血管性痴呆的预防及干预有重大意义。从中医学、西医学角度对VCI的定义、分类、病因病机、诊断及治疗等进行综述。     

血管性认知障碍的研究进展

血管性痴呆（VaD）是老年期痴呆的常见类型,因其可预防、治疗,故早期发现有认知损害但未达到痴呆的患者非常重要。本文结合文献就血管性认知障碍（VCI）的研究进展综述如下：     

P300检测对老年血管性痴呆患者的诊断价值

目的:探讨P300检测对血管性痴呆老年人认知功能障碍判定的临床意义。方法:对对照组(无认知功能障碍)老年人25名、轻度VCI组老年人14名及血管性痴呆组(VD)老年人14名进行P300检测。结果:P300潜伏期:对照组(332.18±4.96),轻度VCI组(346.64±12.27)、血管性痴呆组(421.71±15.46),血管性痴呆组与对照组、轻度VCI组相比P300潜伏期均显著延长,有统计学差异(P0.05);P300波幅:对照组(13.42±1.48)、轻度VCI组(11.02±1.09)、血管性痴呆组(10.35±1.60),血管性痴呆组和轻度VCI组与对照组分别比较有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:P300作为一个反映感觉、知觉、记忆、理解、学习、判断等综合智能活动指标对老年血管性痴呆病人有重要的诊断和提示意义。     

血管性认知功能障碍患者的神经心理学、颈部血管超声改变及影像学的研究

目的 研究血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)的神经心理学、颈部血管超声改变及影像学特点,并探讨其意义.方法 对29例血管性痴呆(VD)患者、47例血管性认知功能障碍非痴呆(VCIND)患者和31例认知功能正常者(对照组)进行神经心理学测试、颈部血管超声和颅脑CT检查.结果 认知功能各分测验成绩的标准化Z值显示,VD和VCIND患者相对于对照组变化幅度最大的是连线测验,变化幅度最小的是四个词的记忆测验.颈部血管超声参数的多因素分析显示,左椎动脉管径和左椎动脉血流量与VCI显著相关,其OR值分别为5.640、0.975(P<0.05).颅脑影像学检查指标的多因素分析显示,白质疏松积分与VCI显著相关,其OR值为2.151(P<0.01).结论 VCI以额叶功能和注意力损害较为突出,记忆和语言损害较轻,具有不均质性的特点.左椎动脉管径和左椎动脉血流量可能是认知功能下降的预报因子.脑白质疏松与VCI的发病关系更密切.     

Gastrointestinal motility and neurogastroenterology

Abstract

Nordic research on gastrointestinal motility has since 1965 made substantial contributions to our current understanding of gastrointestinal function. During the last decade, the term neurogastroenterology has widened the concept of motility research into the study of gastrointestinal sensory-motor function, including the complex central nervous system interaction. The discovery of a non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) innervation of the gut in the sixties was made by considerable contributions from the Nordic countries with the Martinson group in Sweden as central innovators. Important discoveries regarding the intramural nerve ganglia as mediators of the autonomic nervous input has also been produced from this research. In clinical motility research, the study of the migrating motor complex in the small bowel has revealed its ability to act as a retroperistaltic pump in the proximal duodenum (Sweden) and its important role for gut microbial homeostasis (Norway). Also in the development of methodology to study gut sensory-motor function, the Nordic countries has contributed. Examples are the physical characteristics of the esophageal manometry catheter (Denmark), the use of ultrasound for assessment of gastric function (Norway), a temporary electrical stimulation method in patients with severe nausea and vomiting (Sweden), a rectal barostat method for clinical evaluation of recto-anal function and a colonic transit time method utilizing radio-opaque markers (Sweden). In later years, the research collaborations have increasingly become worldwide in a manner making it less easy to define pure Nordic contributions.     

Gut microbiota in various childhood disorders: Implication and indications

Gut microbiota has a significant role in gut development, maturation, and immune system differentiation. It exerts considerable effects on the child's physical and mental development. The gut microbiota composition and structure depend on many host and microbial factors. The host factors include age, genetic pool, general health, dietary factors, medication use, the intestine's pH, peristalsis, and transit time, mucus secretions, mucous immunoglobulin, and tissue oxidation-reduction potentials. The microbial factors include nutrient availability, bacterial cooperation or antagonism, and bacterial adhesion. Each part of the gut has its microbiota due to its specific characteristics. The gut microbiota interacts with different body parts, affecting the pathogenesis of many local and systemic diseases. Dysbiosis is a common finding in many childhood disorders such as autism, failure to thrive, nutritional disorders, coeliac disease, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, helicobacter pylori infection, functional gastrointestinal disorders of childhood, inflammatory bowel diseases, and many other gastrointestinal disorders. Dysbiosis is also observed in allergic conditions like atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. Dysbiosis can also impact the development and the progression of immune disorders and cardiac disorders, including heart failure. Probiotic supplements could provide some help in managing these disorders. However, we are still in need of more studies. In this narrative review, we will shed some light on the role of microbiota in the development and management of common childhood disorders.     

Radiation exposure in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome in the years 2001–2011

Objectives: To compare cumulative ionizing radiation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) for the years 2001–2011. To study how radiation exposure change over time in patients with newly diagnosed IBD and factors associated with radiation exposure.

Material and methods: All radiological investigations performed between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2011 were retrospectively recorded in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) (n?=?103), ulcerative colitis (UC) (n?=?304) and IBS (n?=?149). Analyses were done with Mann–Whitney and Chi-Square test.

Results: The median total cumulative radiation exposure in mSv for CD (20.0, inter quartile range (IQR) 34.8), UC (7.01, IQR 23.8), IBS (2.71, IQR 9.15) and the proportion of patients who had been exposed for more than 50 mSv during the study period (CD 19%, UC 11%, IBS 3%) were significantly higher in the patients with CD compared to patients with UC (p?<?.001) and IBS (p?<?.001), respectively. In turn, patients with UC had significantly higher doses than patients with IBS (p?=?.005). Risk factors for radiation exposure were female gender (CD), early onset (UC), ileocolonic location (CD), previous surgery (CD and UC), depression (IBS) and widespread pain (IBS). In newly diagnosed CD, there was a significant decline in median cumulative radiation dose in mSv (17.2 vs. 12.0; p?=?.048) during the study period.

Conclusions: Patients with CD are at greatest risk for high cumulative radiation exposure, but there is a decline in exposure during the late 2000s. Non-colectomized patients with UC and patients with IBS have a relatively low risk of cumulative radiation exposure.     

广东省住院患者糖脂代谢状况与合并症调查

目的 了解住院病人糖和脂代谢状态、调脂达标现状及对合并症的影响,以提高临床医务工作者对糖、脂代谢紊乱认知意识和防治水平.方法 采用横断面调查方法,对广东省10家大学附属医院同期住院的8753例患者登记病史、空腹血糖(FBG),行体脂和血脂分析.已诊断糖尿病(PDM)和FBG≥5.6 mmo]/L未诊断精尿病患者填写病例报告表;5.6 mmol/L≤FBG≤6.9 mmol/L者行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT).结果 PDM和未诊断糖尿病FBG≥5.6 mmol/L资料完整者1067例.未诊断糖尿病5.6 mmol/L≤FBG≤6.9 mmol/L行OGTT检查者占65.8%(325/494).PDM 447例,占41.9%,新诊断糖尿病(NDM)占21.7%,糖调节异常(IGR)占29.1%,正常糖耐量(NGT)7.3%.TG水平NDM组和PDM组高于NGT组和IGR组(P值均<0.05),HDL-C水平NGT组高于糖耐最异常各组(P值均<0.05).血脂异常的比例IGR组52.5%,NGT组56.4%,糖尿病(NDM+PDM)组69.6%.22.8%PDM患者接受系统调脂治疗,达标率3.4%.IGR、NDM和PDM组BMI和腰围大于NGT组(P值均<0.05),腰围PDM组大于IGR组(P<0.01).PDM组合并1种以上血管病变者占72.8%,NDM患者9.7%并发糖尿病肾病,0.2%并发糖尿病视网膜病变.结论 住院糖尿病和IGR患者合并脂质代谢异常的比例显著高于NGT住院患者,以高TG和低HDL-C血症为主.住院PDM患者合并血管病变的比例显著高于其他患者,部分NDM和IGT患者已并发微血管病变.     

单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂治疗血管性认知障碍的疗效观察

目的 观察单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂(GM1)治疗血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)的疗效.方法 60例VCI患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,其中对照组接受常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用GM1(80mg/d)连续静脉滴注2周.在治疗前和治疗后采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)评定疗效,并观察治疗安全性.结果 治疗2周后两组MoCA评分均显著高于治疗前(P均＜0.05),治疗组MoCA评分显著高于对照组(20.82±1.96对19.61±2.02,t=2.315,P=0.023),未发现明显不良反应.结论 单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂治疗VCI的疗效肯定,且无严重不良反应,值得临床推广使用.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the efficacy of monosialotetrahexosy lganglioside (GM1) in the treatment of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Methods Sixty patients with VCI were randomly divided into either a treatment group or a control group. The patients in the control group received conventional treatment and those in the treatment control group were treated with conventional treatment plus continuous intravenous infusion of GM1 (80 mg/d) for 2 weeks. The efficacy was evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) before and after the treatment, and the safety of the treatment was observed. Results After 2 weeks of treatment, the MoCA scores were significantly higher than those before treatment in both groups (all P ＜ 0. 05). The MoCA scores of the treatment group were significantly higher than those of the control group (20. 82 ± 1. 96 vs. 19. 61 ±2. 02, t =2. 315, P =0. 023). No obvious adverse reactions were found. Conclusions The efficacy of GM1 is positive in the treatment of vascular cognitive impairment, and there is no obvious adverse reactions. It is worthy of using widely in clinical practice.     

Serum transferrin receptor measurements in hematologic malignancies

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using specific monoclonal antibodies was used to measure circulating transferrin receptor (TR) in 87 patients with various hematologic malignancies. The mean serum TR was significantly elevated in patients with myeloproliferative disorders (15.47 +/- 12.54 micrograms/ml), whereas there were no differences in chronic granulocytic leukemia (7.89 +/- 3.56 micrograms/ml), myelodysplastic disorders (9.25 +/- 4.73 micrograms/ml), and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (3.85 +/- 3.50 micrograms/ml) as compared to normal (5.63 +/- 1.42 micrograms/ml). Among patients with lymphoproliferative disorders, the mean level was normal in lymphoma (5.73 +/- 2.59 micrograms/ml), multiple myeloma (5.47 +/- 1.31 micrograms/ml), and hairy cell leukemia (7.04 +/- 3.69 micrograms/ml). The serum TR was significantly elevated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL; 14.17 +/- 12.29 micrograms/ml), and the serum levels reflected the clinical stage of the disease. These findings suggest that serum TR measurement may provide a useful laboratory index of disease activity in certain disorders such as CLL, whereas it most likely reflects the intensity of erythropoiesis in the remaining hematological disorders that were evaluated in this study.     

血管性认知障碍的诊断

血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive inpairment,VCI)是由脑血管危险因素(如高血压、糖尿病和高脂血症等)、明显(如脑梗死和脑出血等)或不明显的脑血管病(如白质疏松症和慢性脑缺血)引起的从轻度认知障碍到痴呆的一大类综合征.准确的早期诊断町提供最佳的治疗机会,并延缓病情的发展.近年来,对VCI的研究取得了很大进展.文章对VCI从病因、临床表现、神经心理学、影像学、神经电生理、生物学标志物和诊断标准等方面做了综述.