不稳定型心绞痛患者同型半胱氨酸内皮素及纤维蛋白肽A的变化及意义

目的 :探讨不稳定型心绞痛 (UAP)患者血中同型半胱氨酸 (Hcy)、内皮素 (ET)及纤维蛋白肽A(FPA)的变化及意义。方法 :分别测定UAP患者 (37例 )、正常人 (31例 )血中Hcy、ET及FPA值。结果 :UAP患者Hcy、ET及FPA值均明显高于正常人 [(12 .4 9± 5 .4 7)∶(4 .38± 1.14 ) μmol/L]、[(12 9.37± 2 6 .6 2 )∶(6 5 .0 6±13.76 )ng/L]及 [(8.87± 2 .11)∶(3.4 5± 0 .6 0 ) μg/L],均 P <0 .0 5 ,Hcy与ET呈正相关 (r =0 .4 5 ,P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :Hcy、ET及FPA的改变可能参与了UAP的病理生理过程     

新蝶呤和白介素-6在不稳定型心绞痛中的变化

目的 :研究不稳定型心绞痛 (UAP)患者血中免疫反应标记物新蝶呤和炎症反应标记物白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )的变化。方法 :采用酶联免疫法测定 77例经冠状动脉造影证实的冠心病患者血中新蝶呤、IL 6、C 反应蛋白 (CRP)的浓度。 77例中UAP 36例 ,年龄 4 2～ 82 (6 3± 11)岁 ;慢性稳定型心绞痛 (SAP)患者 4 1例 ,年龄 4 0～ 80(6 4± 9)岁。结果 :与SAP患者相比 ,IL 6〔(12 .72± 13.4 2 )∶(7.0 1± 3.0 8)ng/L ,P <0 .0 1〕、CRP〔(2 .0 3± 3.6 8)∶(0 .85± 0 .99)mg/L ,P <0 .0 5〕、新蝶呤〔(7.0± 3.16 )∶(5 .38± 3.2 0 )nmol/L ,P <0 .0 5〕及经血肌酐校正的新蝶呤水平 (× 10 -2 ) (7.5 9± 2 .87∶5 .0 9± 2 .86 ,P <0 .0 1)在UAP患者中显著增高。结论 :新蝶呤和IL 6、CRP在UAP患者中增高 ,均可作为提示斑块不稳定性的指标 ,辅助UAP的诊断。免疫反应和炎症反应均参与了UAP的发生     

巨噬细胞集落刺激因子与不稳定型心绞痛患者预后的关系

目的 :评价巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (MCSF)预测不稳定型心绞痛 (UAP)患者预后的价值。方法 :118例接受了冠状动脉造影或有心肌梗死史的BrauwaldⅢB型UAP患者纳入本研究。检测入选者血清MCSF、白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )、C 反应蛋白 (CRP) ,并对其进行了 6个月的随访 ,按随访期间有无主要心脏事件发生分成两组 :Ⅰ组 :发生心脏事件 (n =6 8) ;Ⅱ组 :未发生心脏事件 (n =5 0 )。结果 :Ⅰ组患者血清MCSF、IL 6、CRP均显著高于Ⅱ组患者 [MCSF :(4 5 7.19± 6 6 .16 )∶(311.14± 4 8.2 2 )ng/L ;IL 6 :(8.6 8± 4 .6 1)∶(4 .5 9± 1.71)ng/L ;CRP :(8.6 9± 3.73)∶(3.34± 2 .0 8)mg/L ;三者均P <0 .0 1]。血清MCSF含量与IL 6 (r =0 .5 2 1,P <0 .0 1)和CRP(r =0 .5 2 8,P <0 .0 1)含量均呈显著正相关。多因素回归分析显示 ,血清MCSF水平是UAP随访期间发生心脏事件独立的、最强烈的预测因子 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :UAP患者血清MCSF浓度增高时 ,可以预测其长期的不良心脏事件的发生     

内源性一氧化碳与低氧性肺动脉高压关系的临床研究

目的　探讨慢性肺心病 (简称肺心病 )患者血浆内源性一氧化碳 (CO)水平及内皮素 1(ET 1) /CO与低氧性肺动脉高压 (HPH)的关系。方法　采用Chalmers介绍的血红蛋白结合及联二亚硫酸盐还原法检测 33例肺心病患者急性加重期和缓解期血浆内源性CO水平 ,同步测定血浆ET 1水平、动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 )及右室射血前期时间与肺动脉血流加速时间的比值 (RVPEP/AT) ,并进行相关分析。 30名性别和年龄相匹配的健康人作为对照组。结果　肺心病组急性加重期和缓解期患者血浆内源性CO、ET 1和ET 1/CO水平为 (1.34± 0 .18)mg/L、(1.0 7± 0 .14 )mg/L ;(82± 15 )ng/L、(5 7±10 )ng/L ;6 1± 6、5 3± 5 ,与正常对照组 [(0 .5 5± 0 .12 )mg/L、(2 7± 9)ng/L、4 8± 7]比较 (P均 <0 .0 0 1和 <0 .0 5 ) ;急性加重期与缓解期比较 (P均 <0 .0 0 1和 0 .0 5 )。肺心病组急性加重期和缓解期血浆内源性CO水平均与PaO2 呈负相关 (r =- 0 .733、- 0 .6 72 ,P均 <0 .0 1) ,与RVPEP/AT呈正相关 (r =0 6 2 0、0 .5 5 7,P均 <0 .0 1) ;血浆ET 1/CO均与RVPEP/AT呈正相关 (r =0 .5 0 1、0 .4 85 ,P <0 .0 1和0 0 5 )。结论　肺心病患者血浆内源性CO水平升高可能参与了HPH的病理生理过程并发挥重要的代偿作用 ,ET 1和CO比值失衡可     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征老年患者血管内皮功能变化及其与冠心病的关系

目的　探讨老年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (OSAS)患者血管内皮功能变化与冠心病 (CHD)的内在联系。方法　随机选择 31例无OSAS、无心血管疾病的老年单纯鼾症者为对照组 ,4 5例老年中、重度OSAS患者为OSAS组 ,OSAS组内又分为有CHD(16例 )和无CHD(2 9例 )两个亚组。测定和比较组间的血浆一氧化氮 (NO)、内皮素 (ET)及其比值的动态变化及OSAS组内CHD有无的区别。结果　与对照组相比 ,OSAS组患者的NO水平明显降低〔(2 7.6 9± 9.17)vs(6 1.90± 13.4 7) μmol/L〕 ,ET水平明显增高〔(5 8.0 8± 14 .2 1)vs (34.77± 8.2 3)ng/L〕 ,NO/ET比值明显下降〔(0 .4 7± 0 .18)vs (1.72± 0 .97) ,均P <0 .0 1)〕。CHD的发生率在OSAS组达 35 .6 %。与对照组相比 ,OSAS组中不伴CHD者降低的NO水平 (35 .5 3± 9.39) μmol/L、升高的ET水平 (47.78± 11.13)ng/L和下降的NO/ET比值 (0 .75± 0 .13)已有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;伴有CHD者的NO水平 (2 2 .17± 8.76 )μmol/L、ET水平 (6 9.14± 12 .17)ng/L和NO/ET比值 (0 .32± 0 .14 )较对照组相差更为明显 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　OSAS老年患者存在明显的血管内皮功能障碍 ,尤以CHD者为甚 ,血管内皮功能损伤可能是OSAS患者并发CHD的原因     

肌钙蛋白Ⅰ对老年不稳定性心绞痛患者危险分层的判断价值

目的　探讨心脏肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)对老年不稳定性心绞痛 (UAP)患者危险分层的判断价值。　方法　对 6 8例老年UAP患者、17例稳定性心绞痛 (SAP)患者及 11例健康对照者分别进行血清cTnI测定 ,并观察住院 1个月内心脏事件发生情况。　结果　UAP组血清cTnI值为 (1 94± 0 6 3)μg/L ,明显高于SAP组的 (0 6 1± 0 11) μg/L及对照组的 (0 47± 0 0 8) μg/L(均为P <0 0 1)。UAP组内 ,随着Braunwald临床分级增高 ,Ⅰ～Ⅲ级血清cTnI值相应增高〔分别为 (1 35± 0 2 8)、(2 0 4± 0 31)及(3 17± 0 74) μg/L〕(P <0 0 5 )。对照组、SAP组及BraunwaldⅠ级UAP患者无 1例发生心脏事件 ;BraunwaldⅡ级 1例患者发生非致命性心肌梗死 ;BraunwaldⅢ级患者中 ,血清cTnI≥ 1 5 μg/L者心脏事件发生率为 42 1% ,高于血清cTnI <1 5 μg/L者的 13 3% (P <0 0 5 ) ,比数比 (OR) 3 15 ,95 %可信限为1 0 1～ 9 81。血清cTnI≥ 1 5 μg/L时判断心脏事件的阳性预测值为 42 1% ,阴性预测值为 86 7%。　结论　血清cTnI检测对老年UAP患者危险分层有较好的判断价值。     

血浆中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶与冠心病的关系

目的 :探讨血浆中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶 (neutrophilelastase,NE)与冠心病 (CHD)的关系。方法 :对85例观察对象进行分组 ,根据冠状动脉造影结果分为 :简单病变组 2 4例 ,复杂病变组 5 1例 ,正常对照组 10例。根据CHD病情分为 :急性心肌梗死 (AMI)组 9例 ,不稳定型心绞痛 (UAP)组 4 5例 ,稳定型心绞痛 (SAP)组 2 1例 ,正常对照组 10例。用酶联免疫吸附法 (ELASA)检测血浆NE含量 ,比较不同组间NE含量。结果 :血浆NE含量 :复杂病变组 [(6 3.4 2± 13.6 2 ) μg/L]高于简单病变组 [(4 4 .5 0± 12 .73) μg/L],差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。AMI组 [(71.4 8± 10 .16 ) μg/L]高于UAP组 [(6 1.2 7± 14 .5 7) μg/L],但差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,明显高于SAP组 [(4 0 .95± 10 .0 9) μg/L]及正常对照组 [(36 .6 3± 12 .35 ) μg/L],差异均有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1) ,后两组间比较差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。UAP组明显高于SAP组及正常对照组 ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :血浆NE含量与冠状动脉病变稳定性及CHD病情严重性相关 ,NE可能是冠状动脉病变活动性的标志物。     

急性冠脉缺血综合症患者血浆内皮素和内啡肽的变化及意义

目的 :观察急性冠脉缺血综合征 (ACIS)几种血浆介质的变化及意义。方法 :6 5例 ACIS患者被分为 AMI组(4 3例 ) ,不稳定型心绞痛组 (2 2例 ) ,于其发病后 12、 14、 48小时和 2 0天检查血肌酸激酶同工酶 (CK- MB)、内皮素 (ET)、β内啡肽 (β- EP)水平。结果 :ET峰值 :AMI组、心绞痛组分别为发病 12小时的 2 88.4± 80 .6 pg/ml,2 45 .1± 6 3.4pg/ml;β- EP峰值 :AMI组为 2 4小时的 2 10 .9± 5 0 .2 pg/ml,心绞痛组为 12小时的 15 4.2± 47.6 pg/ml;CK-MB>15 0 U/L 组 :β- EP2 40 .5± 42 .6 pg/ml,ET30 2 .4± 5 8.1pg/ml,明显高于 CK- MB<10 0 U/L组的 (P<0 .0 5 )。心功能 级患者 :β- EP 2 48.6± 2 7.3pg/m l,ET 311.6± 45 .2 pg/ml,明显高于心功能正常组 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :(1) ACIS发病后 β- EP在 2 4小时达到峰值 ,升高程度与心肌缺血坏死程度有关 ,它是 AMI后心衰的病理性介质之一 ;(2 ) ACIS发病后 ET迅速升高 ,12小时达到峰值 ,是急性损伤时的一种内源性致病因子 ,能诱发冠状动脉痉挛和血小板聚集。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ对内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的影响

目的 :探讨血浆中血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ )水平与肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能的关系。 方法 :测定冠心病 (CHD)组 30例、原发性高血压 (EH)组 2 8例、EH并发CHD(EH加CHD)组 39例和正常对照组 2 0例的血脂、AngⅡ、vWF、内皮素 1(ET 1)、一氧化氮 (NO)水平以及反应性充血时和含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径的变化。结果 :EH组、CHD组和EH加CHD组血流介导的肱动脉舒张 (FMD)和硝酸甘油所致的肱动脉舒张均低于对照组 [分别为 (7.32± 4 .36 )、(5 .6 2± 3.0 9)和 (3.72± 3.0 6 ) %∶(14 .2 1± 7.71) %以及 (17.82± 6 .0 0 )、(12 .6 1±4 .2 9)和 (9.5 2± 4 .85 ) %∶(19.33± 9.6 2 ) % ,均P <0 .0 5 ]。多因素线性逐步回归分析显示 :在CHD组和EH加CHD组与血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)水平呈正相关 [分别为 (r =0 .317,P <0 .0 1)和 (r =0 .2 98,P <0 .0 1) ],EH加CHD组与血浆AngⅡ水平呈负相关 (r =- 0 .4 71,P <0 .0 1) ;剔除HDL C影响因素后仍呈负相关 (r =- 0 .2 84 ,P >0 .0 1) ,硝酸甘油所致的肱动脉舒张与上述各因素无关。根据FMD程度将 4组受试者合并后再分为A、B两组 ,A组FMD≤ 5 % ,B组FMD >5 % ,结果显示 ,A组的AngⅡ和ET 1明显高于B组 [分别为(10 1.4 5± 13.4 2 )∶(35 .6 4± 9.6 2 )ng/L和     

急性有机磷农药中毒患者血浆内皮素的变化及临床意义

目的　探讨急性有机磷农药中毒 (AOPP)患者血浆内皮素 (ET)的变化及其临床意义。方法　将 6 9例AOPP患者分成轻度、中度、重度中毒组 3组 ,另选取 2 5例健康人为正常对照组 ,各组均采用放射免疫法检测血浆ET含量。同时进行对比分析。结果　AOPP轻度中毒组患者血浆ET的含量 (5 6 18± 12 80 )ng/L仅轻度升高 ,与正常对照 (5 0 85± 8 93)ng/L比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;中度、重度中毒组患者血浆ET含量分别为 :(72 6 1± 14 2 1)ng/L ,(110 32± 17 38)ng/L较正常对照组明显升高 (P均 <0 0 1) ,中度中毒组患者血浆ET含量较轻度中毒组明显升高 (P <0 0 1) ;重度中毒组患者血浆ET含量较中度中毒组明显升高 (P <0 0 1)。结论　随着AOPP中毒程度的加重 ,血浆ET含量逐渐上升 ,血浆ET的检测可作为判断AOPP患者病情轻重、治疗效果及预后的参考指标     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.