应用单宁酸-氯化铁法筛选长爪沙鼠脑底动脉Willis环变异

背景:以往曾采用阳性体征来判断长爪沙鼠脑缺血的有无,但存在人为影响因素较大、指标不严谨等缺点。单宁酸-氯化铁法媒染微血管效果可靠,方法简捷易行,重复性好,有可能从血管角度筛选以克服上述缺点。目的:探索一种简便、可靠的筛选长爪沙鼠脑底Willis环变异的方法。方法:根据Kirino法制作长爪沙鼠前脑缺血模型,激光多普勒血流仪监测脑组织血流量,单宁酸-氯化铁法显示脑组织微血管。结果与结论:夹闭双侧颈总动脉后,多普勒监测到前脑仍存在血流量的长爪沙鼠,经单宁酸-氯化铁染色证实均存在Willis环变异。研究表明应用单宁酸-氯化铁法显示微血管,可简便、可靠地筛选出脑底Willis环变异的长爪沙鼠。     

胎肺血管的三维重建及临床意义

目的建立胎肺血管的三维可视化解剖模型,为临床科研和基础医学教学奠定形态学基础。方法制作和观察1例38周胎肺血管铸型标本,利用128层螺旋CT对铸型标本进行扫描和CT自带Mxview工作站进行重建胎肺三维数字化模型。结果胎肺血管铸型标本清晰地显示肺部血管分布及走向情况,重建的胎肺血管三维模型可在普通计算机的三维空间内沿任意轴旋转任意角度、缩放,且可进行任意角度的虚拟切割解剖。结论采用血管铸型和螺旋CT扫描能多角度、多层面显示胎儿肺部的血管走向和分布,为构建宫内手术虚拟平台奠定形态学基础。     

脑创伤后脑微血管扫描电镜观察及临床意义

目的：探讨急性颅脑损伤后扫描电镜下脑微血管形态学改变，为脑损伤后继发性损害提供微循环基础。方法：制作大鼠液压冲击脑损伤模型，复合甲基丙烯酸甲酯脑微血管铸型，50％盐酸腐蚀脑组织，制作脑微血管标本，扫描电镜观察正常大鼠正常大鼠脑微血管和急性脑损伤后3、12、48、72h脑微血管形态学的改变。结果：对照组脑内有较稠密的微血管，分布均匀，外形规则、平滑，粗细均匀，行走弯曲自然。脑损伤后3h观察到小动脉行走僵硬，毛细血管充盈差，吻合减少，行走过度弯曲或形成盲端。24h和48h的血管有较多的渗出，铸型剂聚集或囊性扩张。结论：急性颅脑损伤后脑微血管功能失调是导致加重继发性脑缺血缺氧的重要原因。     

Wistar大鼠口腔颌面部微血管铸型制作

目的　通过Wistar大鼠头面部微血管铸型标本制作与扫描电镜观察,旨在建立毛细血管真实的三维空间显示方法,以便于毛细血管三维数字化重建。 方法　8周龄Wistar大鼠从腹腔以下断除,从主动脉插管冲洗后,灌注树脂材料。恒温水浴箱放置24 h后,解剖大鼠头颈部,形成皮肤标本、舌标本、下颌骨标本、上颌骨标本。将标本腐蚀、冲洗、干燥。用离子镀膜机进行喷镀金,在扫描电镜下观察血管铸型的解剖形态、走形、以及毗邻结构。 结果　成功制备了Wistar大鼠的皮肤标本、舌标本、下颌骨标本、上颌骨标本的毛细血管铸型,清晰显示局部毛细血管的形态与走形结构,扫描电镜下可显示微观毛细血管三维空间结构。 结论　建立了Wistar大鼠头面部的毛细血管铸型方法,为研究微血管的形态学三维重建提供了方法,也为毛细血管的3D打印奠定了基础。     

胎儿颌面部血管铸型标本的三维重建

目的建立胎儿颌面部血管铸型标本的三维可视化解剖模型。方法制作和观察21～32周胎儿头颈部血管铸型标本,利用16排多层螺旋CT对铸型标本进行扫描,获得数据建立胎儿颌面部血管的三维模型。结果铸型标本清晰地显示胎儿颌面部血管的主要动脉来源及分布特点,其三维重建模型立体地显示颌面部各骨形态与血管的空间位置关系。结论采用血管铸型技术和螺旋CT扫描技术相结合方式,多角度、多层面显示胎儿颌面部血管的主要动脉走行及分布情况,旨在为宫内虚拟手术奠定解剖学基础。     

Wistar大鼠舌部毛细血管铸型结构

目的:通过Wistar大鼠舌部毛细血管铸型扫描电镜观察,旨在观察其毛细血管床的三维空间结构,为中医舌诊中微循环生理与病理形态学研究奠定基础。方法:8周龄Wistar大鼠从腹部以下断除,从主动脉插管冲洗后,灌注树脂材料。恒温水浴箱放置24 h后,解剖大鼠头颈部,制作舌标本。舌部标本腐蚀、冲洗、干燥。Wistar大鼠舌标本进行喷金处理,扫描电镜从30倍到4 500倍下观察舌部毛细血管标本各个解剖结构。结果:Wistar大鼠舌标本的毛细血管铸型的血管无杂物附着,清晰显示局部毛细血管的形态与走行结构,扫描电镜下可显示微观毛细血管三维空间结构,大量舌乳头结构的空间形态特点。结论:建立了Wistar大鼠舌部的毛细血管铸型方法,为研究舌部微血管的形态学三维观察和重建提供了方法,也为中医的舌诊研究提供了形态学基础。     

大鼠及家兔脑动脉的比较及其在脑缺血模型中的应用

目的　观察和比较大鼠、家兔脑动脉的形态特点。方法　利用墨汁、乳胶混合液灌注的 45只鼠和 5 0只兔脑标本 ,在光镜下观察脑动脉的起始、行程和分布。结果　大鼠和家兔的椎 基底动脉系血管起始、行程基本相同。大鼠的脑底动脉环闭锁型的出现率是 97 78% ,组成环的两侧血管等粗 ,对称者是 80 0 0 %。而家兔脑底动脉环闭锁型出现率是 80 0 0 % ,环两侧血管对称者占 2 8 0 0 %。大鼠的大脑中动脉均是 1枝型 ,起始、行程恒定。兔的大脑中动脉 1～ 2枝不等 ,行程短 ,其分布范围内尚有 1～ 2枝梨状区动脉存在。结论　与家兔相比 ,大鼠的脑动脉更接近人类 ,是制做脑缺血模型理想的实验动物。     

胎儿肺动脉铸型标本的制作

目的通过制作胎儿肺动脉铸型标本为胎儿基础医学研究和胎儿宫内手术提供真实的形态学资料。方法自制塑料插管对1例26周以上胎儿肺标本进行肺动脉插管,按常规灌注红色的环氧树脂填充剂并铸型。结果铸型标本既能充分显示整体胎儿肺部动脉血管的形态结构,又能清晰地显示左肺动脉、左上肺动脉、左下肺动脉和右肺动脉、右上肺动脉、右下肺动脉等分布及走行情况。结论制作好的胎儿肺动脉铸型标本既能为胎儿基础医学研究提供真实的形态学资料,又可以为构建宫内胎儿肺部手术术前模拟训练平台奠定形态基础。     

回盲部肠管代胃术的应用解剖

目的：为回盲部肠管代胃重建消化道术式提供解剖学基础。方法：在20具乳胶灌注尸体标本和14具新鲜尸体铸型标本上对回肠末端、右半结肠营养血管的来源、分支点及分布类型、各分支间吻合，极其肠管长度与血管分支的关系进行观测。结果：①可分割型血管分布切取肠段长度根据乳胶灌注标本观察可达13—16cm，根据铸型标本观察可达10—15cm；②不可分割型血管分布根据铸型标本观察可利用肠段切取总长度达12—13cm。结论：无论属于那一类型的血管分布，可切取肠段的长度都能满足再造胃的需要。     

长爪沙鼠胃肠道Cajal间质细胞的形态学

目的 探讨长爪沙鼠胃肠道Cajal间质细胞（ICCs）的形态和分布规律。 方法 采用10只成年长爪沙鼠,体重50~70g,取胃、小肠、结肠制作冷冻切片,结合全层铺片的c-Kit免疫荧光染色。结果 ICCs呈网络状分布于整个胃肠道,不同部位ICCs的分布及形态有所不同。在胃底部,仅见肌内ICCs(ICC-IM）,而在胃体和胃窦部除ICC-IM外,可见肌间ICCs(ICC-MY)分布在肌间神经丛周围;其细胞密度胃底ICC-IM最多,由胃底至胃窦逐渐减少,而ICC-MY由胃体至胃窦逐渐增多。在小肠可见ICC-IM, ICC-MY和深肌层ICCs(ICC-DMP)3个亚群,结肠管壁内也分布有ICC-IM、ICC-MY和黏膜下ICCs(ICC-SM)3个亚群。结论 沙鼠可用于有关ICCs正常形态、结构及功能的研究。     

内镜辅助下翼点入路Willis环前循环的显微解剖及其临床应用

目的:研究经翼点入路神经内镜下颅底Willis环前循环血管结构的解剖特点,探讨内镜辅助显微镜动脉瘤的治疗.方法:对8具红色乳胶颈内动脉灌注的头颈部标本Willis环前部动脉及其穿支在内镜下解剖观测.经翼点入路开颅行内镜辅助显微镜夹闭动脉瘤治疗颈内动脉瘤患者68例.结果:通过不同角度内镜及解剖间隙,能够观察到前循环血管和穿支;68例患者中,治愈49例、好转12例、植物生存5例、死亡2例.结论:神经内镜可以多角度全景式观察Willis环结构,临床应用可以在微距牵拉的前提下充分了解载瘤血管结构,为安全有效地夹闭动脉瘤提供保障,减少术后并发症.     

Boundaries between subsegments IVa and IVb in the human liver

Until now there has been no definitive anatomical study of the boundary between hepatic subsegments IVa and IVb. In this study, we used a multicolor segmental corrosion cast technique and a multicolor segmental technique on plastinated slices, in combination with helical CT three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction on 15 donated fresh isolated human liver specimens. The corrosion cast technique was carried out on eight of these specimens, and the remaining seven livers were used to make horizontal plastinated slices. Examination of these specimens and observation of 20 additional liver corrosion cast specimens showed that all boundaries between hepatic segments were complex, undulating scissures rather than simple, flat planes. We also found that there was an obvious boundary between subsegments IVa and IVb, such that subsegment IVa laid posterosuperior to subsegment IVb. A tributary of a hepatic vein passed through the boundary between subsegments IVa and IVb, and could serve as an anatomical landmark of this boundary.     

Study of anomalies in the circle of Willis using magnetic resonance angiography in north eastern India

IntroductionThe circle of Willis is a large arterial anastomotic ring present at the basal cistern of the brain, uniting the internal carotid and the vertebrobasilar system. Branches from this arterial ring are distributed to supply the brain. In the year 1664, Sir Thomas Willis was the first to describe the importance of the circle in maintaining collateral flow. It was observed that there is very little mixing of blood between the collateral branches of the circle. These collaterals may however open up during occlusive episodes of the proximal feeding vessels. The anatomy of the circle is known to vary considerably and functionally a complete circle is a rare finding. This type of incomplete or variant forms off the circle may diminish its role as a collateral route.MethodsThe morphological pattern of circle of Willis of 70 healthy individuals from northeast India was studied retrospectively using Time of Flight-Magnetic resonance angiography (TOF-MRA).ResultsOnly 17 (24.28%) MRA's presented with a complete (classic) circle of Willis. Most common variant observed in our study was unilateral hypoplastic posterior communicating artery (20%). Most common variant observed in the anterior circulation was unilateral hypoplastic A1 segment of anterior cerebral artery (11.42%).DiscussionMost of the variant forms observed were comparable with earlier established findings. This variability (rare patterns) can be distinguished from an anomalous architecture if correlated phylogenically and embryologically.     

MDCT血管成像对颅内动脉及颅底Willis环解剖变异和其代偿潜能的评估

目的:探讨国人颅内动脉和颅底Willis环的解剖变异及其对颅底动脉环代偿潜能的影响.方法:对76例临床怀疑为各种脑血管疾病患者行64层螺旋CT脑血管成像,在独立工作站上行VR、MIP、MPR及Tree VR多模式脑血管重组.使用不同的旋转轴观察颅内脑供血动脉及脑底动脉环的空间解剖细节.结果:76例患者中,4例因烟雾病前、后循环失去正常解剖形态,未作详细分型,其余72例共发现近代型17例、原始型2例、过渡型2例、混合型12例、发育不全型28例、当代型7例及不定型4例,其中,前循环完整者56例(77.78 %),后循环完整者36例(50%),整环完整者30例(41.67%),Willis环结构典型,具有良好代偿潜能的16例(22.22%).结论:64层螺旋CT脑血管成像能很好地显示Willis环的解剖变异,对Willis环血流代偿潜能进行初步评估,Willis 环解剖变异影响其血流代偿.     

Willis环形态与功能对照研究

目的：从不同角度分析Willis环的形态学变异及其功能状况。方法：分别采用脑尸解标本、血管铸型标本及动态血管造影资料进行Willis环的对比分析。结果：正常成人组尸体与活体Willis环分型无差异；活体正常组与活体病理组Willis环的比较有差异；活体正常组与活体病理组PCA供血类型有差异。结论：胎儿与成人、尸体与活体、静态与动态、正常与异常的有机结合能全面评价Willis环的形态学变异及其功能状况，为临床正确诊治脑血管病提供基础依据。     

Recovery of brain microcirculation during ischemia

Blood pressure in the circle of Willis in rats decreased to about 40 mmHg after ligation of both carotid arteries. Developing ischemia was accompanied by massive adhesion of leukocytes to the walls of brain venules and the smallest veins. Blood pressure in the vessels of the circle of Willis decreased to 16–20 mmHg 2 h after ligation. The number of adhesion events increased sharply. Leukocyte aggregates formed in these vessels, resulting in complete occlusion of the vessels and death of the animals. These processes were found to be reversible. Introduction of 4–4.5 ml of the plasma replacement polyglucin directly into the vessels of the circle of Willis “washed away” the leukocyte aggregates and some of the adhered leukocytes, with restoration of circulation in venules and the smallest veins by 10–15 min. __________ Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 92, No. 4, pp. 420–428, April, 2006.     

成年大鼠脑底动脉环含NPY、VIP、SP和CGRP神经的分布

本文应用免疫组织化学(ABC)方法,观察了含NPY、VIP、SP、CGRP神经在成年大鼠完整脑底动脉环的分布,并在免疫组化染色标本上,将神经依其走行分为三种类型,采用交点计数法,分别计数各类纤维的密度,定量分析动脉环各段血管上的四种含肽神经。结果表明,1.在成年大鼠脑底动脉环上,四种含肽神经的密度大小次序是含NPY、VIP、CGRP、SP神经;四种含肽神经在动脉环吻侧的密度大于尾侧。2.在Ⅰ、Ⅱ类纤维,四种含肽神经的密度差异在动脉环多数血管段上不明显;在Ⅲ类纤维,含NPY和VIP、含CGRP和SP神经的密度接近,含NPY和VIP神经的密度明显大于含CGRP和SP神经。3.在多数血管段上,含NPY和含VIP神经的Ⅰ类纤维的密度和Ⅱ类纤维接近,Ⅲ类纤维的密度在动脉环吻侧大于Ⅰ、Ⅱ类纤维,向尾侧逐渐和它们接近。各段血管上,含SP和CGRP神经的Ⅲ类纤维的密度较Ⅰ、Ⅱ类纤维小,Ⅰ类纤维和Ⅱ类纤维的密度接近。4.含NPY、VIP神经Ⅰ、Ⅱ类纤维在动脉环吻侧的密度和尾侧接近,Ⅲ类纤维的密度从吻侧到尾侧逐渐降低。含SP和CGRP神经三种类型纤维在吻侧的密度均高于尾侧。5.在大脑中动脉延伸过程中,含NPY和含VIP神经的密度下降,尤以Ⅲ类纤维密度降低明显。含SP和CGRP神经仅少量分布于MCA近侧段。     

眶上"锁孔"入路的内窥镜解剖学研究

目的 :研究眶上“锁孔”入路的内窥镜局部解剖学并测量有关解剖数据 ,为临床外科手术提供形态学参考信息。方法 :测量 10 0例成人颅骨标本额骨颧突距同侧和对侧前后床突的距离和角度 ;用手术显微镜和硬质内窥镜交替使用通过 2 5具成人尸头 ,探讨眶上“锁孔”手术入路 ,并测量颧突与颅内血管的距离和角度。结果 :通过使用不同角度窥镜和在不同解剖间隙内操作可达到Willis环双侧及鞍区、岩斜区。结论 :锁孔技术是一种微侵袭神经外科技术。解剖数据结果对于选择手术器械的长度有参考价值 ;窥镜辅助手术可达Wills环及鞍区、岩斜区 ,配合特殊手术器械可完成上述区域病变的治疗。     

Studies of cerebral circulation in series experiments by means of changes in the blood pressure gradient in vessels supplying the brain

Summary A method of graphic a recording of arterial blood pressure in the aorta and the circle of Willis in series experiments on dogs is described. Measurements were taken in the common carotid artery brought out into a skin flap, to which 3 cuffs were attached: medial, recording variations in the pulse, one placed caudad and one cephalad from the medial cuff, occluding corrspondingly the blood flow from the aorta and the circle of Willis. The blood pressure in the bead occluding collar corresponded to the blood pressure in the circle Willis, after disappearance of aorta during complete occlusion of the inflow of blood from the aorta. The cortic blood pressure was determined by the appearance of the first pulse beat in decrease of the pressure in “thoracic” cuff with preserved occlusion of the “head” portion of the common carotid artery. The changes of the gradient of the fall of blood pressure from aorta to the blood vessels of the circle of Willis served as an indication of changes of the lumen of blood vessels of the brain (Hurthle's principle). Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR N. A. Rozhansky     

Infection of reovirus type 3 in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) – Lesions in pancreas and brain

Gerbils were inoculated with reovirus type 3 (Abney strain), and the pancreas, brain and other organs histopathologically evaluated. Male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) aged 5-10 days (newborn, 9 animals), 4 weeks (juvenile, 5 animals), and 12 weeks (adult, 5 animals) were used. Gerbils inoculated intraperitoneally with the virus were sacrificed 3, 5, 7, or 10 days later. Tissues were observed by light and electron microscopy. The pancreas of newborns showed inflammatory edema with infiltrates of neutrophilis and mononuclear round cells, degranulation of acinar cells and dissociation of lobules and acini with necrosis at 3 days or later after inoculation but not degeneration of pancreatic islets. Brains of newborns had necrosis of neurons and aggregation of microglial cells in the brain stem and cerebral hemisphere. Azurophilic inclusion bodies were seen in the cytoplasm of some neurons. In electron micrographs, virus particles (60-80 nm in diameter) were observed around the nucleus of neurons in the brain stem. No changes were observed in the juvenile and adult gerbils.