老老年H型高血压患者动态血压参数特点分析

目的：研究老老年H型高血压患者动态血压特征。方法：根据纳入患者血浆Hcy水平,分H型高血压组为1组,共147例;非H型高血压组为2组,共50例;均行动态血压监测,比较两组患者动态血压参数的差异。结果：两组患者比较,谷丙转氨酶：1组（24.70±8.10）＞2组（20.14±12.55）;夜间脉压：1组（67.02±15.90）＞2组（60.26±13.45）;夜间平均动脉压：1组（85.91±11.27）＞2组（79.64±11.55）;夜间收缩压负荷：1组（33.46±33.28）＞2组（22.32±30.76）;夜间收缩压下降率：1组（-1.89±10.88）＜2组（4.25±8.98）;夜间舒张压下降率：1组（0.25±11.39）＜2组（6.21±10.77）;均P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义。Spearman相关性分析显示,谷丙转氨酶（r=-0.209 ,p=0.041）夜间脉压(r=0.223,P=0.03)、夜间平均动脉(r=0.252,p=.014)、夜间 收缩压负荷（r=0.311,p=0.002）、夜间收缩压下降率（r=-0.28,p=0.008）、夜间舒张压下降率（r=-0.244,p=0.022）与H型高血压存在相关性。经二元logistic回归分析显示,夜间APP、夜间收缩压下降率为老老年H型高血压的独立影响因素。结论：老老年H型高血压患者与非H型高血压患者动态血压参数之间存在差异,其中夜间平均动脉压、夜间收缩压下降率与H型高血压关系最密切,两者或许可以作为老老年H型高血压的指征之一,同时提示在临床实践中应重视老老年夜间血压的监测,从而有效的进行诊疗,改善心脑血管病预后及生活质量。     

老年人24小时动态血压波动规律及范围

应用无创性全自动２４小时动态血压监测技术，对７０例老年人测试，其中男性４４例，女性２６例；分正常血压组和轻中型高血压两组观察。分析结果：正常血压组和轻中型高血压组昼夜血压波动规律明显不同，前者呈日间上升、夜间下降趋势；后者呈双峰双谷状。波动范围亦不同，前者收缩压波动范围＜６．６７ｋＰａ（５０ｍｍＨｇ），舒张压＜５．５３ｋＰａ（４０ｍｍＨｇ）；后者收缩压波动范围＞６．６７ｋＰａ（５０ｍｍＨｇ），舒张压＞５．５３ｋＰａ（４０ｍｍＨｇ）。两组２４小时动态血压均值范围参考数据有明显差异。如果以各项研究均值＋２个标准差为上限值，老年人正常血压者２４小时动态血压监测数据，日间最高不应＞２１．２／１２．５ｋＰａ（１５９／９４ｍｍＨｇ），夜间不应＞１９．６／１２．０ｋＰａ（１４７／９０ｍｍＨｇ）。     

高血压患者的血压昼夜节律变化与靶器官损害

目的研究原发性高血压（ＥＨ）患者血压昼夜节律改变与高血压病期及严重程度的关系。方法应用无创动态血压监测系统记录２４ｈ血压并分析正常人组（５２例）、高血压Ⅰ期（４８例）、Ⅱ期（８５例）、Ⅲ期（３２例）患者白昼与夜间的血压变化。结果Ｉ～Ⅲ期患者夜间收缩压（ＳＢＰ），舒张压（ＤＢＰ）下降率分别为１８％，１５％；８％，７％；１％，２％；昼夜节律紊乱Ⅰ期６％，Ⅱ期３６％，Ⅲ期８４％。Ⅰ期夜间ＳＢＰ下降率高于正常人组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论夜间血压下降率可以做为临床上高血压程度及靶器官受损评估的一项指标。     

健康人和高血压患者动态血压监测的比较

本研究对34例健康人和60例原发性高血压患者进行24小时动态血压监测。结果表明：（1）34例健康人血压范围是：昼夜血压：12．4～17．0／7．8～10．gkPa（94～128／59～82mmHg），日间血压：12．8～17．3／8．0～11．2kPa（96～130／60～84mmHg），夜间血压：11．0～16．3／6．6～10．6kPa（83～122／50～80mmHg）；（2）健康人及绝大多数高血压患者血压昼夜变异曲线呈双峰一谷；（3）动态血压监测优于偶测血压。     

缬沙坦对非勺型高血压患者血压昼夜节律的影响

目的观察缬沙坦对非勺型高血压患者血压昼夜节律的影响。方法选择经24h动态血压监测且诊断为非勺型2级高血压的患者60例为研究对象,将其按电脑数字表法随机均分为治疗组30例：上午7：00和晚上7：00各服缬沙坦80mg;对照组30例：上午7：00服缬沙坦160mg,两组用药8周后复测24h动态血压。比较两组血压昼夜节律的变化。结果两组治疗后24h、白昼、夜间收缩压及舒张压均较治疗前显著下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗组的夜间收缩压、舒张压及白昼、夜间血压负荷较对照组显著下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗组血压昼夜节律改变有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（收缩压：73．33％抵46．67％,P〈0．05;舒张压：76．67％眠43．33％,P〈0．01）。结论应用缬沙坦治疗非勺型高血压,可以很好地控制2级高血压,并改变血压昼夜节律,早晚两次服用,效果更好。     

肾性高血压患者的动态血压昼夜节律

本研究应用２４小时无创性全自动动态血压记录仪观察了６７例受试对象，其中肾实质性高血压（ＲＰＨＴ）１２例；肾血管性高血压（ＲｖＨＴ）Ⅱ例；Ⅰ～Ⅱ期原发性高血压（ＥＨＴ）４４例。结果表明，各组受试者的偶测血压均明显高于动态血压。ＲＰＨＴ和ＲＶＨＴ的昼夜节律均明显减弱，收缩压和舒张压的夜间下降值均明显小于原发性高血压患者，夜间下降率低于１０％者的比率却明显高于原发性高血压患者．ＥＨＴ的动态血压呈夜间下降、白昼上升的节律性。     

高血压患者治疗后的血压昼夜节律与心脏结构改变的相关性研究

目的 探讨高血压患者治疗后的血压昼夜节律与心脏结构改变的关系。方法 根据诊所血压控制水平将179例患者分为3组：Ⅰ组患者诊所血压控制满意（血压〈140／90mmHg）；Ⅱ组患者诊所血压未控制（血压≥140／90mmHg）但自测血压正常；Ⅲ组患者为顽固性高血压。应用24h动态血压监测和超声心动图观察并比较患者的血压昼夜节律与心脏结构、功能的特点。夜间血压下降率〈10％为非勺型组，≥10％为勺型组。结果 Ⅲ组的非勺型患者（66．7％）较Ⅰ组（44．4％）及Ⅱ组（48．0％）显著增多（P〈0．01）。Ⅲ组的左室肥厚患者（62．7％）较Ⅰ组（11．7％）及Ⅱ组（34．1％）显著增多（P〈0．01）。3组勺型和非勺型患者间的左室肥厚比较均差异无显著性。结论 治疗后的原发性高血压患者其血压控制水平、血压昼夜节律与心脏结构改变无相关性。     

高血压伴颈动脉粥样硬化患者动态血压监测的意义

对１０８例原发性高血压患者应用彩色超声心动图检查颈动脉形态，并结合２４小时动态血压监测（ＡＢＰＭ），观察颈动脉粥样硬化（ＣＡＳ）与动态血压的关系。结果显示：ＣＡＳ组夜间收缩压和舒张压负荷值明显高于颈动脉正常组（Ｐ值均＜０．０１）；日间收缩压和舒张压负荷值及２４小时平均收缩压和舒张压两组比较亦有显著性差异（Ｐ值均＜０．０５）；ＣＡＳ组的血压昼夜节律紊乱检出率（６２．５％）显著高于颈动脉正常组（３７．５％）（Ｐ＜０．０１）；两组偶测血压相近（Ｐ值均＞０．０５）。表明ＣＡＳ与动态血压均值、血压负荷值及血压昼夜节律紊乱密切相关，其中以夜间血压负荷的持续时间及昼夜节律消失的关系为明显，提示在高血压患者预测高血压性脑血管损害方面，动态血压优于偶测血压。     

动态血压监测对老年高血压病的诊断价值及其临床意义

目的评价动态血压监测对老年高血压病的诊断价值。方法对56例诊所诊断的初发的老年高血压病患者以及62例诊所诊断正常血压偏高的老年人进行动态血压监测。结果诊所诊断为高血压病患者中有13例为白大衣高血压，占23．2％(13／56)。诊所诊断为正常血压偏高其中有11例为夜间高血压病患者，占17．7％(11／62)。结论老年高血压病患者中白大衣高血压发生率较高，血压正常的老年人中有部分患者为夜间高血压。     

老年高血压患者夜间血压模式短期可重复性的临床研究

目的通过分析老年高血压患者动态血压监测（ABPM）夜间血压模式的可重复性，评估其在临床应用中的实际意义。方法对入住上海交通大学附属第六人民医院老年科70名老年高血压患者[男45例，女25例，年龄（83．574-5．37）岁]于4周内进行两次24hABPM，根据夜间血压下降率分为杓型（D）、非杓型（ND）、反杓型（RD）3种血压模式，把夜间下降率分别作为连续性变量和分类变量来分析血压模式的短期可重复性，并探究可重复的不同模式间的差异。结果作为连续性变量，Bland-Altman图示夜间下降率可重复性较好；作为分类变量，第2次ABPM维持原来血压模式不变的受试者共占65．7％（46／70），其中50．0％（14／28）维持原来RD，76．5％（13／17）维持原来D，76．0％（19／25）维持原来ND，kappa值为0．482。第1次ABPM为RD、D和ND在第2次ABPM转变为其他模式的分别有20．0％，5．7％和8．6％。可重复的RD（组1）、D（组2）、ND（组3）与模式变换型（组4）两两之间比较的主要临床特点无明显差异。结论老年高血压患者的夜间血压模式无论是作为分类变量还是连续变量，可重复性都尚好，且RD血压模式相比D或ND的变异性更高，因此，临床上我们不可以仅凭一次ABPM就评定患者的血压模式。本研究尚未发现可能影响血压模式重复性的因素。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.