原子弹爆炸存活者B淋巴细胞染色体异常的检测

已知近距离原爆者及放射线治疗患者中,白血病及癌的发病率高,且其T淋巴细胞亦有稳定型染色体异常克隆存在。而对B淋巴细胞,由于分离提纯的困难,迄今尚不知是否具有染色体异常。本文对4名1,000米内原爆者,利用B淋巴细胞对EB病毒有易感性,经此病毒处理得B淋巴细胞分裂相,制作染色体标本分析。且与T淋巴细胞及骨髓细胞之染色体异常比较。而以2名健康正常人及4例脐带血的B淋巴细胞作对照。     

性发育异常患者的细胞遗传学分析

性染色体异常是导致性腺发育不良和生殖器官先天性发育畸形的重要原因之一。本文对遗传咨询门诊中 6 5例因不育、无精症、原发性闭经和外生殖器发育畸形等原因就诊的患者进行染色体检查及临床分析 ,发现性染色体异常 2 5例 ,探讨了性发育异常患者的遗传学基础。对象与方法1 对象 :6 5例患者来自我院遗传咨询门诊 ,主要表现为无精症、原发性闭经、不育和外生殖器发育畸形等。2 方法 :细胞遗传学检查外周血淋巴细胞培养 ,Ｇ显带 ,每例计数 30个中期分裂相 ,分析 3- 5核型 ,必要时加大分析量至 10 0个分裂相 ,以确定嵌合体的比例。结　　果6 5…     

罗伯逊易位型21三体永生淋巴细胞株的建立

目的建立并鉴定13／21易位与21／21罗伯逊易位21三体永生淋巴细胞株,为21三体罗伯逊易位的遗传学研究提供实验材料。方法筛查获得易位型21三体患者并收集外周血,培养B95-8细胞制备EB病毒感染液,采用EB病毒转化法获得永生淋巴细胞株,对第10、15、20代细胞进行G显带染色体分析。结果筛检出1例罕见的13／21易位与4例121／21罗伯逊易位型21三体患儿并成功建立永生淋巴细胞株,传代至第10、15、20代细胞的核型无显著差异。结论明病毒转化法可用于易位型21三体永生淋巴细胞株的建立,早期转化的细胞可为该病的研究提供实验基础。     

45,XX,t(18;21)异常妊娠一例

病例 :　患者 ,女 ,34岁 ,婚后 8年 ,因连续流产 2次及分娩畸形儿就诊。第 1胎孕 6个月 ,经B超检查为脑积水而引产 ;第 2次 ,第 3次均于孕 5 0d左右自然流产 ,行清宫术 ;第4次妊娠于孕 5个月左右B超检查为神经管缺损 ,再次引产 ;第五次妊娠至足月剖宫产分娩一胎表型正常 ,但染色体异常的女婴。夫妇双方表型智力均正常 ,非近亲婚配 ,无接触毒物及放射性物质史。细胞遗传学检查 ;取患者外周血 ,按我院遗传室常规方法进行外周血淋巴细胞培养制备染色体 ,G显带观察 5 0个细胞核型 ,镜下分析 4个中期分裂相 ,其结果均为 4 5 ,XX ,t(18;2 1) (18…     

鄂州地区38例习惯性流产夫妇的染色体分析

二次或更多次反复流产可由多种因素致病。近年细胞遗传等研究 ,除与配子形成期或胚胎期染色体畸变有关外 ,与流产夫妇异常染色体携带者有关。本文研究分析本地区反复流产夫妇的染色体及有关临床资料报告如下。资料与方法来自本地区 1998年到 2 0 0 1年遗传咨询及要求检查的习惯性流产夫妇 38对 (76例 ) ,均作外周血采用日本产 16 4 0培养基淋巴细胞培养 72h ,加秋水仙素制成G带标本 (胰酶法 ) ,每例分析 30个中期分裂相染色体 ,分析 5 - 10个核型。结　　果38对夫妇外周血细胞遗传学核型分析 ;发现异常染色体核型 3例 ,女 2例 ,男 1例 ,3例…     

1号染色体异常:儿童实体瘤的一个共同特征

本文报道46例儿童实体瘤的细胞遗传学研究结果.材料为培养3个月～2年的肿瘤细胞株和新鲜肿瘤组织短期培养标本,共66例.按常规方法做了细胞遗传学研究.结果适合分析的中期相标本为46例.许多肿瘤具有为数众多的异常染色体.但本研究重点观察分析了异常的1号染色体.     

23例Turner综合征的细胞遗传学分析

1 对象与方法 1.1 对象 23例Turner综合征均来自临床及遗传咨询门诊患者,患者年龄12-26岁.由于身材矮小,原发闭经,乳房发育差就诊. 1.2 方法 外周血淋巴细胞常规制备染色体进行G显带核型分析,每例计数30个中期分裂相,对嵌合体加大计数,分析100个中期分裂相,镜下分析3～5个核型.结果按人类细胞遗传学国际命名体制(ISCN)1995分析标准确定染色体核型.     

急性非淋巴细胞性白血病的微核、染色体的不隐定性与突变活性的相互关系——一种假说

在最近研究中,作者发现急性非淋巴细胞性白血病病人的骨髓细胞染色体畸变和微核数之间有相互关系,细胞中期分裂相异常的病人比中期分裂相正常病人的微核数明显增高。在混合有正常和异常骨髓细胞中期分裂相的病人中,细胞中期分裂相异常频率与     

190例闭经患者的细胞遗传学分析

目的对190例闭经患者进行染色体核型分析,通过细胞遗传学的研究,在染色体水平对闭经病因进行探讨,为此类患者的诊治提供依据。方法对190例闭经患者的外周血淋巴细胞培养,收获,制片,烤片,胰酶消化,Giemsa染色后,使用染色体自动扫描系统,设定每例样本扫描2张片80个中期分裂相,常规分析计数20~30个中期分裂相,分析5个核型,对出现两个相同异常核型的加倍分析计数至100个核型,分析增加至10核型。结果在190例闭经患者中核型为46,XX 127例（66.84%）,异常核型63例（33.16%）。包括X染色体异常的53例（84.12%）,其中数目异常的39例（73.58%）,X染色体结构异常的14例（26.42%）、X-Y染色体异常的4例、46,XY女性的3例、常染色体异常的1例、X常染色体易位的2例、多态性3例。79.32%身材矮小的闭经患者X染色体异常,16.67%闭经患者生殖器官不健全,另有4.02%由于其他病因引起。结论染色体异常是闭经的主要病因之一,因此细胞遗传学染色体核型分析是诊断闭经不可缺少的检查方法,对闭经的诊治有重要的临床指导意义。     

t(13;18)伴习惯性流产一例

患者　女 ,32岁 ,汉族。婚后曾 3次怀孕 ,均于怀孕 2个月时无明显诱因阴道流血 ,B超示胚胎宫内死亡而行人工流产术。间隔 2年后第 4次怀孕 ,孕 40多天 ,阴道流血 ,药物流产。再婚后 (距第 4次流产 2年 ) ,怀孕 2个多月阴道流血 ,B超示胚胎发育迟滞 ,自然流产。患者妇科检查无异常 ,自述孕期无不良因素接触史。夫妇体健 ,非近亲结婚 ,自述无家族史 ,丈夫拒绝做染色体检查。细胞遗传学检查 :取患者外周血培养 ,常规制片 ,G显带 ,计数 30个分裂相 ,分析 5个中期分裂相 ,患者核型为 46 ,XX,作者单位 :2 6430 0山东省荣成市妇幼保健院通信作者 …     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.