ACE2研究新进展

血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)是近年来发现的肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)新成员,研究发现,ACE2与ACE作用相反,被认为对心血管系统有保护作用,在高血压、心力衰竭、冠心病、糖尿病肾病的发生、发展中具有重要作用。     

新型冠状病毒感染疫情中ACEI的争议：下结论还为时尚早

近期,新型冠状病毒感染合并高血压的患者,是否应停用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)引起了争议。血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)是血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)的同源物,两者在血压调控和肺损伤中发挥重要作用。ACE2也是新型冠状病毒感染呼吸道上皮细胞的作用靶点。目前,关于ACEI对新型冠状病毒感染患者的ACE2调控效应出现了不同理论,ACEI/ARB对ACE2的调控效应尚无定论。此外,目前研究结果多数来自于动物实验,尚无临床数据。由于证据有限,因此使用ACEI/ARB类降压药的新型冠状病毒感染患者暂不必换药。     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂/血管紧张素受体拮抗剂在新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控中的应用分析

根据《中国心血管病报告》,中国现患心血管病人数约2.9亿,而大量循证医学证据证实了血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)或血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)治疗心血管等疾病的价值。ACEI/ARB是肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的阻滞剂,可上调血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)表达水平。而ACE2是新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)发生发展的关键分子靶点,一方面它是侵入人体细胞的必须受体,触发了COVID-19的发生,另一方面在COVID-19的发展过程中发挥抗炎保护作用。本文探讨在疫情防控期间能否使用ACEI/ARB,以期为心血管疾病患者合理使用ACEI/ARB提供思路与参考。     

血管紧张素转化酶2的研究进展

肾素一血管紧张素系统（renin—angiotensin system,RAS）是一复杂的调节系统,在维持机体血压稳定和水电解质平衡中发挥了主导作用,RAS活性的增强与心血管病以及由这些疾病所致的脏器损害（如：心脏、血管、肾脏等）存在相关性。血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）是肾素一血管紧张素系统的重要调节酶,而血管紧张素转化酶2（angiotensinconverting enzyme2,ACE2）是近年新发现的与ACE具有较高同源性的酶,     

感染2019新型冠状病毒的高血压病患者不建议停用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂及血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂

对于感染2019新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)的高血压病患者,是否应该停用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂(ACEI/ARB)类药物,存在两种相反观点。血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)已经被证实是肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)负向调控的关键酶,激活ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas轴后可以拮抗血管紧张素Ⅱ对RAS激活后的有害作用。ACE2也是SARS病毒和2019-nCoV感染细胞的功能性受体,ACE2在2019-nCoV感染中的作用及对新型冠状病毒肺炎病情的影响,目前尚不明确。目前尚没有ACEI/ARB增加2019-nCoV感染风险和加重病情的证据。对感染2019-nCoV的高血压病患者不建议停用ACEI/ARB类药物。     

ACEI与ARB在心血管病治疗中的作用与地位

肾素血管紧张素系统(RAS)是一个重要的水电解质平衡调节系统。以往认为RAS的主要成分为血管紧张素原、肾素(renin)、血管紧张素I(angiotensin I，Ang I)、血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin-converting enzyme，ACE)，和血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)，近年又增加了AngⅢ(Ang 2-8)与Ang 1-7。血管紧张素原是一种主要来源于肝小叶中央周围区的球蛋白，     

脑组织RAS与原发性高血压的关系

肾素-血管紧张素系统(renin-angiotensin system RAS)由肾素(Renin)、血管紧张素原(AGT)、血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)、血管紧张素(Ang)及其相应的受体构成.在多种因素的作用下,肾素释放增加,作用于血管紧张素原,使其生成10肽化合物血管紧张素I(Ang I);Ang I在ACE的作用下转化为血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ).     

多囊卵巢综合征患者血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性及血清活性分析

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)主要表现为卵子的成熟和排卵障碍.近年来发现PCOS患者有在肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)功能亢进现象.本文通过测定PCOS患者血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因多态性及血清ACE水平,以进一步探讨ACE基因多态性与RAS的关系.     

ARB与糖尿病肾病

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)激活在糖尿病肾病(DN)的发生发展中具有重要意义。临床前及临床试验都证明:RAAS阻断药物——管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)受体拮抗剂(ARB)具有独立于降压效应的多重肾脏保护作用。虽然从各种机制上看ARB可能优于血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI),但是目前的研究未能证明ARB在降低尿蛋白、延缓肾功能损害方面比ACEI具有优越性。越来越多的研究证明ACEI合用ARB比单用药物具有更大的保护作用,所以两者合用达到RAAS双重阻断成为新趋势。新的研究还证明ARB肾脏保护作用可能与血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)的基因多态现象相关。     

血管紧张素受体阻滞剂对自发性高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2表达的影响

目的:研究自发性高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)蛋白表达水平及血管紧张素ⅡⅠ型受体阻滞剂厄贝沙坦对ACE2表达的影响,以了解高血压的病理改变,探讨血管紧张素受体阻滞剂治疗高血压又一可能机制。方法:20只14周龄雄性自发性高血压大鼠随机分为自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)组(n=10)和厄贝沙坦组(n=10)。厄贝沙坦组每只大鼠以厄贝沙坦50mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃,给药时间12周。同时取14周龄雄性京都种Wistar大鼠为正常对照(WKY)组(n=10)。利用免疫组化和逆转录聚合酶链反应检测各组大鼠肾脏ACE2表达。结果:与WKY组比较,SHR组ACE2表达显著减少(0.72±0.11vs1.11±0.15);与SHR组比较,厄贝沙坦组经12周治疗后,ACE2表达明显提高(1.03±0.13vs0.72±0.11)。结论:高血压大鼠肾脏ACE2表达减少,血管紧张素ⅡⅠ型受体阻滞剂对高血压大鼠肾脏ACE2的表达有上调作用。此作用可能是血管紧张素受体阻滞除阻滞血管紧张素受体以外的另一间接调节肾素-血管紧张素系统的途径。     

ACE2: a new target for cardiovascular disease therapeutics

The discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in 2000 is an important event in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) story. This enzyme, an homolog of ACE, hydrolyzes angiotensin (Ang) I to produce Ang-(1-9), which is subsequently converted into Ang-(1-7) by a neutral endopeptidase and ACE. ACE2 releases Ang-(1-7) more efficiently than its catalysis of Ang-(1-9) by cleavage of Pro(7)-Phe(8) bound in Ang II. Thus, the major biologically active product of ACE2 is Ang-(1-7), which is considered to be a beneficial peptide of the RAS cascade in the cardiovascular system. This enzyme has 42% identity with the catalytic domain of ACE, is present in most cardiovascular-relevant tissues, and is an ectoenzyme as ACE. Despite these similarities, ACE2 is distinct from ACE. Since it is a monocarboxypeptidase, it has only 1 catalytic site and is insensitive to ACE inhibitors. As a result, ACE2 is a central enzyme in balancing vasoconstrictor and proliferative actions of Ang II with vasodilatory and antiproliferative effects of Ang-(1-7). In this review, we will summarize the role of ACE2 in the cardiovascular system and discuss the importance of ACE2-Ang-(1-7) axis in the control of normal cardiovascular physiology and ACE2 as a potential target in the development of novel therapeutic agents for cardiovascular diseases.     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and new insights into the renin-angiotensin system

Components of the renin-angiotensin system are well established targets for pharmacological intervention in a variety of disorders. Many such therapies abrogate the effects of the hypertensive and mitogenic peptide, angiotensin II, by antagonising its interaction with its receptor, or by inhibiting its formative enzyme, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). At the turn of the millennium, a homologous enzyme, termed ACE2, was identified which increasingly shares the limelight with its better-known homologue. In common with ACE, ACE2 is a type I transmembrane metallopeptidase; however, unlike ACE, ACE2 functions as a carboxypeptidase, cleaving a single C-terminal residue from a distinct range of substrates. One such substrate is angiotensin II, which is hydrolysed by ACE2 to the vasodilatory peptide angiotensin 1-7. In this commentary we discuss the latest developments in the rapidly progressing study of the physiological and patho-physiological roles of ACE2 allied with an overview of the current understanding of its molecular and cell biology. We also discuss parallel developments in the study of collectrin, a catalytically inactive homologue of ACE2 with critical functions in the pancreas and kidney.     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in lung diseases

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis, as well as fluid and salt balance. Angiotensin II, a key effector peptide of the system, causes vasoconstriction and exerts multiple biological functions. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a central role in generating angiotensin II from angiotensin I, and capillary blood vessels in the lung are one of the major sites of ACE expression and angiotensin II production in the human body. The RAS has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary fibrosis, both commonly seen in chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive lung disease. Recent studies indicate that the RAS also plays a critical role in acute lung diseases, especially acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ACE2, a close homologue of ACE, functions as a negative regulator of the angiotensin system and was identified as a key receptor for SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus infections. In the lung, ACE2 protects against acute lung injury in several animal models of ARDS. Thus, the RAS appears to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Indeed, increasing ACE2 activity might be a novel approach for the treatment of acute lung failure in several diseases.     

Vascular protective effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and their relation to clinical events

Endothelial cells are a rich source of a variety of vasoactive substances, which either cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction. Important endothelium-derived vasodilators are prostacyclin, bradykinin, nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. In particular, nitric oxide inhibits cellular growth and migration. In concert with prostacyclin. nitric oxide exerts potent anti-atherogenic and thromboresistant properties by preventing platelet aggregation and cell adhesion. Endothelium-derived contracting factors include the 21 amino acid peptide endothelin (ET). vasoconstrictor prostanoids such as thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin H2, as well as free radicals and components of the renin angiotensin system. In hypertension, elevated blood pressure transmits into cardiovascular disease by causing endothelial dysfunction. Hence, modem therapeutic strategies in human hypertension focus on preserving or restoring endothelial integrity. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a primary candidate for that concept as they inhibit the circulating and local renin angiotensin system. Angiotensin converting enzyme is an endothelial enzyme which converts angiotensin-I (A-I) into angiotensin-II (A-II). This effect of the ACE inhibitor prevents direct effects of angiotensin-II such as vasoconstriction and proliferation in the vessel wall but also prevents activation of the ET system and of plasminogen activator inhibitor. Furthermore, inhibition of ACE prolongs the half-life of bradykinin and stabilizes bradykinin receptors linked to the formation of nitric oxide and prostacyclin. In isolated arteries ACE inhibitors prevent the contractions induced by angiotensin II and enhance relaxation induced by bradykinin. Chronic treatment of experimental hypertension with ACE inhibitors normalizes endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine and other agonists. In addition, the dilator effects of exogenous nitric oxide donors are enhanced, at least in certain models of hypertension. In humans with essential hypertension ACE inhibitors augment endothelium-dependent relaxation to bradykinin, while those to acetylcholine remain unaffected, at least in the time frame of the published studies, i.e. 3-6 months. In patients with coronary artery disease, however, paradoxical vasoconstriction to acetylcholine is markedly reduced after 6 months of ACE inhibition. After myocardial infarction ACE inhibitors reduce the development of overt heart failure, the occurrence of reinfarction and cardiovascular death in hypertensive patients. These effects have also been demonstrated in a subgroup analysis of the SOLVD (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction) trial. Thus, in summary, ACE inhibitors are an important class of drugs providing cardiovascular protection in patients with increased cardiovascular risk.     

肾素-血管紧张素系统在COVID-19中作用及药物干预

COVID-19的发病特征为发热、干咳、乏力,严重者可进展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)等,甚至危及生命。SARS-CoV-2可通过血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)入侵细胞并导致ACE2表达下调。ACE2表达下调会导致肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)的失衡,从而引起后续病理状态发生,RAS在ARDS中也发挥重要的作用。本文总结了RAS系统在COVID-19发病过程中可能存在的作用,以及基于RAS对于COVID-19的治疗可能,为优化治疗及后续研究提供参考。     

Emerging markers in cardiovascular disease: Where does angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 fit in?

相似文献   

血管紧张素转换酶2与心血管疾病

肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)是与心血管系统疾病密切相关的一个重要环节。RAS调整着心脏、血管和肾脏的生理功能的平衡,对机体血压、血流以及内环境的调节具有重要意义。作为RAS系统中又一关键调节因子的血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)近年来备受关注,ACE2与心血管系统相关疾病的研究也有了突破性的进展,为心血管疾病的治疗提供了新的途径;现将缺血性心肌病、原发性高血压、心率失常等疾病与ACE2基因表达的相关内容作一综述。     

Local renin-angiotensin II systems, angiotensin-converting enzyme and its homologue ACE2: their potential role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, pulmonary hypertension and acute respiratory distress syndrome

Renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone axis has long been known as a regulator of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Yet, local renin-angiotensin II systems have been discovered and novel actions of angiotensin II (AngII) have emerged among which its ability to act as a immunomodulator and profibrotic molecule. The enzyme responsible for its synthesis, Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE), is present in high concentrations in lung tissue. In the present paper, we review data from studies of the past decade that implicate AngII and functional polymorphisms of the ACE gene that increase ACE activity with increased susceptibility for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and for pulmonary hypertension. Moreover, drugs that inhibit the synthesis of AngII (ACE inhibitors) or that antagonize its actions on its receptors (Angiotensin II receptor blockers -ARBs) have been shown to provide beneficial effects. Another recent discovery reviewed is the presence of a homologue of ACE, ACE2, which cleaves a single amino acid from AngII and forms a heptapeptide with vasodilatory actions, Ang 1-7. The balance between ACE and ACE2 is crucial for controlling AngII levels. ACE and ACE2 also appear to modify the severity of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), with ACE2 playing a protective role. Finally, mention is made to the recent discovery of ACE2 as a receptor for the SARS Corona Virus.     

血管紧张素转换酶2抗新冠病毒药理作用机制的研究进展

血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）是肾素-血管紧张素系统负向调节血压的关键因子，主要分布在心脏、肾脏和胃肠等部位。最新研究发现ACE2是新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）入侵的功能性受体。新型冠状病毒和SARS相关冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）都能利用宿主细胞表面ACE2作为受体，与病毒刺突糖蛋白（Spike）受体结合结构域（RBD）结合发生相互作用，介导病毒入侵宿主细胞。回顾性分析ACE2在抗SARS-CoV中的研究进展，结合目前对新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情防治的认识及Spike-ACE2蛋白相互作用的最新研究成果，对ACE2抗新型冠状病毒的药理作用机制研究进行简要综述，以期为新冠肺炎抗病毒特效药的研发提供参考。     

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in the kidney

1. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an important homeostatic component of the renin angiotensin system (RAS). ACE2 both degrades the vasoconstrictor, angiotensin II and generates the potent vasodilator peptide, angiotensin 1-7. These actions counterbalance those of ACE. 2. ACE2 is highly expressed in the healthy kidney, particularly in the proximal tubules, where it colocalizes with ACE and angiotensin receptors. 3. Kidney disease and subtotal nephrectomy is associated with a reduction in renal ACE2 expression, possibly facilitating the damaging effects of angiotensin II in the failing kidney. Acquired or genetic ACE2 deficiency also appears to exacerbate renal damage and albuminuria in experimental models, supporting this hypothesis. 4. ACE2 also has an important role in blood pressure control. Many models of hypertension are associated with reduced ACE2 expression. Although ACE2 KO animals are normotensive, in states associated with activation of the RAS, ACE2 overexpression improves blood pressure control and reduces angiotensin responsiveness.