急性心肌梗死患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性及其与血脂代谢的关系

为探讨载脂蛋白Ｅ基因性与心肌梗死的相关性，以及载脂蛋白Ｅ基因多态性对心肌梗死患者血脂代谢的影响，选取１００例正常人及５０例急性心肌梗死患者，采用聚合酶链反应－限制片长多态性法来分析载脂蛋白Ｅ的基因型，并按常规酶法及免疫法测定血脂和载脂蛋白。结果发现Ｅ３／３基因型及ε３等位基因频率均多见于正常人及病例组中，但两组间Ｅ３／３基因型频率存在明显差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）；ε４等位基因及Ｅ４／３基因型频率在病例     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与心血管疾病的关系

载脂蛋白Ｅ（ＡＰＯＥ）是一种多态性蛋白,在脂类的运行和代谢过程中起着十分重要的作用。ＡＰＯＥ基因多态性与高脂血症脂质代谢关系密切,Ｅ２等位基因是Ⅲ型高脂蛋白血症的必要条件,Ｅ３等位基因在正常人分布频率较高,Ｅ４等位基因与高脂血症及冠心病发生率相关,也是早老性痴呆的一个相关基因。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与心血管疾病的关系

载脂蛋白Ｅ（ＡＰＯＥ）是一种多态性蛋白,在脂类的运行和代谢过程中起着十分重要的作用,ＡＰＯＥ基因多态性与高脂血症脂质代谢关系的密切,Ｅ２等位基因是Ⅲ型高脂蛋白血症的必要条件,Ｅ３等位基因在正常人分布频率较高,Ｅ４等位基因与高脂血症及冠心病发发生率相关,也是早老性痴呆的一个相关基因。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与Alzheimer病的相关性研究

目的：研究中国老龄人群ＡｐｏＥ等位基因与Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ病（ＡＤ）发病危险性的关系。方法选取２２例散发性ＡＤ患者和６４例正常老年人做为研究对象,采用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）和限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）方法鉴定载脂蛋白Ｅ（ＡｐｏＥ）基因型,分析ＡｐｏＥ等位基因及ε４基因剂量与ＡＤ发病的关系。结果ＡｐｏＥε４等位基因与ＡＤ发病关系密切,ＡＤ患者中ε４基因频率较正常对照明显增高,且随着ε４基因剂     

载脂蛋白B基因多态性与高脂血症关系的研究

选取93例高脂血症患者及250例正常对照人群，利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增技术对载脂蛋白（ApoB）基因3’端高变区可变数目串联重复序列（VNTR）作快速而准确分型，研究其多态性与高脂血症的关联，研究结果显示：高脂血症组有8个ApoB等位基因，正常人群组有10个等位基因，ApoB3’端VNTR不同等位基因频率分布为0．004～0．66。载脂蛋白B基因多态性，即BS杂合子等位基因型组的血脂变量与BB，SS纯合组等位基因型组比较无论是在正常对照组中还是在高脂血症组中均存在显著差异。高脂血症患者载脂蛋白B基因型分布及等位基因频率分布与健康人群无差异。     

反义寡脱氧核苷酸抑制大鼠肝细胞载脂蛋白B的表达

为研究载脂蛋白Ｅ基因多态性在冠心病发生发展中的作用及其对血脂水平的影响，应用聚合酶链反应－ 限制片长多态性检测法，测定２２０ 例冠心病患者和１８０ 例正常对照者的载脂蛋白Ｅ基因型；并按常规方法测定血脂水平。结果发现中国汉族人群中存在５ 种载脂蛋白Ｅ基因型，分别为Ｅ３３、Ｅ３２、Ｅ４３ 、Ｅ４２ 及Ｅ４４。冠心病组载脂蛋白Ｅ４３ 基因型和ε４ 等位基因频率（ 分别为２５．０％ 和１４．３％ ） 均显著高于对照组（１３ ．３％ 和８．１％ ）（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）， 载脂蛋白Ｅ３３ 基因型频率（５９．５ ％） 则低于对照组（７０ ．０ ％）（Ｐ＜０．０５）；冠心病组总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平显著高于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）；在冠心病组的各亚型之间，总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平之间存在统计学差异（ Ｐ＜０ ．０５） 。上述实验结果说明，载脂蛋白Ｅ基因多态性与冠心病的发生发展密切相关并影响血脂的代谢水平；ε４ 等位基因可能是冠心病重要的遗传易患因素之一。     

110例心肌梗死患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性

为探讨载脂蛋白Ｅ基因型和心肌梗死之间的关系,采用聚合酶链反应－限制性片长多态性分析１１０例心肌梗死患者和１３１例健康对照者的载脂蛋白Ｅ基因型及其在两组人群中的不同分布。结果发现对照组和心肌梗死组Ｅ３／３基因型发生频率最高,占整个样本的７０％,含载脂蛋白Ｅ３的杂合子居中,占整个样本的２５．３％,Ｅ４／４基因型的发生频率最低。     

中国人载脂蛋白AIV基因多态性分布及其与缺血性脑血管病的关系

目的 了解载脂蛋白AIV（ApoAIV)基因347Thr/Ser和360Gln/His多态性与中国人群中的分布，并探讨它们与缺血性脑血管病的关系。方法 应用病例对照研究，在1249例缺血性脑血管病和1249例非脑血管病人群中采用PCR和分子杂交技术检测基因型，将病例组和对照组各基因型和等位基因频率进行x^2检验。结果 中国人ApoAIV347Ser和His360等位基因频率明显低于白种人，347Thr/Ser和360Gln/His多态性基因型及等位基因频率在缺血性脑血管病组和对照组中无明显区别。结论 ApoAIV基因347Thr/Ser和360Gln/His多态性与中国人缺血性脑血管病的关系不明显，可能与中国人347Ser和His360等位基因频率低有关。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与血脂水平的关系

目的研究载脂蛋白E基因多态性与血脂水平的关系.方法应用等位基因特异性多重聚合酶链反应对113例高脂血症患者和108例健康对照者进行载脂蛋白E基因型进行分析,并对其血脂水平进行检测.结果高脂血症患者总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平明显高于健康对照组(P＜0.05),而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白AⅠ水平明显低于正常对照组(P＜0.05);在载脂蛋白E的3种基因型中以载脂蛋白E3/3型多见,高脂血症患者中载脂蛋白Eε4等位基因频率明显高于健康对照组(P＜0.05).结论载脂蛋白E基因多态性可能是高脂血症患者的遗传因素.     

ApoE基因多态性与中国人2型糖尿病及其心血管并发症的关系

目的为研究载脂蛋白Ｅ（ＡｐｏＥ）基因多态性与２型糖尿病及其心血管并发症的关系。方法以载脂蛋白Ｅ（ＡｐｏＥ）基因为候选基因，运用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性（ＰＣＲＲＦＬＰ）方法检测了１１２例２型糖尿病患者及６０例正常对照者的ＡｐｏＥ基因型。结果两组研究对象其ε３、ε２和ε４等位基因的分布频率分别为０．８４４，０．０９３，０．０６３和０．８６７，０．０８３，０．０５０（Ｐ＞０．０５），说明ＡｐｏＥ基因多态性与中国人２型糖尿病发病无相关性，通过比较２型糖尿病患者不同ＡｐｏＥ基因型与其血脂指标的关系发现：ＡｐｏＥ基因多态性与血总胆固醇水平（Ｐ＝０．００２９）及血低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）Ｃ水平（Ｐ＝０．００２１）相关，携带ε４等位基因的个体具有较高的ＴＣ及ＬＤＬＣ水平，而携带ε２等位基因的个体具有较低的ＴＣ及ＬＤＬＣ水平。ＡｐｏＥ基因多态性与２型糖尿病伴高血压无相关（Ｐ＝０．１１１）。携带ε４等位基因的患者冠心病发病率明显较携带其他等位基因患者为高（Ｐ＝０．００８）。结论ε４等位基因可能是２型糖尿病合并冠心病的一个危险因子     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.