《急性胰腺炎诊治指南(2014版)》热点问题解读

近年来,急性胰腺炎(AP)的研究取得了巨大进展,其诊治的很多重要方面发生了明显的变化.2014年,中华医学会外科学分会胰腺外科学组对我国2007年发布的《重症急性胰腺炎诊治指南》进行了修订.修订后的指南,按严重度将AP分为轻症急性胰腺炎(MAP)、中重症急性胰腺炎(MSAP)和重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)三类,后两者主要区别是MSAP器官功能衰竭持续的时间≤48 h,而SAP＞ 48 h.影像学评估采用改良的CT严重指数(MSCTI)评分.局部并发症包括急性胰周液体积聚(APFC)、急性坏死物积聚(ANC)、包裹性坏死(WON)和假性囊肿.病程分期为早期(急性期)、中期(演进期)和晚期(感染期).感染性坏死是手术指征,无症状的无菌性坏死无需手术.手术须遵循延迟原则.手术方式包括经皮穿刺引流(PCD)、微创手术及开放手术,这些术式可单独或联合应用.     

新亚特兰大分类下不同CT评分标准早期预测急性胰腺炎器官衰竭的价值比较

目的基于急性胰腺炎新亚特兰大分类,比较Balthazar CT严重指数(Balthazar computed tomography severity index,CTSI)、修正CT严重指数(modified computed tomography severity index,MCTSI)和胰腺外炎症评分(extrapancreatic inflammation on CT,EPIC)对急性胰腺炎早期发生器官衰竭的预测价值。方法回顾性分析2013年12月至2014年1月期间笔者所在医院因急性胰腺炎入院治疗患者的临床资料,绘制其CTSI、MCTSI、EPIC、局部并发症及急性胰腺炎严重程度床边指数(beside index of severity in acute pancreatitis,BISAP)和新日本急性胰腺炎严重程度评分(new Japanese severity score,NJSS)诊断早期器官衰竭的受试者特征曲线,计算曲线下面积。结果 1 54例患者基线资料如年龄、性别、首次腹痛至检查间隔时间方面的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。2 CTSI、MCTSI、EPIC及局部并发症评价早期器官衰竭具有统计学意义(P0.05)。临床评分系统BISAP和NJSS评价早期器官衰竭无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CT评分系统能在早期准确预测急性胰腺炎发生器官衰竭情况。     

急性胰腺炎诊治指南(2014版)

2007年中华医学会外科学分会胰腺外科学组发表的《重症急性胰腺炎诊治指南》对我国急性胰腺炎(AP)的规范化诊断与治疗及临床疗效的改善发挥了重要作用.近年来,AP的研究取得了巨大进展,并对其诊断与治疗产生了影响.为此有必要对之进行修订,修订后的指南更名为《急性胰腺炎诊治指南(2014版)》.AP的诊断依据包括临床特征、血清胰酶浓度及CT检查表现.改良的CT严重指数评分(MCTSI)常用于AP的炎症反应及坏死程度的判断.病理分型有间质水肿型胰腺炎和坏死型胰腺炎.AP依据严重程度分为轻症急性胰腺炎(MAP)、中重症急性胰腺炎(MSAP)和重症急性胰腺炎(SAP).MSAP与SAP的主要区别在于器官衰竭持续时间不同,MSAP为短暂性(≤48 h),SAP为持续性(＞48 h).器官衰竭采用改良的Marshall评分来判断.病程分为3期.早期(急性期)为发病至2周,此期以全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)和器官衰竭为主要表现,此期构成第1个死亡高峰.中期(演进期)为发病2周至4周,以胰周液体积聚或坏死性液体积聚为主要表现.后期(感染期)为发病4周以后,可发生胰腺及胰周坏死组织合并感染,此期构成MSAP和SAP患者的第2个死亡高峰.局部并发症分为急性胰周液体积聚(APFC)、急性坏死物积聚(ANC)、包裹性坏死(WON)及胰腺假性囊肿.病因治疗主要是胆道疾病的处理.MAP患者病情稳定后即可行胆囊切除术或胆道探查术,MSAP和SAP患者应在后期或行坏死组织清除时一并处理.早期非手术治疗重点是液体复苏及器官功能保护.MSAP和SAP患者肠道功能恢复后即行肠内营养支持治疗.对于部分易感人群选择性使用抗生素治疗.ACS的处理措施包括胃肠道减压及导泻、镇痛镇静、使用肌松剂及床边血滤减轻组织水肿,B超或CT引导下腹腔内与腹膜后引流减轻腹腔压力.外科治疗的指征主要是胰腺局部并发症继发感染或产生压迫症状.无菌性坏死积液无症状者无需手术治疗.手术治疗应遵循延期原则.感染性坏死可先行针对性抗生素治疗及B超或CT引导下经皮穿刺引流(PCD).胰腺感染性坏死的手术方式可分为PCD、内镜、微创手术(主要包括小切口手术、视频辅助手术)及开放手术(包括经腹或经腹膜后途径的胰腺坏死组织清除并置管引流).胰腺感染性坏死病情复杂多样,各种手术方式可遵循个体化原则单独或联合应用.     

CT引导下穿刺置管引流在21例重症急性胰腺炎局部并发症中的应用体会

目的探讨CT引导下穿刺置管引流在重症急性胰腺炎局部并发症治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾分析2014年05月~2015年04月我科21例重症急性胰腺炎患者临床资料,因伴有局部并发症,行CT引导下穿刺置管引流治疗。其中急性液体积聚(AFC)4例、急性坏死物积聚(ANC)3例、胰腺假性囊肿3例、包裹性坏死(WON)2例和胰周脓肿9例。结果本组患者均成功置入康利10号三腔引流管,21例患者共行24次穿刺置管引流,所有病例无出血、消化道瘘等并发症出现,并对比置管前后脉搏(P)、外周血白细胞(WBC)、血清淀粉酶(AMS)、IL-6、C反应蛋白(CRP)等指标。结论 CT引导下穿刺置管引流定位准确,操作相对简单安全,患者耐受性好,可避免传统手术治疗,在重症急性胰腺炎局部并发症患者中有较高的应用价值。     

《急性胰腺炎诊治指南（2014）》解读——急性胰腺炎外科诊治现状与进展

中华医学会外科学分会胰腺外科学组于2007年颁布的《重症急性胰腺炎诊治指南》对我国急性胰腺炎诊治的规范化及疗效的改善发挥了重要作用。近年来,急性胰腺炎的研究取得了巨大进展,对其诊治的很多重要方面产生了明显的影响。为此,学组对之进行了修订,修订后的指南更名为《急性胰腺炎诊治指南（2014）》。参照国际最新进展,急性胰腺炎依据严重程度分为轻症急性胰腺炎（MAP）、中重症急性胰腺炎（MSAP）和重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）。MSAP与SAP的主要区别在于器官功能衰竭持续的时间不同,MSAP为短暂性（≤48 h）,SAP为持续性（>48 h）。按照国内的临床经验,病程分为3期。早期（急性期）：发病1~2周,此期以全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）和器官功能衰竭为主要表现,此期构成第一个死亡高峰。中期（演进期）：急性期过后,以胰周液体积聚、坏死性液体积聚或包裹性坏死为主要表现。后期（感染期）：发病4周以后,可发生胰腺及胰周坏死组织合并感染,此期构成MSAP/SAP病人的第二个死亡高峰。局部并发症包括急性胰周液体积聚（APFC）、急性坏死物积聚（ANC）、包裹性坏死（WON）及胰腺假性囊肿。外科治疗的指征主要是胰腺局部并发症继发感染或产生压迫症状。无菌性坏死积液无症状者无需手术治疗。手术治疗应遵循延期原则。感染性坏死可先行针对性抗生素治疗及B超或CT导向下经皮穿刺引流（PCD）。胰腺感染性坏死的手术方式可分为PCD、内镜、微创手术（主要包括小切口手术、视频辅助手术）及开放手术（包括经腹或经腹膜后途径的胰腺坏死组织清除并置管引流）。胰腺感染性坏死病情复杂多样,各种手术方式可遵循个体化原则单独或联合应用。     

基于全面考虑制定急性胰腺炎胰腺坏死感染与脓肿防治的整体方案

急性胰腺炎的严重程度不一,治疗转归常常不一致,甚至相差甚远.胰腺坏死、胰周液体积聚往往相伴而行,其主要转归形式有[1-4]:早期发生脏器功能障碍及腹内高压,需要早期手术引流;顺利渡过急性反应期后,并发胰腺坏死感染或胰腺脓肿,需要作坏死组织清创、脓肿引流手术;病情缓解、且不发生感染,胰腺坏死以纤维素增生的形式达到逐步修复,液体积聚自行吸收或形成胰腺假性囊肿,需要在后期作内引流手术.     

三种CT评分与急性胰腺炎严重程度床边指数评分评估重症急性胰腺炎的相关性研究

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)患者三种CT评分即CT严重指数(CT severity index,CTSI)、修正CT严重指数(modified computed tomography severity index,MCTSI)、胰腺外炎症CT(extra-pancreatic inflammation on CT,EPIC)评分分别与急性胰腺炎严重程度床边指数(bedside index of severity in acute pancreatitis,BISAP)的相关性。方法前瞻性收集2015年7~11月期间确诊为急性胰腺炎的患者135例,纳入其中诊断为SAP的患者45例,对其采用三种CT评分标准(CTSI、MCTSI及EPIC)和BISAP评分标准进行评分,分析三种CT评分结果与BISAP评分结果的相关性。对于CTSI、MCTSI及EPIC评分在两位观察者间的一致性用Kappa检验分析。MCTSI、CTSI及EPIC分别与BISAP的相关性用Spearman等级相关分析。检验水准α=0.05。结果 BISAP评分Ⅰ级者4例,Ⅱ级者22例,Ⅲ级者19例,总评分为(2.41±0.82)分。CTSI的评分结果为Ⅰ级者6例,Ⅱ级者22例,Ⅲ级者17例,总评分为(6.02±1.96)分,两位观察者间一致性好(Kappa=0.748,95%CI为0.000~0.076,P0.01)。MCTSI的评分Ⅰ级者1例,Ⅱ级者13例,Ⅲ级者31例,总评分为(7.91±2.11)分,两位观察者间一致性好(Kappa=0.788,95%CI为0.000~0.076,P0.01)。EPIC评分结果为:Ⅰ级者6例,Ⅱ级者11例,Ⅲ级者28例,总评分为(5.57±1.52)分,两位观察者间一致性好(Kappa=0.768,95%CI为0.000~0.076,P0.01)。CTSI、MCISI、EPIC评分分别与BISAP评分均呈正相关(rs=0.439,P=0.003;rs=0.640,P=0.000;rs=0.503,P=0.001)。结论胰腺炎三种CT评分与BISAP均趋于正相关,MCTSI和EPIC与BISAP相关性较好,且MCTSI与BISAP较EPIC与BISAP的相关性更好。     

B 超引导下经皮穿刺置管引流治疗重症急性胰腺炎局部并发症

目的:探讨B超引导下经皮穿刺置管引流(PCD)治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)局部并发症的临床价值。方法:回顾分析2006年1月—2009年10月行B超引导下PCD治疗SAP局部并发症的42例患者的临床资料,其中急性液体积聚14例,无菌性胰腺坏死12例,感染性胰腺坏死9例,包裹性坏死感染1例,胰腺脓肿4例,胰腺假性囊肿2例。并检查穿刺液是否伴感染,观察引流后临床症状、引流效果和影像学的改变。结果:42例中,14例急性液体积聚均治愈(100%),但有2例发生胰周感染,1例出现肠外瘘,无死亡;无菌性胰腺坏死12例中治愈9例(75.0%),3例发生胰腺感染并手术,死亡1例;感染性胰腺坏死9例中治愈2例(22.2%),4例引流效果差而手术,死亡2例,3例放弃治疗;包裹性坏死感染1例PCD后囊内出血急诊手术后死亡;4例胰腺脓肿治愈1例(25.0%),3例中转手术,无死亡。2例胰腺假性囊肿分别于第1,2个月后治愈拔管。结论:B超引导下PCD便捷安全,在治疗SAP不同局部并发症中有着不同的意义。对部分SAP局部并发症,B超引导下PCD可避免传统外科干预。     

经皮穿刺置管引流在重症急性胰腺炎治疗中应用时机的选择对患者预后影响

目的本研究旨在评估经皮穿刺置管引流(percutaneous catheter drainage,PCD)在重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)治疗中应用时机的选择对患者结局和并发症方面的影响。方法回顾性分析2018年1月1日至2018年12月31日德阳市人民医院胰腺中心收治的75例接受PCD治疗的SAP患者的临床资料,研究患者的临床表现、PCD应用时期及其疗效。结果75例SAP患者中液体聚集期(ANC期)51例(68%),包裹坏死形成期(WON期)24例(32%),死亡0例(0%),治愈70例(93.3%),5例(6.7%)行进一步外科治疗。两期的平均PCD放置持续时间、并发症发病率(胰瘘、导管阻塞或脱落、出血)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论PCD在SAP不同阶段(ANC期和WON期)的应用不影响其安全性和疗效,延迟使用并不能取得较好的疗效。     

腔镜下囊肿胃吻合术治疗感染性与无菌性胰腺包裹性坏死的临床体会

目的:对比分析腹腔镜治疗感染性与无菌性胰腺包裹性坏死(WON)的治疗效果及生存质量。方法:回顾分析2015年2月至2019年3月为38例感染性WON(感染组,n=17)与有临床症状的无菌性WON(症状组,n=21)患者行腹腔镜囊肿胃吻合术联合坏死组织清除术的临床资料。分析手术效果,随访并评估患者生存质量。结果:手术时间平均(155.00±29.96)min,术中失血量平均(50.26±25.36)mL,13例(34%)患者同时行胆囊切除术。术后总体死亡率5.26%。两组手术时间、术中失血量差异无统计学意义,但感染组住院时间长于症状组(P<0.01),住院费用高于症状组(P=0.01),更多的患者需要重症护理(P=0.02),随访中感染组有更多的患者出现胰腺内外分泌功能障碍(P<0.05)。结论:感染性WON的预后较无菌性WON差,但通过微创手术可获得良好的治疗结果。     

Incidence of postoperative infections in non-immunocompromised pediatric patients with low absolute neutrophil counts preoperatively

PURPOSE: To discover the incidence of postoperative surgical site infections in non-immunocompromised pediatric patients with an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) < or = 1,000 preoperatively. METHODS: Office and hospital charts of consecutive patients with preoperative ANC < or = 1,000 undergoing elective surgery over a three-year period were reviewed for evidence of postoperative surgical site infection. RESULTS: Six of 200 patients with preoperative ANCs < or = 1,000 developed a postoperative surgical site infection, an infection rate of 3.0%. One of 35 patients with preoperative ANCs < or = 500 developed a surgical site infection. The mean ANC of the study population was 800 (range 200 to 1,000); the mean ANC of the group with postoperative infection likewise was 800 (range 500 to 1,000). CONCLUSIONS: There was a postoperative surgical site infection rate of 3.0% in non-immunocompromised children who had a preoperative ANC < or = 1,000, similar to the overall surgical site infection rate in children. Cancellation of elective procedures in non-immunocompromised children with ANC < or = 1,000 is not warranted on the grounds of concern about postoperative infection.     

Utility of the computed tomography severity index (Balthazar score) in children with acute pancreatitis

BackgroundPrevious studies in children with acute pancreatitis have demonstrated that clinical scoring systems such as the Ranson, modified Glasgow, and pediatric acute pancreatitis scores are of value in predicting severity of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive value of the computed tomography severity index (CTSI or Balthazar score) in pediatric patients.MethodsAll children (≤18 years) admitted to our institution with acute pancreatitis from 2000 through 2009 were reviewed. Contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CT) images at presentation were retrospectively reviewed by 2 pediatric radiologists. Peripancreatic fluid and the extent of necrosis were assessed to determine the CTSI. The predictive value of the CTSI was calculated and compared with clinical scoring systems.ResultsOf 211 children with acute pancreatitis, 64 underwent contrast-enhanced CT at presentation. The median age was 12.3 years. Etiology of pancreatitis was idiopathic (35.9%), gallstone (17.2%), medication-induced (20.3%), posttransplant (9.4%), traumatic (6.3%), structural (1.6%), and other (9.4%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the CTSI (using a cutoff score of 4+) were 81%, 76%, 62%, and 90%, respectively, which compared favorably to the results of the pediatric acute pancreatitis (53%, 72%, 41%, 80%), Ranson (71%, 87%, 67%, 89%), and modified Glasgow (71%, 87%, 67%, 89%) scores.ConclusionThe CTSI is superior to clinical scoring systems for identifying children with acute pancreatitis at heightened risk for developing serious complications.     

Pediatric invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in immunocompromised children with cancer.

OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine the factors that predispose towards invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (FS) in immunocompromised children with cancer, and 2) to propose practice guidelines for management of pediatric FS in immunocompromised patients. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 9 patients who developed invasive FS compared to 8 patients who did not develop invasive FS during the study period. Presenting signs and symptoms, nasal endoscopic findings, radiographs, laboratory studies, histologic and microscopic samples, and outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Seventeen consecutive pediatric immunocompromised patients with hematologic and lymphoid neoplasms underwent nasal endoscopy and biopsy for possible FS. Nine patients were diagnosed with 10 episodes of FS; 1 patient developed FS with different organisms on 2 separate occasions separated by 6 months; 8 patients were not diagnosed with FS. Eight patients had acute myelogenous leukemia (AML); 6 patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); 1 patient had Burkitt's lymphoma, 1 patient had undifferentiated leukemia; and 1 patient had biphenotypic acute leukemia. All patients with FS had an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 600 or less (range 0-600). All patients with FS had either persistent fevers or sinus symptoms (facial pain, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea). Sinus CT scans were abnormal in all patients with FS and without FS. Two patients with FS had maxillary sinus retention cysts. Operative endoscopic findings were helpful diagnostically when necrosis or ulceration was found. All patients in the non-FS group normalized their ANCs; 2 of the 9 patients in the FS group did not normalize their ANC. These 2 patients died from disseminated FS or from complications due to their immunosuppression. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: All patients with FS had either persistent fevers or symptoms localized to the sinuses (facial pain, nasal congestion, or rhinorrhea). Endoscopic examination was helpful when necrosis was detected. We recommend directed biopsies of suspicious lesions, the middle and inferior turbinate, in immunocompromised, neutropenic pediatric patients with cancer who present with either persistent fevers or localizing symptoms to the sinuses. We favor the use of "rush" biopsies over frozen sections because of the better-quality sections and ability to perform appropriate stains.     

Current status of treatments of pancreatic and peripancreatic collections of acute pancreatitis

Pancreatic and peripancreatic collections are the main local complications of acute pancreatitis with a high incidence. In the early phase, most acute pancreatic and peripancreatic collections can resolve spontaneously with supportive treatment. However, in some cases, they will develop into pancreatic pseudocyst (PPC) or walled-off necrosis (WON). When causing symptoms or coinfection, both PPC and WON may require invasive intervention. Compared to PPC, which can be effectively treated by endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural drainage with plastic stents, the treatment of WON is more complicated and challenging, particularly in the presence of infected necrosis. In the past few decades, with the development of minimally invasive interventional technology especially the progression of endoscopic techniques, the standard treatments of those severe complications have undergone tremendous changes. Currently, based on the robust evidence from randomized controlled trials, the step-up minimally invasive approaches have become the standard treatments for WON. However, the pancreatic fistulae during the surgical step-up treatment and the stent-related complications during the endoscopic step-up treatment should not be neglected. In this review article, we will mainly discuss the indications of PPC and WON, the timing for intervention, and minimally invasive treatment, especially endoscopic treatment. We also introduced our preliminary experience in endoscopic gastric fenestration, which may be a promising innovative method for the treatment of WON.     

不同评分系统对重症急性胰腺炎预后评估的临床价值

目的 探讨评估重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的不同方法对SAP预后的判断效果.方法 回顾性分析10年间收治168例SAP患者的临床资料.运用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)下面积,单因素和多因素分析评价序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA)、急性生理和慢性健康评估(APACHE Ⅱ)及CT严重性指数(CTSI)对SAP预后结果的预测能力.结果 ROC曲线面积比较:SOFA,APACHEⅡ,CTSI的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.846,0.809和0.779;SOFA与CTSI评分比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=2.68,P<0.01);APACHEⅡ与SOFA,CTSI比较,差异无统计学意义(Z=1.079,P>0.05和Z=0.693,P>0.05).单因素分析显示,住院期最大SOFA计分、最大APACHE Ⅱ评分、最大CT计分指数、年龄、胰腺感染等与SAP预后相关;多因素分析表明,最大SOFA计分、最大APACHE Ⅱ评分、最大CT计分指数为SAP预后判别预测的独立相关因素.联合评价表明,三者阳性与二者阳性或一个阳性的SAP患者病死率比较,有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 动态观测SAP患者住院期间的SOFA,APACHE Ⅱ和CTSI对SAP预后有较强的判别预测能力,联合三者建立的判别方程具有更佳的SAP预后判别效果.     

CT分类标准在评估重症急性胰腺炎预后中的价值

目的 探讨CT分类标准在评估重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)预后中的价值.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2009年12月收治的62例SAP患者的一般资料,所有患者发病早期均行非手术治疗,并于入院后72 h内行CT检查.依照Balthazar CT分级,所有病例被分成3级:C级13例、D级26例、E级23例.依照Balthazar CT严重度指数(CTSI)评分,将此结果分为3级:Ⅰ级11例、Ⅱ级39例、Ⅲ级12例.分析Balthazar CT分级及CTSI评分与患者住院天数、发热天数、禁食天数、白细胞计数恢复天数、血淀粉酶恢复天数、胰腺假性囊肿形成、器官功能衰竭、中转手术、死亡的相关性.用所有患者的两种CT分级评分绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),通过计算曲线下面积来比较各评分系统在判断SAP病情严重程度和预后的意义.结果 不同Balthazar CT分级间白细胞计数恢复天数(F=4.035,P=0.023)及胰腺假性囊肿形成(x2=8.066,P=0.018)之间的差异有统计学意义,而其他判断SAP严重程度的临床病理学指标间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).CTSI评分低分值的SAP患者恢复过程较高分值者顺利,Ⅰ级及Ⅱ级患者的器官功能衰竭、中转手术、胰腺假性囊肿形成及病死率均明显低于Ⅲ级患者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).ROC曲线分析显示CTSI评分较Balthazar CT分级能更准确地预测SAP的器官功能衰竭、胰腺假性囊肿形成、中转手术及死亡的发生.结论 CTSI评分对于评估SAP的预后有重要意义.     

经皮肾镜与腹腔镜手术治疗重症急性胰腺炎并感染性胰腺坏死的临床疗效比较

背景与目的:目前,外科治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)合并感染性胰腺坏死(IPN)的理念已从以往的早期开腹手术向延期、微创、创伤递进式、通畅引流式的手术方式过渡。本研究按照这一新理念,比较两种微创手术方式治疗SAP合并IPN的疗效差异。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月—2019年5月收治的SAP合并IPN患者共53例患者资料,其中26例行经腹膜后入路肾镜胰周脓肿清创治疗(经皮肾镜组),27例行腹腔镜清创(腹腔镜组),比较两组患者术前一般资料、主要疗效指标以及手术前后相关感染指标的变化。结果:两组患者术前一般资料无统计学差异(均P0.05)。所有患者手术均顺利完成,经皮肾镜组中5例患者术后2周床旁局麻下二次经窦道探查清理,腹腔镜组2例中转开腹。经皮肾镜组与腹腔镜组比较,前者平均手术时间(51.8 min vs.57.4 min)、平均术中出血量(50.2 mL vs.65.8 mL)、平均术后排气时间(21.6 h vs.22.7 h)、平均术后住院时间(48.5 d vs.51.2 d)、平均住院费用(8.2万元vs.10.6万元)均明显减少(均P0.05)。两组患者术后1、7 d引流量较术前均增加,而体温、白细胞计数、降钙素原、C反应蛋白、白介素6、胰腺炎CT严重指数(CTSI)评分等感染指标均在术后不同时间点较术前下降(部分P0.05),而两组间以上指标在相同时间点无均无明显差异(均P0.05)。经皮肾镜组与腹腔镜组术后肠瘘、胰瘘、出血、肺炎、假性囊肿等并发症总发生率差异无统计学意义(34.6% vs.37%,P0.05)。结论:SAP合并IPN患者经两种手术方法治疗后,感染中毒症状均可得到改善,效果明确。与腹腔镜手术比较,经皮肾镜治疗在手术时间、出血量、术后恢复及费用方面更具优势,且不增加并发症发生率,可在临床中进一步推广应用。     

Computed tomography severity index is an early prognostic tool for acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis is a severe disease with unpredictable course and outcomes. It is especially hard to identify early those patients who will have a fulminant course. In a prospective observational study, we tested the hypothesis that the CT Severity Index (CTSI), established within 48hours after admission, is prognostic for morbidity and mortality and can predict the necessity for admission to an ICU. STUDY DESIGN: From January 1994 to October 2002, all patients with the diagnosis of first time acute pancreatitis underwent spiral CT with intravenous contrast within 48hours of admission. The extent of inflammation and necrosis was assessed to define the CTSI. Patients were initially managed in an ICU in a standardized fashion. Complications and mortality were registered in a systematic manner. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients were admitted with acute pancreatitis. The overall complication rate was 57%; mortality was 9%. In patients with a CTSI of 0 to 3, these rates were 42% and 2%, respectively; in those with CTSI of 4 to 6, 81% and 19%, respectively; and in those with CTSI of 7 to 10, 100% and 33%, respectively. Outcomes of subsequent CT scans did not alter the initial prognosis. Early CTSI correlated well with the incidence of complications, sepsis, mortality, and necessity for ICU admission. CONCLUSIONS: Acute pancreatitis is associated with marked morbidity and mortality. Initial admission to an ICU and standardized conservative treatment are justified for all patients. Early establishment of the CTSI is an excellent prognostic tool for complications and mortality. Patients with a CTSI of 0 to 3 can safely be discharged from the ICU.