810例次慢性胃炎内镜与病理检查的对照研究

背景：慢性胃炎是临床常见的消化系统疾病，目前有内镜诊断和病理诊断两种标准，但这两种诊断标准的一致性、存在差异的原因、胃炎胃镜下表现与胃黏膜组织病理学改变的关系等问题均值得进一步探讨。目的：了解慢性胃炎的胃镜和病理诊断情况，探讨慢性胃炎胃镜诊断的主要条件与病理诊断的关系。方法：回顾性分析胃镜检查诊断为慢性胃炎患者的胃镜下表现及其病理检查结果。结果：胃镜与病理检查诊断慢性非萎缩性胃炎（NAG）和慢性萎缩性胃炎（CAG）的符合率为63．0％。NAG胃镜下主要表现对病理NAG的诊断敏感性高于80％，CAG胃镜下主要表现对病理CAG的诊断敏感性低于50％。37．9％胃镜诊断的NAG和76．8％胃镜诊断的CAG在组织病理学上存在萎缩性改变。胃炎样胃癌多可见痘疹和（或）糜烂（85．7％）。519例次慢性胃炎患者行幽门螺杆菌（H．pylori）尿素酶试验，病理NAG的／4．pylori阳性率与病理CAG无显著差异。结论：NAG胃镜下主要表现对病理NAG的诊断敏感性较高，CAG胃镜下主要表现对病理CAG的诊断敏感性较低。淋巴细胞性胃炎和胃炎样胃癌并非罕见，应予重视。     

慢性萎缩性胃炎内镜诊断与病理结果对照分析

目的 探讨胃镜下表现对萎缩性胃炎(CAG)的诊断价值。方法 对55例内镜诊断的CAG与病理结果进行对照分析，分别计算镜下CAG各种表现对病理诊断CAG、肠上皮化生及异型增生的敏感性和特异性。结果 55例患者中内镜诊断CAG30例、CAG合并浅表性胃炎(CAG)25例；病理诊断CAG36例、CSG8例、CAG合并CSG11例。内镜直视与病理诊断相比较，符合率为85．45％。CAG内镜下的各种表现对病理诊断的敏感性为12．77％～51．06％。镜下某些表现对CAG的病理诊断有较高的特异性，如花斑样改变和扁平隆起分别达87．50%、75．00％；白相为主、血管透见伴扁平隆起及花斑样改变伴隆起糜烂的特异性均达l00%。镜下粗糙不平、颗粒样改变对诊断肠上皮化生的价值较大，其敏感性和特异性分别达66．67％、71．74％。白相为主、血管透见对诊断异型增生的敏感性达71．74％；隆起糜烂对诊断异型增生的特异性达68．89％。结论 胃镜直视下的花斑样改变，粗糙不平、颗粒样改变，白相为主、血管透见分别对CAG、肠上皮化生、异型增生的病理诊断有较高的价值，但正确的诊断仍必须结合胃镜直视与黏膜活检。     

慢性萎缩性胃炎内镜与病理诊断的相关性研究

目的　探讨中重度慢性萎缩性胃炎 (CAG)的胃镜下表现与病理结果的关系。方法　对4 9例中重度CAG的胃镜下诊断及表现与病理学结果进行相关性研究。结果　病理诊断中重度CAG33例 ,轻度CAG1 0例 ,正常 6例。肠上皮化生 (IM) 2 7例 ,异型增生 30例。中重度CAG的胃镜诊断与病理结果比较肉眼符合率为 6 7 35 %。其中 2 0例患者胃镜下美蓝染色后 ,诊断符合率为80 %。胃镜下表现与病理结果比较 ,胃黏膜的各种表现对CAG的阳性预测值均达到 80 %以上 ,多种表现同时存在对CAG阳性预测值可达 90 %以上 ,其阳性率之间比较无显著差异。各种胃镜下表现的灵敏度及特异度均在 95 %以上。黏膜变薄等表现对IM及异型增生的阳性预测值均较低在 70 %以下 ,灵敏度及特异度在 30 %以下。黏膜粗糙不平对IM及异型增生诊断的灵敏度分别为 92 85 %和83 33% ,特异度也均在 70 %左右。结论　中重度CAG的胃镜下诊断符合率较低 ,但是通过对胃镜下表现的认识以及染色技术的应用 ,可提高诊断符合率     

慢性胃炎胃镜下像与病理诊断研究

[目的]研究分析慢性胃炎镜下像与病理诊断的关系。[方法]比较1 145例经消化道内镜检查的慢性胃炎、慢性胃炎伴糜烂、反流,以及消化性溃疡、早期胃癌、胃食管反流(GERD)、食管平滑肌瘤、食管癌等伴有慢性胃炎的病例镜下像与病理诊断符合率,以及慢性浅表性胃炎(CSG)、慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)的幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染率、伴肠上皮化生(IM)、异型增生(Dys)等改变。[结果]CSG镜下与病理诊断符合率低,仅为16.5%。CAG镜下与病理诊断符合率85.0%。Hp感染率低,考虑与高龄、30%的病例为多次胃镜检查、伴有GERD、早期胃癌等有关。CAG不但与长期的胃黏膜炎症有关,还与年龄有关,60-69岁、70-79岁为CAG高峰年龄;多伴有IM;与Dys密切相关,重度CAG伴Dys高达64.8%,但94.0%为轻度。[结论]诊断慢性胃炎必须胃镜结合病理检查。要研究其逆转规律首先要认真对待慢性胃炎,尽早发现微小病变。     

慢性萎缩性胃炎胃窦病理与内镜表现对照研究

目的探讨慢性萎缩性胃炎（CAG）病理学指标与内镜表现的关系。方法对46例CAG患者胃窦黏膜病理结果与内镜下各种表现、幽门螺杆菌（Hp）感染情况进行对照比较分析。结果发现46例CAG患者萎缩均伴不同程度的慢性炎症,其中萎缩伴肠上皮化生32例（69．57％）,萎缩伴肠上皮化生和上皮内瘤变10例（21．74％）,与之对应镜下表现形式多种。胃镜下单红相为主（花斑样改变）表现与病理学诊断萎缩符合率60．87％（28／46）,且以轻中度萎缩为主。传统胃镜下萎缩表现与病理诊断萎缩的符合率为21．74％（10／46）,其中白相为主,血管透见或显露与病理学诊断萎缩符合率13．04％（6／46）,两种及以上胃镜下的表现共存时符合率则更低。结论用传统胃镜下萎缩的表现诊断CAG不可靠,应多作黏膜活检病理才能正确诊断。     

bcl-2,c-myc蛋白在胃癌前病变、胃癌中的表达

目的观察bcl－2，c－myc蛋白在胃癌前病变、胃癌中的表达．方法取内镜活检标本93例，其中慢性浅表性胃炎（CSG）21例，伴有上皮异型增生（gastricepithelialdysplasia，GED）者5例．慢性萎缩性胃炎（CAG）34例，伴有GED、肠上皮化生（IM）者23例．胃癌（GC）38例，癌旁粘膜伴有GED和IM者22例．SP免疫组化法检测bel－2，c－myc基因蛋白．结果bcl－2基因蛋白弥漫分布于细胞浆中，c－myc基因蛋白表达多在细胞浆中，少数细胞核内同时阳性．bcl－2，c－myc基因蛋白表达在CSG伴有GED粘膜中的阳性率分别为100％和60．0％．不伴GED组，前者为零，后者为75．0％在CAG伴有GED和IM粘膜中bcl－2，C－myc的阳性率分别为34．8％和73．9％．无GED和IM粘膜则前者为零，后者为63．6％．在胃炎中，伴有GED，IM与不伴有GED，IM组比较，bcl－2表达有显著性差异P＜0．05—0．001．c－myc表达则差异不明显P＞0．05．在GC中，bcl－2，c－myc阳性表达率分别为47．4％和76．3％．在GC癌旁粘膜中，伴有GED和IM者bcl－2阳性率为54．5％，c－myc为81．8％．不伴有GED，IM者bcl-2无阳性表达，c－myc阳性率为25％．GC及伴有GED，IM癌旁粘膜与不伴GED，IM的癌旁粘膜比较，bcl－2与c－myc的表达差异均非常显著（P＜0．001）．bcl－2，c－     

胃癌和癌前病变中幽门螺杆菌及环氧化酶-2和p53的表达及相关性研究

[目的]检测慢性胃炎、胃癌前病变及胃癌（GGa）的胃黏膜组织中幽门螺杆菌（Hp）,环氧化酶-2（COX-2）和突变型p53的表达,探讨Hp感染在胃癌发生过程中与COX-2、p53动态表达的相关性.[方法]选择经胃镜检查及病理组织学证实为慢性浅表性胃炎（CSG）、慢性萎缩性胃炎（CAG）、肠上皮化生（IM）、不典型增生（Dys）及GCa患者各100例,快速尿素酶试验（HPUT法）和组织学改良Giemsa染色联合检测Hp,通过免疫组化检测Hp感染组和非感染组患者胃黏膜COX-2、p53.[结果]①Hp、COX-2阳性率随病变进展呈上升趋势,Hp阳性率在CAG、IM、Dys、GCa各组中显著高于CSG组（P＜0.05）;COX-2在IM、Dys、GCa各组中与慢性胃炎比较有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;②Hp感染阳性率和COX-2蛋白表达阳性率在胃癌前病变组织中存在相关性（P＜0.05）;③p53阳性率在GCa与CSG、CAG相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;④在GCa组中,Hp阳性组p53的阳性表达明显高于Hp阴性组（P＜0.05）.[结论]GCa的形成与Hp感染、突变型p53、COX-2等多种因素及其相互作用有关,可视为GCa发生的危险预警信号之一;在GCa高危人群的追踪观察和随访中,进行Hp、p53、COX-2的联合检测,对发现胃癌前病变和GCa有一定临床意义.     

慢性萎缩性胃炎的相关因素及内镜与病理诊断比较的临床意义

目的 探究慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)的临床相关因素并比较临床中胃镜诊断与病理诊断结果的差别。方法通过在我院进行胃镜及病理检查的994例病人的临床相关因素资料、胃镜及病理检查结果的分析和差异的比较，了解慢性萎缩性胃炎的相关因素以及胃镜诊断与病理诊断结果差异的原因。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎和慢性非萎缩性胃炎在平均年龄、吸烟史、酗酒、既往有胃或十二指肠病史上有显著差异；肠上皮化生和活动性炎症伴随CAG的比例分别为91．2％、76．7％，明显比不伴CAG的比例(分别为8．8％、23．3％)高，两者有高度相关性。CAG在不同部位的萎缩程度有差别：胃窦部CAG以轻中度萎缩为主，重度萎缩很少。而在胃体部cAG和胃窦兼胃体部cAG病人中，重度萎缩占有相当的比例。正常胃黏膜与CAG内镜下诊断以及不同部位间的CAG内镜下诊断为正常胃黏膜、胃窦部CAG、胃窦兼胃体部CAG和胃体部CAG与病理诊断比较的符合率分别为52．5％、37．5％、8％、25％。结论慢性萎缩性胃炎与多方面因素有关，以胃窦部多见，在病理诊断上与胃黏膜的活动性炎症及肠上皮化生有关。胃镜诊断与病理诊断的符合率不高，要提高CAG诊断的正确率，必须在提高胃镜检查技术的同时结合黏膜病理活检。     

慢性萎缩性胃炎患者胃黏膜上皮细胞中PCNA、EGF、VEGF的表达及意义

目的 观察慢性胃炎胃黏膜上皮细胞增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、表皮生长因子(EGF)及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达特点,提高慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)的诊治水平.方法 应用免疫组织化学SP法检测PCNA、EGF、VEGF在12例慢性浅表性胃炎(CSG)、34例单纯CAG、28例CAG伴肠上皮化生、30例CAG伴不典型增生患者胃粘膜上皮细胞中的表达.结果 从CSG、CAG到肠上皮化生、不典型增生,随胃黏膜病变加重,PCNA、EGF、VEGF的表达阳性率呈递增趋势,CSG与CAG者比较三者表达无显著差异;IM患者三者表达明显高于CSG及CAG者,P<0.05;DYS者较伴肠上皮化生者PCNALI升高P<0.05;EGF、VEGF表达无显著差异.结论 伴肠上皮化生和不典型增生可能通过PCNA、EGF、及VEGF的过度表达而促进胃粘膜细胞增殖和恶性转化,此对于CAG的病理诊断及临床治疗具有一定的价值.     

经内镜胃液pH值侧定诊断慢性萎缩性胃炎402例的价值

本文报告402例慢性胃炎患者经内镜胃液pH值测定结果,探讨胃液pH值对慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)的诊断价值。结果显示:CAG胃液pH值显著高于慢性浅表性胃炎(CSG,P<0.01),在CAG中随着萎缩程度加重,其胃液pH值逐渐增高(P均<0.01),CAG伴肠上皮化生或不典型增生者,其胃液pH值高于单纯CAG患者。结论:胃液pH值测定较内镜直视观察诊断符合率为高,其敏感性、特异性、阴性预测值强,故胃液pH值测定对提高CAG的诊断具有参考价值。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.