遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌家系中胃癌的特征和在家系遴选中价值

目的:探讨遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌(HNPCC)家系中胃癌的临床特征和在HNPCC家系遴选中的价值。方法:回顾性随访了符合Amsterdam标准(Ⅱ)的6个HNPCC家系和2个胃癌聚集家系,将两组家系中的胃癌特征进行比较。结果:6个符合Amsterdam标准(Ⅱ)HNPCC家系中发现7例胃癌病人,年龄45～72岁。其中胃窦癌4例,胃体癌2例,贲门癌1例,生存时间6～18个月。2个不符合标准Ⅰ但符合标准Ⅱ的家系中,胃癌7例,其中贲门癌4例,胃窦癌2例,胃体癌1例;男性3例,女性4例,年龄45～77岁,生存时间9～37个月。两组病人的年龄、性别和生存时间差异无显著意义,但肿瘤部位差异有显著意义。结论:尽管在国内HNPCC家系中胃癌是主要的肠外肿瘤之一,由于难以与家族性胃癌鉴别,故胃癌不适合列入HNPCC家系的诊断标准。     

家族性胃癌临床及病理特征分析

目的：探讨家族性胃癌的临床及病理特征,以利于该疾病的早期发现、早期治疗。方法：随访2个家族性胃癌家系,对患者的临床、病理特征进行分析。结果：2家系中共发现6例胃癌患者,均符合常染色体显性遗传。2家系的临床及病理特征与文献报道相符合。结论：家族性胃癌具有独特的临床及病理特征：发病早;预后差;可同时或异时伴发其他器官肿瘤;CDH1基因种系突变携带者外显率高;病理多为弥漫浸润型,分化程度低,较早出现淋巴结转移;同一家系中患者病变部位较一致等。     

我国家族性胃癌家系的临床病理特点及其相关肿瘤的分析

目的 研究我国南方家族性胃癌家系的发病特点和预后,及其家系中发生相关肿瘤的特点,探讨我国家族性胃癌的诊断和筛选方法.方法 通过家系调查,收集8个符合国际遗传性胃癌协作组制定的遗传性胃癌(ICG-HGC)家系和4个可疑ICG-HGC家系,绘制其家系图谱,分析其发病的病理特点及预后,同时了解其家族成员发生相关肿瘤的特点.结果 ICG-HGC家系和4个可疑ICG-HGC家系中共有肿瘤患者45例,发病年龄29～65岁,共有肿瘤病灶58个(包括1例多源癌),有胃癌病灶41个,其中胃病灶30个,以胃窦、体部为主,病理类型为中低分化腺癌;胃外肿瘤17个,其中结直肠肿瘤6个.11例先证者中根治术后4例生存时间大于3年,最长超过10年.结论 中国南方家族性胃癌表现为发病年龄轻,病理分化差,进展期胃癌常发生在远端胃,常伴发肠道肿瘤.遴选ICG-HGC家系时应注意与遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌家系区分.     

遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌家系的临床特征分析

目的　探讨遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌(HNPCC)家系的临床特征。方法　对符合Amsterdam标准的4 5个HNPCC家系共2 6 4个患者绘出其家系图,确定年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、同时和异时癌等。结果　4 5个家系中2 6 4例患者,男14 2例,女12 2例,均为常染色体显性遗传;确诊时的中位年龄为5 0岁。30 5个原发癌灶中,大肠癌灶180个,大肠多发癌2 8例,肠外癌12 5个。结论　HNPCC垂直传递特征突出,肠外癌以肺癌、子宫内膜癌、胃癌最多见,同时多原发癌和异时多原发癌比较多见。     

遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌家族肠外肿瘤的特点分析

目的：探讨遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌（HNPCC）肠外肿瘤的特点,方法：对随访登记的32家系进行随访和回顾,结果：在12个典型HNPCC家系中,6家系发生8例肠外肿瘤,20家系非典型的HNPCC家系中,1家族中有1例肠外肿瘤发生,肠外肿瘤最常见为子宫内膜癌和胃癌,结论：大肠外肿瘤为HNPCC肿瘤谱中的重要成员,中国人的大肠外肿瘤胃癌,子宫内膜癌较多见。     

遗传性非从病性大肠癌24家系的临床特点和诊治

目的　回顾性调查遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌 2 4家系的诊断、治疗经验。方法　对 2 4个遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌家系的诊断、治疗和随访进行回顾性调查 ,分析恶性肿瘤部位、诊断年龄、癌的病理学资料和处理策略。结果　恶性肿瘤在家族中呈常染色体显性遗传 ,2 4个家系中共有患者75名 (多原发癌 2 4名 ) ,共诊断各种恶性肿瘤 12 5个 ,主要有结肠癌 6 3个、直肠癌 2 1个、胃癌 13个、子宫内膜癌 7个、食道癌 6个。患者平均发病年龄 5 1岁 ,较大家系的患者均存在发病年龄逐代提前现象。 2 4 %的大肠癌患者首次手术 10年内再发异时性大肠癌。结论　本病是典型的常染色体显性肿瘤遗传病 ,主要特点包括大肠癌尤其是右侧结肠癌多见 ,多原发癌多见 ;子宫内膜癌、胃癌、食道癌等也是本病的常见肿瘤 ;患者肿瘤发生早并呈发病年龄逐代提前的现象 ;常规肠段切除手术不适于本病大肠癌的治疗 ;对术后患者和可能的突变基因携带者应积极随访     

遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌家系研究

目的;分析遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌家系肿瘤的基因表达及特点,诊治经验。方法：分析24个遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌家系的诊断,治疗和随访结果。记录恶性肿瘤部位,确诊年龄,同时性和（或）异时性癌,肿瘤的病理学资料,应用聚合酶链反应和单链构像多态性方法检查家族成员hMLH1和hMSH2各外显子,对可疑突变片段测序。结果：24个家系中共有患者75例,共诊断各种恶性肿瘤125个,主要有大肠癌,胃癌,子宫内膜癌等,本组诊断大肠癌患者64例（异时性多原发大肠癌16例）,24％的大肠癌患者首次手术10年内再发异时性大肠癌,发现2个家系携带hMSH2基因,1个家系携带hMLH1基因种系突变,均产生截短蛋白,3个家族中已发现12例突变基因携带者,结论：本病主要特点是恶性肿瘤早发,多发;结肠直肠癌,尤其是右侧结肠癌为主,多原发癌,尤其是多原发性大肠癌多见,家族发病年龄逐代提前,常规肠段切除手术可能不适于此类大肠癌的治疗。已发现2个家系有hMSH2基因,1个家系有hMLH1基因突变。     

胃癌家族遗传性的研究

目的 检测30例伴家族史胃癌和8例遗传性胃癌家系患者的E-钙黏附素基因(CDH1)的蛋白表达和启动子甲基化及胚系突变情况,探讨CDH1基因在我国家族性遗传性胃癌中的意义.方法 采用免疫组织化学、甲基化特异性PCR(MS-PCR)、变性高效液相色谱技术(DH-PLC)和直接测序法对30例伴家族史胃癌和8例符合家族遗传性胃癌筛选标准(ICG-HGC)的患者的血液或正常组织标本的CDH1基因进行检测.结果 16例伴胃癌家族史胃癌肿瘤组织标本CDH1阴性表达,遗传性胃癌肿瘤标本CDH1基因7个表达阴性,1个表达明显下调;伴胃癌家族史胃痛19例和遗传性胃癌6例标本表现为启动子甲基化.在30例伴家族史胃癌中2例患者发现了3个同义突变,而在遗传性胃癌的中未发现CDH1种系突变.结论 我国家族遗传性胃癌中CDH1种系突变可能并不常见,或有其他遗传易感基因参与;CDH1基因启动子区甲基化是导致了CDH1基因表达下调的主要原因.     

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目的　探讨遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌(HNPCC)的家系发病特点和预后。方法　收集11个符合Amsterdam标准的HNPCC家系,绘制其家系图谱,分析HNPCC的发病特点及预后。结果　HNPCC发病率为1%。11个家系中,共有肿瘤病人39例(多发癌5例) ,发病年龄5～79岁。其中结直肠癌灶2 9个,肠外相关肿瘤16个。在11个家系的先证者中,HNPCC的平均发病年龄为4 7岁。肿瘤分化均较好,以中分化多见。病理类型以管状腺癌多见,占5 4 .5 %。术后生存6年以上者6例,其中2例超过9年。结论　HNPCC以中分化腺癌多见,预后较好,相关肿瘤以胃癌多见。     

家族性睾丸肿瘤五例报告

1980年1月至2009年12月我院共收治睾丸肿瘤513例,其中家族性睾丸肿瘤5例,报告如下. 对象与方法 本组5例.确诊年龄平均34(17～48)岁.5例分属于2个家系,1个家系2例,为父子;另1个家系3例,为祖父、父亲、儿子.     

Emerging Concepts in Gastric Neoplasia: Heritable Gastric Cancers and Polyposis Disorders

Hereditary gastric cancer is a relatively rare disease with specific clinical and histopathologic characteristics. Hereditary gastric cancer of the diffuse type is predominantly caused by germline mutations in CDH1. The inherited cause of familial intestinal gastric cancer is unknown. Gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach is a hereditary cancer syndrome caused by germline mutations in promoter 1B of APC. Other well-defined cancer syndromes, such as Lynch, Li-Fraumeni, and hereditary breast or ovarian cancer syndromes, are associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. This article reviews important histopathologic features and emerging concepts regarding gastric carcinogenesis in these syndromes.     

Male breast cancer in patients with a familial history of breast cancer

We describe herein the clinical characteristics of five male breast carcinoma (MBC) patients with a familial history of breast carcinoma (FHBC). Four of these patients suffered from multiple primary cancers, being gastric and prostate cancer in 1, gastric cancer in 1, and asynchronous bilateral breast cancers in 2. The average age of these patients at diagnosis was not lower than that of MBC patients with no such familial history. The aggregation of cancer in these families had three prominent characteristics: (1) The families included women with early-onset breast cancers which had occurred at the ages of 38, 38, and 35 years, respectively, and/or early-onset uterine cancer which had occurred at the age of 35 years. (2) The incidence of multiple primary cancers was significantly higher in the siblings of MBC patients with a FHBC than without. (3) There were many cancers in hormone-related organs in two families.     

家族性幼年性息肉病的家系研究

目的 总结家族性幼年性息肉病（familial juvenile polyposis，FJP）的诊断与治疗经验。方法 收集先证者并进行家系调查和临床观察，总结临床病理资料。结果 收集先证者2例，诊治患者5例，肠镜筛检患者一级亲属新发现息肉3例，共10例；男4例，女6例，发病年龄4～34岁，平均26岁。主要临床表现为便血、腹泻和息肉脱出。1个家系的8例患者分别发现结直肠息肉2～89个，2例癌变；另1家系患者结直肠弥漫性息肉，无癌变。息肉直径0．1～2．5cm，多有蒂。行结直肠切除术5例，3例术后再发息肉经电灼处理，随访5～28年无癌变；左半结场切除1例，已随访1年，未发现新息肉；1例行胃与结直肠息肉摘除，12年后发现盲肠癌；姑息性直肠癌切除术1例，术后6个月死亡；1例只发现2个直肠息肉，未治疗，已随访1年无变化。结论 FJP临床特征为多发的结直肠幼年性息肉，也可合并胃与小肠息肉，有癌变倾向。多发的结直肠幼年性息肉及家族史是主要诊断依据。早期息肉或病变肠段切除，预防性结直肠切除可防治息肉癌变。     

中国人遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌临床及遗传学特征分析

目的分析中国人遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌(hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer,HNPCC)家系的临床及遗传性突变特点。方法收集整理符合中国人HNPCC诊断标准的31个家系资料,应用PCR及变性高效液相色谱分析(denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography,DHPLC)筛查hMLH1和hMSH2基因的突变,对DHPLC图形异常的样本进行测序。结果31个家系中共发生136例次恶性肿瘤(多原发肿瘤14例),其中结直肠癌106例次,占所有肿瘤患者的77．9%,诊断年龄均数为48．6±29．0岁；胃癌14例。肿瘤先证者中共检出分属于17个不同家系的23个碱基变异位点,经DNA序列分析,证实10个家系存在10个不同的碱基突变(10/31,32．9%),其中3个为同义突变未引起蛋白质序列的改变,另外7个为病理性改变,分别为错义突变、无义突变、移码突变。这10个突变中7个位点为首次报道。外显子区检测到5个已知SNP,内含子区检测到8个碱基改变。结论(1)符合中国人HNPCC标准家系约有1/3可检出hMLH1、hMSH2基因遗传性种系突变。(2)中国人HNPCC家系以左半结肠癌和直肠癌多见。     

hMLH1 and hMSH2 gene mutation in Brazilian families with suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

Background The aim of this study was to search for mutations in the humanmutS homolog 2 (hMSH2) and humanmutL homolog 1 (hMLH1) genes in 25 unrelated Brazilian kindreds with suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Methods The families were grouped according to the following clinical criteria: Amsterdam I or II; familial colorectal cancer (CRC); an early age of onset of CRC in the proband only; or with at least one or two relatives who had HNPCC-related cancers; CRC in the proband only. All patients were studied with direct sequencing. Results Ten mutations were detected (10 of 25 [40%]); of nine different mutations, seven were novel. ThehMLH1 gene had a higher mutation detection rate thanhMSH2 (8 of 25 [32%] vs. 2 of 25 [8%]). Only 3 of these 10 families fulfilled the Amsterdam criteria. Two different polymorphisms were detected in thehMLH1 gene and four in thehMSH2 gene. Conclusions ThehMLH1 gene had a higher mutation detection rate thanhMSH2. The physician who deals with CRC must take into consideration the heredity issue with patients who present with an early age of onset or a familial history of CRC- or HNPCC-related cancers, including gastric cancer, even if they do not fulfill the former Amsterdam criteria.     

Familial non-multiple endocrine neoplasia medullary thyroid carcinoma: Report of a case confirming a new clinical entity in Japan

Most hereditary medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) occur in association with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2 syndromes. Since Farndon et al. reported two kindreds, that is collections of relatives, with familial non-MEN MTC in 1986, only five kindreds with this disorder have been reported in the English literature. In this paper, we describe a rare Japanese kindred with familial non-MEN MTC, confirming the existence of this distinct clinical entity in Japan. A 42-year-old woman underwent a left hemithyroidectomy with modified neck dissection (MND) under a diagnosis of sporadic MTC at 28 years of age. She developed lymph node metastasis in the right neck region 7 years after the initial surgery, and underwent MND and right hemithyroidectomy. Although no findings of MTC were histologically confirmed in the resected right thyroid lobe, C-cell hyperplasia was observed. Hereditary MTC was strongly suspected, but we could not confirm specific manifestations associated with MEN type 2 in any family members. However, 7 years later, a paternal aunt and cousin were diagnosed with MTC. Other family members were evaluated by ultrasonography and calcium-pentagastrin provocation testing, and three additional patients with MTC across two generations were found. None of these patients had any extrathyroidal manifestations associated with MEN type 2, and the entity of familial non-MEN MTC was confirmed.     

遗传性弥漫型胃癌上皮型钙黏素基因种系突变的检测

目的 研究遗传性弥漫型胃癌上皮型钙黏素基因(CDH1)种系突变情况。方法 对符合初筛标准的5个胃癌家系(A、B、C、E、F)先证者取血,提取基因组DNA,利用PCR方法扩增上皮型钙黏素基因的16个外显子,以变性高效液相色谱技术检测,对可疑突变者双向测序。结果 B家系先证者CDH1基因第10号外显子1507位碱基出现杂合性C→T转换,导致编码谷氨酸的密码子CAG转变为终止密码子UAG,从而产生截短蛋白。该先证者异时性患有乳腺侵润性小叶腺癌和弥漫型胃癌,免疫组化研究显示乳腺癌组织中上皮型钙黏素表达完全缺失,表明乳腺癌组织中CDH1基因完全失活。结论 中国胃癌家系中存在遗传性弥漫型胃癌家系,并检测到一种新的CDH1基因种系截短突变,乳腺侵润性小叶腺癌可能系遗传性弥漫型胃癌肿瘤谱的一部分。