伴下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜的手术治疗

目的探讨伴下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜（DVD）的手术方式及效果分析。方法回顾性分析28例合并下斜肌亢进DVD手术方式,原在位垂直斜度较小选择单纯下斜肌转位术;大度数垂直斜视行下斜肌后徙联合同侧上直肌后徙术。三棱镜加遮盖法检查垂直斜度,反复检查3次,取平均值;下斜肌亢进分＋1～＋4;术后随访1个月至3年。结果术前下斜肌亢进28例（41只眼）,其中双眼13例;亢进＋1,4只眼;＋2,20只眼;＋3,16只眼;＋4,1只眼。下斜肌亢进均得到矫正。单纯下斜肌转位22例（30只眼）,单眼14例,双眼8例。近期满意率85．71％。远期满意率71．42％。下斜肌后徙＋同侧上直肌后徙术6例（15只眼）,双眼5例,单眼1例;双眼5例中4例满意,1例好转,其中2例术后出现轻度上转受限;单眼1例,效果满意,但术眼出现轻度上转受限,睑裂变小。结论伴有下斜肌亢进DVD垂直斜度较小时下斜肌转位术效果良好;垂直斜度较大需行下斜肌减弱＋同侧上直肌后徙术,上转肌同时减弱术,双眼手术比单眼安全。     

下斜肌后徙转位术对眼球运动的影响

目的观察下斜肌后徙转位术对眼球运动的影响。方法顺序选择手术后系统观察≥3年的下斜肌后徙转位和后徙手术两组病例,比较眼球运动状况,并观察前者原在位眼位。结果（1）下斜肌后徙转位组原在位均未出现下斜视,14例单眼手术病例有上转受限,以颞上方为著,6例双眼手术病例无明显上转受限。（2）下斜肌后徙转位组手术后远期（≥3年）下斜肌运动程度、眼球上转程度均明显低于下斜肌后徙组,P〈0.001。（3）下斜肌后徙转位组术后远期下斜肌运动程度、眼球上转程度均低于近期（1周～1个月）,P〈0.05,而术后中期（3～6个月）与远期下斜肌运动程度、眼球上转程度之间无明显差异,P〉0.05。结论下斜肌后徙转位术导致术后眼球运动出现非共同性变化,主要是上转受限,对侧眼上转亢进。     

不同量下斜肌转位术治疗双眼不对称DVD

目的:通过不同量的下斜肌转位术对双眼不对称的分离性垂直斜视(DVD)的治疗,观察眼位矫正效果和并发症情况。方法:选择双眼垂直斜度不相等的DVD患者15例,均伴有下斜肌功能亢进+～+++,上斜度为15△～20△眼采取下斜肌部分转位术,上斜度>20△眼采取下斜肌全部转位术。术后观察眼位矫正情况及睑裂变化、眼球运动情况。结果:术后双眼第一眼位上斜明显改善,下斜肌功能亢进均消失,双眼睑裂大小基本对称,向上注视时上转程度相等。结论:DVD患者双眼上斜程度往往不对称,可根据第一眼位垂直斜度大小分别采取下斜肌全部转位和部分转位,以减少术后双眼睑裂不等大或上转程度不相等的并发症。     

下斜肌前转位术治疗双眼先天性上斜肌麻痹临床观察

目的:探讨下斜肌前转位术治疗双眼先天性上斜肌麻痹伴下斜肌亢进的临床疗效。方法:对28例双眼垂直偏斜角为15△～30△的先天性上斜肌麻痹患者行下斜肌前转位手术治疗,合并水平斜视者同期手术矫正,观察手术前后其原在位垂直斜视度、头位变化、下斜肌亢进程度。结果:患者26例垂直偏斜角为15△～25△的患者行下斜肌前转位术,全部治愈,代偿头位消失。1例双眼垂直偏斜角为>25△的患者行双下斜肌前转位术后,残余部分双下斜肌功能亢进,欠矫度为7.8△,行二期双下直肌后徙术后,垂直斜视好转,代偿头位明显改善。1例伴外斜视患者同时行水平肌手术后出现眼球外展轻度受限,能过中线。结论:对伴双眼下斜肌功能亢进,原在位垂直斜视度较大的先天性上斜肌麻痹患者,行双眼下斜肌前转位手术矫正有操作简便、疗效显著、复发率低等优点,且适用于双眼不等量下斜肌功能亢进患者,值得推广。     

下斜肌前转位术后抗上转综合征的临床分析

先天性上斜肌麻痹是先天性眼外肌麻痹中最常见的一种,以患眼上斜视和代偿头位为特征,常合并DVD,手术设计以减弱患眼亢进的下斜肌为主,如垂直斜视在10△～15△选用下斜肌后徙术,15△～25△选用下斜肌前转位术,大于25△,联合对侧眼下直肌后徙术。本文总结我院2009年1月至2013年1月4年间对先天性上斜肌麻痹继发下斜肌功能亢进斜视度在15△～25△的患者,采取下斜肌前转位术的资料齐全的51例患者,随访发现,有10例出现抗上转综合征（发生率19％）,经随访观察6个月,症状无好转,7例行下斜肌探查＋断腱＋部分切除术,术后眼位满意,达到改善外观的目的,现总结如下。     

下斜肌减弱术治疗下斜肌功能亢进

目的观察下斜肌减弱术治疗下斜肌功能亢进的治疗效果。方法下斜肌功能亢进92例,以正前方的垂直斜视度为依据:斜视度在15△以内者(43例),采用下斜肌截除术;斜视度在15△以上者(49例),采用下斜肌截除术联合对侧眼下直肌后徙术或同侧眼上直肌后徙术。结果79例(85.87%)原位眼垂直斜视度得到矫正,68例代偿头位患者中62例(91.18%)代偿头位消失或减轻。结论根据正前方的垂直斜视度采用不同的下斜肌减弱术,可获得较好的临床治疗效果。     

下斜肌后徙转位术治疗分离性垂直斜视

目的探索伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜的有效手术方式。方法对54例95眼伴有下斜肌亢进的DVD患者应用下斜肌后徒转位法。依据上斜程度确定下斜肌新附着点的位置。上斜小于6△16眼转位到下直肌止端水平后1mm;上斜7～11△45眼,转位到下直肌止端水平;上斜大于11△34眼,前移到下直肌止端前1mm或2mm(1mm25眼,2mm9眼)其中1例单眼上斜50～80△者联合同侧上直肌后徙6mm,对合并水平斜视者,则采用水平直肌后徙和缩短术同时矫正水平斜视。结果术后满意者93眼(97.89%),好转者2眼(2.11%),无1例无效者。95眼术后下斜肌亢进均消失,无1例上转受限者。结论下斜肌后徒转位术是治疗伴有下斜肌亢进分离性垂直斜视的有效手术方式。     

不同术式治疗DVD远期疗效观察

目的：探讨分离性垂直斜视(dissociate dyertical deviation，DVD)的手术方法和疗效。方法：回颐分析40例(70眼)DVD患者，分别采用上直肌后徙术和下斜肌截除 转位术分组进行研究。结果：40例(70眼)随访平均36(12～96)mo.上直肌后徙组22例(40眼)，满意17例(77．3％)，好转3例(13．6％)，无效2例(9．1％)。下斜肌截除 转位组18例(30眼)，满意12例(66．7％)，好转4例(22．2％)，无效2例(11．1％)。结论：DVD临床表现复杂，没有固定的手术模式，需灵活选择符合具体病情的相应术式。当DVD合并下斜肌亢进时，根据下斜肌亢进的程度和垂直眼位的高低首选下斜肌不同程度的截除 转位术，无下斜肌亢进时，首选上直肌后徙术。双眼DVD不对称时选择非对称性手术。     

单眼上斜肌麻痹伴同侧上直肌亢进或挛缩综合征手术治疗

目的观察下斜肌减弱联合同侧上直肌后徙手术治疗单眼上斜肌麻痹伴同侧上直肌亢进或挛缩综合征的临床疗效和安全性。方法2013年5月至2016年2月在沈阳市第四人民医院眼科,临床确诊为单眼上斜肌麻痹伴同侧上直肌亢进或挛缩综合征患者12例,所有患者第一眼位垂直斜视度≥15△,麻痹眼侧歪头试验阳性,向麻痹眼方向注视时垂直斜视度比第一眼位〉5△,上方所有注视眼位均上斜,对侧眼上斜肌功能过强。所有患者均为初次手术治疗,手术将下斜肌后徙于下直肌颞侧止端后3mm,上直肌后徙3-5mm,合并水平斜视者同时予以矫正。结果术前患者均有代偿头位,中度9例,重度3例;术后所有患者代偿头位均有改善,头位消失者6例,轻度倾斜者4例,中度倾斜者2例;术前第一眼位垂直斜视度（24．8±5．2）△,术后（6．0±2．8）△;术后歪头试验10例阴性,2例轻阳性;术后术眼有轻度上转受限,无双眼复视。结论下斜肌减弱联合同侧上直肌后徙手术是治疗单眼上斜肌麻痹伴同侧上直肌亢进或挛缩综合征可选择的手术方式,可以有效改善代偿头位和垂直斜视,未引起明显上转受限。     

非对称性分离性垂直斜视的手术治疗探讨

目的 探讨非对称性分离性垂直偏斜(DVD)的手术治疗效果.方法 对15例因非对称性分离性垂直斜视行手术治疗的患者进行回顾性总结分析,观察患者性别、年龄、斜视类型、临床表现、手术方式和效果,并随访3个月到2年.结果 单纯DVD患者6例,合并其他类型斜视患者9例;单眼受累5例,其中3例采用上直肌后徙,2例采用下斜肌部分切除加转位;双眼受累10例,6例采用不等量的上直肌后徙,后徙量为3.5～10 mm,4例采用下斜肌部分切除加前转位,根据垂直斜度及下斜肌亢进程度的不同,分别将下斜肌离断并切除一定量后转位于下直肌颞侧水平前1 mm至下直肌颞侧水平后1 mm不等.术后12例患者眼位正位,遮盖后无上斜视出现,外观满意,1例行单眼手术者对侧眼出现DVD,1只眼行下斜肌转位后患者出现上转受限.结论 非对称性分离性垂直斜视选择非对称性手术效果较好,对于无下斜肌亢进的患者首选上直肌不等量后徙,对于伴有下斜肌功能亢进的患者采用下斜肌部分切除加前转位.     

下斜肌前置移位治疗伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜

目的:观察下斜肌前置移位治疗伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜(dissociated vertical deviation,DVD)。方法:下斜肌前置移位于下直肌附着点颞侧前2mm或下直肌附着点颞侧成一直线处,同时矫正水平斜视。结果:患者8例11眼中,术前6眼DVD程度是1+,术后DVD消失;术前3眼DVD程度是2+,术后2眼垂直斜视消失,1眼DVD程度为1+;术前2眼DVD程度是3+,术后1眼DVD程度为1+,1眼为2+。所有患者下斜肌均不亢进。结论:下斜肌前置移位是治疗伴有下斜肌亢进的DVD的有效方式,无明显副作用。     

Results of anterior transposition of the inferior oblique

Purpose: We present the results of anterior transposition of the inferior oblique in a series of patients with inferior oblique overaction and dissociated vertical deviation (DVD).
Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective study of 37 procedures on 21 patients who had unilateral or bilateral inferior oblique anterior transpositions. Before surgery, patients had +1 to +3 inferior oblique overaction and +1 (< 10 PD) or +2 (10 PD-20 PD) degree of DVD. The inferior oblique insertion was transposed to between 2 mm posterior to and 2 mm anterior to the temporal border of the inferior rectus insertion. Mean follow-up period was 27 months.
Results: Incidence of inferior oblique overaction of +2 or more was reduced from 84% before surgery to 16% at last postoperative assessments. Some 43% of eyes had no inferior oblique overaction and 86% had an improvement in the degree of inferior oblique overaction. At last assessments, 57% of eyes had no evidence of DVD and 68% of eyes had no evidence of DVD or an improvement in the degree of DVD. No patient who had unilateral anterior transposition developed hypotropia in primary position and there was no evidence of inferior oblique underaction in any patient at last assessment. Three patients requiring repeat inferior oblique surgery are discussed, including one patient who developed a large Y-pattern exotropia after bilateral anterior transposition of the inferior obliques.
Conclusions: Inferior oblique anterior transposition has a place in the treatment of coexistent inferior oblique overaction and dissociated vertical deviation.     

Combined bilateral superior rectus muscle recession and inferior oblique muscle weakening for dissociated vertical deviation.

PURPOSE: Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a common disorder that is often difficult to treat satisfactorily with extraocular muscle surgery. Weakening both elevators in a single eye is uncommonly performed because of possible severe upgaze deficiency or chin-up head posture postoperatively. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records was performed that yielded 14 patients who had undergone bilateral superior rectus muscle recessions (mean 8.1 mm, range 5-10 mm) and bilateral inferior oblique muscle recession, myectomy, or anterior transposition in the treatment of DVD. Three additional patients with asymmetric inferior oblique muscle overaction or true hypertropia in primary gaze position were identified who had bilateral superior rectus muscle recessions combined with unilateral inferior oblique muscle weakening. RESULTS: Mild-to-moderate elevation deficiencies were common postoperatively but never exceeded -2 up-gaze limitation (scale 0 to -4) except in the immediate postoperative period and were not associated with persistent chin-up head posturing. Cosmetically objectionable upper eyelid retraction occurred in one patient after re-recession of a superior rectus muscle but before inferior oblique muscle surgery. Only three patients undergoing four vertical muscle surgeries had residual DVD >10 PD in primary gaze position, and none exhibited manifest dissociated strabismus warranting further treatment. CONCLUSION: Bilateral superior rectus muscle recession of up to 10 mm combined with inferior oblique muscle weakening appears to be a safe surgical approach in the management of patients with large angle or recurrent DVD. Our data further suggest that simultaneous four vertical muscle surgery may be preferred in some patients to weakening the superior rectus or inferior oblique muscles alone.     

改良下斜肌切断术治疗伴下斜肌功能亢进的V型斜视

目的：探讨改良下斜肌切断术治疗伴下斜肌功能亢进的 V 型斜视的疗效。方法对68例（106眼）伴下斜肌功能亢进的 V 型斜视行改良下斜肌切除联合水平直肌后退及（或）缩短术,术后观察评价下斜肌功能、眼位及双眼单视功能。结果术后100眼（94.3%）下斜肌功能亢进消失、6眼（5.6%）下斜肌亢进、无下斜肌功能不足者。术前水平斜视角平均64.5△,术后9.2△,术前垂直斜视角平均15.8△,术后随访为2.2△,平均降低13.6△。术前7例（12.5%）有双眼单视功能,术后47例（73.5%）有不同程度的双眼单视功能。结论改良下斜肌切断术是伴下斜肌功能亢进的 V 型斜视的有效术式。     

伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜的手术疗效分析

目的分析下斜肌转位术对伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜(dissociated vertical deviation,DVD)的矫正效果。方法回顾性分析我科行下斜肌转位术的24例(30眼)伴有下斜肌亢进的DVD患者的完整资料,并根据术前原在位垂直斜度将患者分为小度数、中等度数和大度数组,比较下斜肌转位术对各组近距离(33cm)和远距离(5m)原在位垂直斜度矫正效果。所有患者下斜肌固定于下直肌颞侧缘外的浅层巩膜,与下直肌附着点位于同一水平线上。合并水平斜视者同期手术矫正。结果近距离小度数DVD组、中等度数DVD组、大度数DVD组治愈率分别为100%、0、0;3组有效率分别为92.3%、7.7%、0;3组无效率分别为41.7%、25.0%、33.3%;远距离时各组治愈率分别为100%、0、0;3组有效率分别为92.9%、7.1%、0;3组无效率分别为25.0%、50.0%、25.0%;无论是近距离还是远距离,下斜肌转位术对小度数和中等度数DVD组的原在位垂直斜度矫正效果明显优于大度数DVD组,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05),小度数和中等度数DVD组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论下斜肌转位术对小度数DVD组(≤10△)和中等度数DVD组(11△～19△)近距离和远距离原在位垂直斜度的矫正效果明显优于大度数DVD组(≥20△)。     

Unilateral inferior oblique anterior transposition for dissociated vertical deviation.

PURPOSE: This study analyzes the outcomes after unilateral inferior oblique anterior transposition (IOAT) for manifest dissociated vertical deviation (DVD). METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted for all patients who had unilateral or markedly asymmetric DVD, ipsilateral overaction of the inferior oblique muscle, lack of alternating fixation, and underwent unilateral IOAT surgery between March 1997 and March 2001. In each case, the bunched inferior oblique muscle was anteriorly transposed to the lateral edge of the insertion of the inferior rectus muscle. The primary outcome variable was change in DVD. Secondary outcome variables included inferior oblique muscle action, graded from -4 to +4, and vertical deviation in primary gaze. RESULTS: Ten consecutive patients met the inclusion criteria. Median age at the time of surgery was 14 years (range, 2 to 41 years.) Mean follow-up was 25 months (range, 6 to 60 months). Ipsilateral DVD in primary position decreased from a mean of 20.2 prism diopters (PD) (range, 14 to 33 PD) to 3.7 PD (range, 0 to 9 PD) (t test, P <.001). Nine (90%) of the patients had an excellent postoperative result (residual DVD of 0 to 4 PD) and one (10%) had a good result (5 to 9 PD). Inferior oblique overaction was eliminated in all patients. Mean inferior oblique muscle action decreased from +2.4 to -1.3. Three patients developed a transient or permanent 4 to 5 PD postoperative ipsilateral hypotropia in primary position. Dissociated vertical deviation in the fellow eye did not develop, or if present preoperatively, did not increase. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral IOAT is an effective treatment for unilateral or markedly asymmetric DVD in patients with a strong, contralateral fixation preference. This surgery reduces inferior oblique overaction but may cause an ipsilateral hypotropia.     

下斜肌转位术治疗分离性垂直斜视

目的 探讨下斜肌转位术治疗分离性垂直斜视的临床效果。方法 选择25例DVD患者,17例伴下斜肌亢进,8例不伴下斜肌亢进。下斜肌亢进或不伴下斜肌亢进,但垂直斜视度≥10△均行下斜肌转位术。结果 (1)25例患者行下斜肌转位术后,22例术后残余垂直斜视度＜ 10△,1例术后残余垂直斜视度≥10△,2例术后残余垂直斜视度≥15△。(2)伴或不伴下斜肌亢进的DVD患者术前、术后斜视度比较有统计学差异。结论 下斜肌转位术是治疗伴或不伴下斜肌亢进分离性垂直斜视的有效方法,尤其适合垂直斜视度＞15△的患者。     

先天性单侧上斜肌麻痹的手术方式分析

目的：探讨先天性单侧上斜肌麻痹的手术治疗方法。

方法：本研究回顾分析对68例先天性单侧上斜肌麻痹患者,根据患眼的下斜肌功能亢进程度和原在位垂直斜度大小选择下斜肌切断并部分切除、下斜肌切断并前转位、下斜肌部分切除联合对侧眼下直肌或同侧眼直肌手术。伴有水平斜视者按水平斜视矫正原则一期或分期手术矫正。

结果：治愈58例,治愈率85.3%,好转7例,好转率10.3%,无效3例,无效率4.4%。

结论：根据下斜肌亢进程度、垂直斜视度及水平斜度选择不同手术方式,通过一期或分期手术,可有效获得较高治愈率。     

下斜肌转位术对伴有下斜肌亢进DVD的矫正作用

目的 探讨下斜肌转位术对伴有下斜肌亢进的垂直分离性斜视(dissociated verticaldeviation,DVD)原在位垂直斜视的矫正作用.方法应用下斜肌转位术治疗34例(46只眼)伴有下斜肌亢进DVD患者的垂直斜视,18例合并水平斜视者同期手术矫正,手术前后测量原在位垂直斜视度及下斜肌亢进程度,并进行统计学比较.结果原在位垂直斜视度5m远距离平均矫正(13.57±9.74)PD(t=9.450,P<0.01),95%置信区间为(10.67,16.46)PD.33cm近距离平均矫正(13.28±9.98)PD(t=9.029,P<0.01),95%置信区间为(10.32,16.25)PD.下斜肌亢进程度从术前平均+2降至术后0(Wilcoxon符号秩检验,Z=5.957,P<0.01),差异均具有统计学意义.结论下斜肌转位术是治疗伴有下斜肌亢进DVD的有效手段.合并之下斜肌亢进同时得以消除.     

Efficacy of inferior oblique anterior transposition placement grading for dissociated vertical deviation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if graded anterior placement of a transposed inferior oblique muscle is beneficial for treating variable amounts of dissociated vertical deviation (DVD). DESIGN: Retrospective, consecutive, comparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Patients who underwent inferior oblique muscle anterior transposition (IOAT) for DVD at one institution between 1991 and 1999. METHODS: Chart review. All patients had IOAT procedures of graded placement at 1, 2, or 3 mm anterior to the inferior rectus muscle insertion or standard placement at the level of the inferior rectus muscle insertion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effect of graded and standard placement was assessed by measuring the difference between preoperative and postoperative DVD and was defined as DVD correction. The success of surgery was judged by the residual DVD at long-term follow-up of 6 months or more. Excellent, fair, and poor outcomes were defined as residual DVD of 0 to 5 prism diopters (PD), 6 to 12 PD, and 13 or more PD, respectively. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients (106 eyes) underwent IOAT for DVD. The comparison of DVD correction for the standard versus graded group yielded significance at long-term follow-up (P = 0.001). This result became nonsignificant after adjusting for preoperative DVD (P = 0.178). The power to detect a 5-PD difference between graded and standard placement was 90%. The surgical success was similar for patients receiving graded and standard IOAT. Patients with 0 to 15 PD of preoperative DVD fared better than those with more than 15 PD of preoperative DVD. CONCLUSIONS: This study does not demonstrate increased correction of DVD with graded IOAT versus standard IOAT. We do not recommend placement of the inferior oblique muscle anterior to the inferior rectus muscle insertion. Inferior oblique muscle anterior transposition for DVD was clinically more effective for smaller amounts of DVD.