小儿急性血吸虫病的护理体会

我院于 1999年 10月收治了 8例急性血吸虫病患儿 ,其中男 5例 ,女 3例。年龄在 6～ 15岁之间 ,均来自沿江血吸虫病流行区。接触疫水时间为 7、8月份 ,感染方式均为嬉水。1　临床资料本组患儿发病后均有发热 ,以间歇热为主 ,呈午后体温上升 ,下半夜退热。其中 ,体温 6例在 39℃以上 ,2例在 38～39℃之间。伴有畏寒、头晕、乏力、纳差、腹胀、腹痛及腹泻等临床表现。患儿均给吡喹酮口服作病原治疗 ,其中 3例患儿进行了 2个疗程的治疗。2　护理体会2 .1　心理护理　患儿入院后 ,我们要热情接待 ,帮助他们熟悉医院的环境 ,协助家长做好生活护理 …     

小儿肺炎护理分析

目的观察小儿肺炎患儿的临床护理效果,探寻最佳护理方式。方法选择在我院治疗的小儿肺炎患儿共59例,将其随机分为观察组(30例)和对照组(29例),对照组患儿给予临床综合治疗及常规护理,观察组在对照组的基础上给予患儿整体性护理,并对两组患儿护理后情况进行比较。结果经治疗及综合护理后,观察组患儿体温恢复正常时间短于对照组;观察组总有效率为93.3%,高于对照组的75.8%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在这个治疗及护理过程中,无不良反应发生。结论及时有效的整体性护理明显缩短患儿康复时间,提高患儿的治疗效果,减轻了患儿病痛,值得临床推广。     

小儿病毒性脑炎的护理体会

１９９６～１９９８年，我们收治病毒性脑炎患儿２８８例，经积极治疗，精心护理，２８５例痊愈出院，现将护理体会介绍如下。一般护理：保持病室整洁、安静、空气新鲜，温度１８～２２℃，相对湿度５５％～６５％。病室内空气与用物分别用１∶５００的８４消毒液喷雾或擦拭消毒，室内每日用紫外线照射消毒１次，每月空气培养１次。症状的观察与护理：①发热：密切观察体温、脉搏、呼吸变化，每４小时测体温１次，体温超过３９℃者，将冰帽置于其头部，冰袋置于腋下、腹股沟等处或用４℃生理盐水灌肠，必要时应用解热镇痛药物，以降低机体代…     

300例低出生体重儿的整体护理体会

2001年1月～2002年8月,我科共收治低出生体重儿300例。其中超低出生体重儿死于肺出血3例,多发畸形自动出院1例,其余患儿经精心治疗与护理均痊愈出院。 一般资料:本组患儿出生体重2000～2400g35例,1500～2000g126例,1000～1500g95例,850～900g42例,平均体重1500g;胎龄不满30周25例,31～35周251例,36～37周18例,38～40周6例,平均胎龄32～34周。 护理问题与措施:①体温不升:a.立即置于恒温箱内保暖,根据患儿体重和日龄调节箱温,最高不应超过36℃,保持相对湿度55％～65％;b.每2～4小时测体温1次,各项操作均在暖箱内进行,必须抱出时需加棉被保暖,保持室温24℃～26℃;c.保证奶量和输液量的及时供给,使患儿体温在8小时之内升至36℃～37℃。②呼吸困难:a.及时清除呼吸道     

家庭协同式护理结合健康教育对病毒性心肌炎患儿护理依从性的影响

目的 分析家庭协同式护理结合健康教育对病毒性心肌炎患儿护理依从性的影响。方法 选取我院2020年2月至2022年2月收治的88例病毒性心肌炎患儿,按照随机数字表法分为两组,各44例,对照组采用家庭协同式护理,观察组另外给予健康教育,比较两组患儿护理依从性、负面情绪。结果 （1）观察组护理依从性高于对照组（P<0.05）;(2)护理前,两组SAS、SDS评分比较（P>0.05）,护理后,观察组SAS、SDS评分较低（P<0.05）。结论 家庭协同式护理结合健康教育,可提高病毒性心肌炎患儿护理依从性,减少患儿负面情绪的产生。     

优质护理干预对小儿肺炎合并心力衰竭治疗效果的临床观察

目的观察优质护理干预对小儿肺炎合并心力衰竭治疗效果的影响。方法入组研究对象来自于在2016-2017年期间阶段在我院实施治疗的小儿肺炎合并心力衰竭患儿80例,以对照实验要求为依据,随机将其分为观察组和对照组,每组均设置40例患儿。80例患儿均接受肺炎合并心力衰竭常规临床治疗,期间对照组患儿给予基础护理,观察组患儿给予优质护理。结果相比对照组患儿85.0%的临床治疗总有效率,观察组患儿的92.5%显著较高,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。相比对照组患儿,观察组患儿护理前的体温和心率均相当,组间比较差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05);但观察组患儿护理后的体温和心率均明显更低,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。相比对照组患儿,观察组患儿的心力衰竭恢复时间和住院时间,均明显更短,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。相比对照组患儿家长75.0%的临床护理满意度,观察组患儿家长的90.0%显著较高,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在小儿肺炎合并心力衰竭患儿治疗期间实施优质护理干预,能够有效改善患儿的体温、心率等指标,同时可促进患儿心力衰竭症状得到更快的恢复,从而提升患儿的总体疗效,缩短其治疗时间,提高其家长护理满意度。     

小儿手足口病中西医结合护理临床体会

目的对小儿手足口病中西医结合护理的效果进行分析。方法选取我院2015年1月~2016年1月收治的手足口病患儿88例作为研究对象,随机分为对照组与观察组,各44例。对照组行常规西医护理,观察组行中西医结合护理,对比两组患儿的护理效果。结果观察组的治疗有效率为93.18%,对照组的治疗有效率为72.73%,观察组的治疗有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对小儿手足口病采用中西医结合护理可有效提高治疗效果,改善患儿预后,值得临床推广应用。     

心理护理在儿童胃镜检查中的临床应用效果评价

目的探讨心理护理在儿童胃镜检查中的临床应用效果。方法选取脾胃病科住院并行胃镜检查患儿88例,随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组患儿进行心理护理,对照组患儿给予常规护理,观察两组患儿的护理效果。结果观察组患儿胃镜检查时程为(5.2±1.3)min,明显短于对照组的(7.5±2.4)min(P0.05),观察组患儿一次性插管成功率(95.45%)明显高于对照组(77.27%),观察组患儿在胃镜检查过程中出现轻度不适者10例,轻度呕吐者3例,未观察到严重呕吐现象,其中轻度不适发生率明显低于对照组患儿(P0.05)。结论心理护理在儿童胃镜检查中具有良好的临床应用效果。     

循证护理用于经皮肾镜取石术中预防低体温的效果观察

目的探讨循证护理对经皮肾镜取石术中低体温的预防效果。方法 60例患者随机分为常规护理组(A组)和循证护理组(B组),A组实施常规护理,B组采用循证护理制定预防低体温的护理干预措施,观察两组患者手术前后体温的变化程度及低体温、寒战等不良反应发生率。结果 A组术后体温平均降低0.8℃,低体温发生率为20.0%,寒战发生率为30.0%;B组术后体温平均降低0.5℃,低体温发生率为3.3%,寒战发生率为6.7%,B组效果优于A组(P均<0.05)。结论循证护理可有效地减轻经皮肾镜取石术中体温的降低程度。     

护理干预在小儿高热惊厥中的应用效果研究

目的探析护理干预在小儿高热惊厥中的应用效果。方法选取我院收治的88例高热惊厥患儿,随机分为两组,各44例,对照组进行常规护理,观察组实施护理干预,对比两组的护理效果。结果观察组的护理满意度高于对照组,且惊厥消失时间、退热时间均短于对照组,差异对比有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对高热惊厥患儿实施护理干预可提高护理满意度,缩短降低惊厥消失时间和退热时间,加快患儿康复,值得临床推广和应用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.