术中超声和胆道镜在肝内胆管结石取石术中的应用

该文评价了术中超声和纤维胆道镜在肝内胆管结石取石术中的应用价值，４０例肝内胆管结石病例术中利用ＩＯＵＳ对结石行诊断性定位，并在ＩＯＵＳ引导下常规取石，胆道镜取石，经肝表面切开肝管取石，肝段切除，结果表明：ＩＯＵＳ引导结合多种取石方法彻底干净，残余结石率为０；结论：ＩＯＵＳ在肝胆道结石术中定位准确，引导取石，指导选择手术方式，减少结石残留有其重要价值。     

术中超声和胆道镜在肝内胆管结石取石术中的应用(附40例分析)

该文评价了术中超声（ＩｎｔｒａｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅＵｌｔｒａｓｏｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＩＯＵＳ）和纤维胆道镜在肝内胆管结石取石术中的应用价值,４０例肝内胆管结石病例术中利用ＩＯＵＳ对结石行诊断性定位,并在ＩＯＵＳ引导下常规取石,胆道镜取石,经肝表面切开肝管取石,肝段切除,结果表明：ＩＯＵＳ引导结合多种取石方法取石彻底干净,残余结石率为０（０／４０）,结论：ＩＯＵＳ在肝胆道结石术中定位准确,引导取石,指导选择手术方式,减少结石残留有其重要价值。     

71例心脏黏液瘤的围术期护理

目的 研究心脏黏液瘤的围术期护理特点。方法 1989年12月～2005年11月对71例原发性和复发性心脏黏液瘤患者行手术治疗，所有患者术前均经超声心动图检查明确诊断后行外科手术治疗，合并心脏病变者术中一并纠治，术前预防瘤体脱落造成动脉栓塞而让患者卧床休息，在检查时不可过多翻动强求引出杂音的体位性改变，以免发生危险，手术前后应密切注意观察有无动脉栓塞症状出现。结果 71例患者术前平稳过渡到接受手术，病理细胞学检查均证实了黏液瘤病变，手术死亡1例，为左房黏液瘤反复复发患者，该患者于第4次术中死于低心排。其余患者术后均平稳恢复。结论心脏黏液瘤超声心动图可以提供准确诊断，一旦明确诊断，均应立即手术，要预防瘤体脱落造成动脉栓塞，心脏黏液瘤术后可以复发，需长期随访。     

彩色多普勒超声在颌下腺导管结石检查治疗中的应用

目的探讨涎石症患者颌下腺导管内结石的分布及其颌下腺超声表现。方法术前对33位患者颌下腺导管进行分区,应用彩色多普勒超声确定颌下腺导管结石位置及颌下腺腺体的超声表现,行手术及内镜术取石治疗,超声诊断结果与手术观察对照分析。结果33例患者中检出颌下腺导管前段结石12例,后段结石19例,分支导管内仅检出结石2例,手术和内镜术取石结果与术前超声提示诊断结果相符。结论颌下腺导管结石好发于导管后段,分支导管结石较少见,超声诊断颌下腺导管结石的准确性高,在确定结石位置、数量,观察导管扩张及颌下腺感染程度均有重要作用,可为涎石病诊断及手术治疗提供重要依据。     

肝叶切除手术联合胆道镜治疗胆管结石的护理

目的探讨肝叶切除手术联合胆道镜探查取石治疗胆管结石的观察护理。方法对36例行肝叶切除手术联合胆道镜探查取石治疗胆管结石的患者术前进行有效的心理护理，术后加强护理，预防并发症。结果36例手术全部成功，患者术前心理状态稳定，术后未发生严重并发症。结论肝叶切除手术联合胆道镜探查取石治疗胆管结石是治疗胆管结石的有效方法，术前准备充分，术后加强护理是手术成功的重要保证。     

术中超声在肝内胆管取石术中的应用价值

目的　探讨术中超声在肝内胆管取石术中的应用价值。方法　术中超声将高频探头放置在肝表面 ,利用探针对肝内胆管结石准确定位 ,并在超声引导下经肝表面切开肝管取石。结果　 11例 2 4枚肝内胆管结石经超声准确定位后 ,结石全部取尽且无并发症。结论　术中超声定位、介入肝内胆管取石 ,能够解决残留结石的难题 ,有临床实用价值。     

腹腔镜超声在腹腔镜肝部分切除术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜超声在腹腔镜肝部分切除术中的作用。方法在16例腹腔镜肝部分切除术中,应用腹腔镜超声进行检查。结果术中超声纠正了2/17例(11.8%)术前诊断,因此改变术式。1例(5.9%)发现伴有胆总管结石,予切开胆总管取石。1例(5.9%)发现Ⅳ段有1cm×1cm×1cm大小子灶,予一并切除。17例均有超声辅助确定肝切除线。术后病理证实切缘无肿瘤残余。17例患者均在腹腔镜下完成手术。术中未出现不能控制并发症。结论应用腹腔镜超声探查肝脏,补充和纠正术前影像学检查的错漏;进行准确的病灶边界定位;找到肝段的胆管、血管蒂控制出血,可提高诊断准确率及腹腔镜肝切除的安全性,对腹腔镜肝部分切除术具有实用价值。     

术中超声与超声造影在肝内胆管结石术中的应用

目的探讨术中超声和超声造影在多发性肝胆管结石手术治疗中的应用价值。方法使用术中超声探头,在48例肝内胆管结石患者行肝胆管结石手术中进行超声检查,并行经胆总管插管超声造影／或经肝内胆管穿刺超声造影,且与手术及病理结果对照。结果48例肝胆管结石患者,术中超声诊断35例为肝内胆管结石,其中5例术前超声未查出,13例为肝内胆管结石合并肝外胆管结石。10例合并胆管炎症、胆管壁纤维化。13例肝内外胆管均有结石的患者中,4例合并胆总管下段癌变,均经手术及病理证实。结论术中超声检查可对术前超声检查的漏误诊予以纠正。术中肝胆管超声造影,可提高对胆道疾病的检出,同时伴有冲洗胆道结石的作用,可以减少胆道结石的残留。术中超声定位结合术中胆道超声造影,可作为肝胆管结石手术治疗的重要辅助手段。     

术中胆道镜在胆道疾病中的应用价值

自１９８７年以来应用术中胆道镜２８７例，有５７例胆道梗阻性病变经术中胆道镜配合病理检查得到了确诊，使术前诊断得以更正和补充，并采取了相应的手术方式进行治疗。术中胆道镜同时为肝胆管结石术式选择提供帮助，配合器械取石使胆道残余结石率降到５．４％。术中胆道镜的操作难点在于用活检钳在病变部位取材，必要时应配合器械取材并结合病变局部形态特点进行分析诊断，另因手术时间的限制，胆管炎症、充血、水肿、絮状物对胆道镜视野的影响和胆管狭窄及胆管解剖变异等因素的存在，经术中胆道镜取石后仍有５．４％残石存在。     

71例心脏黏液瘤的围术期护理

目的 研究心脏黏液瘤的围术期护理特点.方法 1989年12月～2005年11月对71例原发性和复发性心脏黏液瘤患者行手术治疗,所有患者术前均经超声心动图检查明确诊断后行外科手术治疗,合并心脏病变者术中一并纠治,术前预防瘤体脱落造成动脉栓塞而让患者卧床休息,在检查时不可过多翻动强求引出杂音的体位性改变,以免发生危险,手术前后应密切注意观察有无动脉栓塞症状出现.结果 71例患者术前平稳过渡到接受手术,病理细胞学检查均证实了黏液瘤病变,手术死亡1例,为左房黏液瘤反复复发患者,该患者于第4次术中死于低心排.其余患者术后均平稳恢复.结论 心脏黏液瘤超声心动图可以提供准确诊断,一旦明确诊断,均应立即手术,要预防瘤体脱落造成动脉栓塞,心脏黏液瘤术后可以复发,需长期随访.     

Intraoperative liver ultrasound: the Chinese experience

This article introduces the experience in intraoperative liver ultrasound in China. Intraoperative liver ultrasound was mainly used in patients treated for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hepatolithiasis, with purposes for further diagnosis and decision making and guidance of surgical procedures. With respect to detection of liver tumors, intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) was significantly more sensitive, especially in small foci, as compared with preoperative ultrasound and computed tomography scanning, as well as intraoperative inspection and palpation. It was also more precise in localizing lesions than preoperative imaging investigations. Intraoperative echoangiography via hepatic arterial injection of carbon dioxide was shown not only to help assess position of catheter and vascularity of tumors but also to improve sensitivity in detecting small tumor foci in patients undergoing hepatic arterial chemoembolization. Intraoperative ultrasound was also used to guide hepatectomies. It ensured to obtain curative resection of the tumors and maximum preservation of functioning hepatic parenchyma simultaneously. For hepatolithiasis, IOUS offered accurate localization of stones, lithotomy (with its guidance), reduction of the rate of residual stones, and follow-up of the outcome of lithotomy.     

Use of accumulation images obtained by arterial-phase contrast-enhanced harmonic grayscale ultrasonography to evaluate tumor vessels in focal nodular hyperplasia and other hepatic tumors

Purpose To evaluate the usefulness of accumulation images obtained by arterial-phase contrast-enhanced harmonic grayscale ultrasonography for examining tumor vessels in focal nodular hyperplasia and other hepatic lesions. Methods After injecting a galactose-palmitic acid contrast agent, we used conventional contrast-enhanced harmonic grayscale ultrasonography to scan 8 focal nodular hyperplasia lesions, 21 hepatocellular carcinomas, 2 cholangiocellular carcinomas, 12 hepatic metastases, 17 hemangiomas, and 2 angiomyolipomas. We then accumulated and superimposed consecutive conventional images (accumulation images) and compared them with corresponding conventional images to evaluate serial images of hepatic tumor vessels. Results Serial tumor vessel findings obtained from accumulation images were superior to those obtained from conventional images in 51 (77%) of the 66 various hepatic lesions examined. Evidence of the spoke-wheel artery pattern in 2 of the 8 focal nodular hyperplasia lesions was equivocal in the conventional images, but accumulation images clearly depicted serial images of spoke-wheel arteries, clearly indicating a diagnosis of focal nodular hyperplasia. Accumulation images allowed the diagnosis of two additional focal nodular hyperplasia lesions that had not been correctly diagnosed as focal nodular hyperplasia from conventional images. Conclusion Accumulation images obtained by arterial-phase contrast-enhanced harmonic grayscale ultrasonography are useful in evaluating hepatic tumor vessels, especially spoke-wheel arteries, which specifically indicate focal nodular hyperplasia.     

实时影像虚拟导航系统在肝癌微创治疗中的初步应用

目的 应用实时影像融合虚拟导航技术对常规超声显示不佳的肝癌病灶行经皮肿瘤微创治疗,明确此影像技术的安全性、可行性及临床应用价值.方法 15例患者共22个肝癌病灶接受虚拟导航引导下经皮消融术,并于术后1月内经增强CT/MR评定消融效果.结果 20个病灶完全消融,2个病灶有局部残留.未出现与治疗相关的并发症.结论 实时影像虚拟导航系统能精确定位病灶,引导穿刺和监控治疗,特别对常规超声不显示的肝癌病灶,虚拟导航技术更显示出优越性.     

实时影像虚拟导航系统在肝癌微创治疗中的初步应用

目的 应用实时影像融合虚拟导航技术对常规超声显示不佳的肝癌病灶行经皮肿瘤微创治疗,明确此影像技术的安全性、可行性及临床应用价值.方法 15例患者共22个肝癌病灶接受虚拟导航引导下经皮消融术,并于术后1月内经增强CT/MR评定消融效果.结果 20个病灶完全消融,2个病灶有局部残留.未出现与治疗相关的并发症.结论 实时影像虚拟导航系统能精确定位病灶,引导穿刺和监控治疗,特别对常规超声不显示的肝癌病灶,虚拟导航技术更显示出优越性.     

超声造影指导射频消融治疗小肝癌的应用价值

目的 探讨超声造影(CEUS)指导射频消融治疗小肝癌的应用价值.方法 70例经病理诊断的肝恶性肿瘤患者共104个病灶为研究对象;其中39例54个病灶采用SonoVue团注法行CEUS检查并引导治疗(CEUS组),同期常规超声引导消融治疗的31例50个病灶为对照组.病灶大小0.7～2.7cm,平均(1.60±0.43)cm.两组病例临床一般指标差异无统计学意义.结果 CEUS组中13例17个病灶的范围较常规超声显示清晰(31.5%),其中1.5 cm以下病灶12个,均在CEUS引导下消融治疗.CEUS组与对照组治疗结果比较,术后1个月肿瘤灭活率分别为100%和92%,肿瘤的治疗次数分别为(1.00±0.00)次和(1.08±0.27)次;随访8～52个月(平均21个月),肿瘤局部复发率分别为0和4%.肿瘤灭活率及治疗次数两组间差异有统计学意义.结论 CEUS可改善小肿瘤的显示率并引导精确定位,有效提高灭活率,减少治疗次数,有较高的临床应用价值.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the value of contrast enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in the treatment of small hepatic malignancies with radiofrequency ablation(RFA). Methods Seventy patients with 104 pathologically proved malignant liver lesions treated by RFA (size 0.7 -2.7 cm) were divided into 2 groups including CEUS group and control group. In CEUS group,39 patients(54 lesions) were treated with RFA guided by CEUS, while in control group 31 patients (50 lesions) were guided by conventional ultrasonography. There was no significant difference between clinical data of the two groups. Results Seventeen tumors(among them,12 lesions were less than 1.5 cm in diameter) in 13 patients showed more clearly on CEUS image than on conventional ultrasonography image (31.5% ) in CEUS group. The tumor necrosis rate at one month after RFA was 100% in CEUS group,and 92% in control group ( P = 0. 034).The number of RFA sessions per tumor was 1.00± 0.00 in CEUS group,and 1.08 ± 0.27 in control group (P = 0.000). Local tumor progression rate was 0 in CEUS group and 4% in control group ( P = 0. 138)during the period of 8 - 52 months follow-up (average 21 months). Conclusions CEUS can not only improve the display of small hepatic malignancies but also provide precise guidance in contrast with conventional ultrasonography. Compared with control group, RFA of small hepatic malignancies guided by CEUS lower the number of RFA sessions, enhance the tumor necrosis rate, decrease post-RFA local progression and therefore it has extensive clinical value.     

动态灰阶超声造影在肝肿瘤鉴别诊断中的应用

目的 探讨动态灰阶谐波超声造影在肝肿瘤鉴别诊断中的作用。方法 选择24例肝内实质性占位病变进行灰阶谐波超声造影和动态观察，全部病例均经手术和病理证实。造影剂选用Levovist，浓度为400mg／m1，以团注形式经肘部浅静脉注入。结果 24例患者证实25个病灶，其中肝癌16个，肝血管瘤3个，肝局灶性结节性增生(FNH)2个，肝炎性假瘤1个，肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(AML)3个。除肝炎性假瘤外，其余病灶经超声造影后均有不同程度的增强。肝癌动脉相呈早期强化，消失较快；肝血管瘤增强速度较慢，呈周边强化；FNH和AML亦早期增强，但持续时间较长。如以动脉相增强呈高回声而门脉相消失呈低回声音考虑为肝癌，反之考虑为良性肿瘤，则本组超声造影诊断肝癌的敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为94％(15／16)，89％(8／9)，92％(23／25)。结论 动态灰阶谐波超声造影对提高肝肿瘤的鉴别诊断具有实用价值。     

胃固有肌层间质瘤超声内镜诊断价值及黏膜下挖除术的临床应用

目的探讨超声内镜对胃固有肌层间质瘤的诊断价值及黏膜下挖除术临床应用的疗效及安全性。 方法30例经超声内镜初步诊断为来源于胃固有肌层的间质瘤患者,经超声内镜明确病变来源、回声、大小、血供等情况后行黏膜下挖除治疗,观察其疗效及并发症。对超声诊断结果与病理结果进行比较。参照病理侵袭危险性分级结果,计算超声内镜侵袭危险性分级的准确性。运用SPSS 11.0软件系统进行统计,采用Kappa评价标准进行一致性分析,Kappa值判断标准：Kappa≥0.75两者一致性较好;0.75>Kappa≥0.4两者一致性一般;Kappa<0.4两者一致性较差。 结果超声内镜显示,病变位于胃底16例(其中近贲门处8例),胃体8例,胃窦4例,胃体胃底交界处1例,胃体胃窦交界处1例。内镜下间质瘤直径为0.4～5.5cm。22例直径小于3cm病变内镜下呈球形或半球形隆起,超声内镜显示均表现为均匀偏低-低回声团块,边缘光滑。8例病变直径长于3cm,4例表现为半球形隆起,3例呈不规则隆起。超声内镜对胃间质瘤侵袭危险性分级与病理分级判断结果相符27例;29例病变均完整挖除,1例部分挖除;术中穿孔3例,钛夹封闭创面后内科治愈。术中均有少量出血,行热活检钳钳夹或氩气凝固等止血后出血停止,未发生迟发性出血。 结论超声内镜下胃间质瘤侵袭危险性分级与病理分级具有良好的一致性;黏膜下挖除术治疗胃固有肌层间质瘤安全有效,术前行超声内镜进行严格评估具有重要辅助价值。     

ERCP: current uses and less-invasive options

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is well suited for the evaluation and treatment of diseases of the bile ducts and pancreas, but it carries the risk of inducing pancreatitis. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic ultrasonography have exceptional value in imaging the gallbladder, common hepatic duct, common bile duct, and pancreas. These imaging studies have replaced ERCP for diagnostic purposes in patients with a low pretest probability of finding lesions amenable to endoscopic therapy, such as bile duct stones.     

超声造影对肝癌微波消融治疗适应症选择的应用评价

目的评价超声造影对制定肝癌微波消融治疗方案的价值。方法 116例患者,共130个肝癌病灶,微波消融治疗前行常规灰阶超声和超声造影检查。结果 51个病灶(39.2%,51/130)CEUS检查后,病灶的最大径线较常规灰阶超声的测值增大;除了原130个病灶外,CEUS检查后另发现9个常规灰阶超声未能显示的新病灶,这些病灶均经病理或其他影像技术证实;共33个病灶(25.3%,33/130)可清晰地显示滋养血管。根据微波消融治疗入选标准,共111例患者,123个病灶接受超声引导下微波消融治疗。结论在微波消融治疗前,超声造影可以帮助了解患者肝癌病灶的性质、大小、数目和滋养血管等情况,有助于微波治疗适应症的选择和治疗方案的制定。     

Endoscopic ultrasonography in the assessment of intra- and transmural infiltration of tumours in the oesophagus, stomach and papilla of Vater and in the detection of extraoesophageal lesions

Conventional ultrasonography is widely used as a diagnostic investigation in gastroenterology. Ultrasonically visible 'target or halo sign' caused by lesions in the upper GI-tract has no specificity or biological significance, so conventional ultrasonography cannot be used as an adequate investigation for detecting lesions in the upper GI-tract. Recently endoscopic ultrasonography was developed with the aim of improving the diagnostic potentialities of ultrasonography. Using an ultrasonic device it is now possible not only to detect lesions in the upper GI-tract, but also to assess the exact extent and depth of both local infiltration and adjacent metastases. Rapid differentiation between intramural and extraluminal lesions can readily be accomplished. The superiority of this new technique in the diagnosis of tumours of the papilla of Vater, and in particular in establishing preoperative tumour staging, has been demonstrated in comparison with other imaging techniques. These preliminary results in a small number of patients must be confirmed by further studies involving clinical trials with a large number of patients.