姜黄素激活Nrf2抗氧化系统缓解百草枯诱导的胰岛素抵抗

目的：观察姜黄素是否具有改善百草枯（ Paraquat,PQ）所致氧化应激诱导的胰岛素抵抗作用并探讨其改善胰岛素抵抗的效应机理。方法将实验小鼠随机分成对照组（ Control组）,百草枯组（ PQ组）以及PQ加姜黄素组（ Cur组）。 PQ和Cur组连续腹腔注射百草枯7天造模成功后。 Cur组继续Cur灌胃干预。7天后,取胰岛素敏感组织肌肉,用蛋白免疫印迹方法（ Western blot,WB）检测蛋白水平和磷酸化变化,并检测脂质过氧化指标MDA。结果在PQ诱导的小鼠胰岛素抵抗模型中,姜黄素可改善小鼠葡萄糖耐量并对抗 PQ 所致的胰岛素信号蛋白 PKB－Ser473磷酸化损害;姜黄素还可明显降低肌肉MDA水平,激活小鼠Nrf2系统,促进Nrf2核转位和NQO－1的表达,同时能增强IкBα的水平,缓解氧化应激及炎症反应。结论姜黄素通过增强内源性Nrf2系统功能和胰岛素信号水平,对抗PQ诱导的氧化应激,是其缓解胰岛素抵抗的重要机理。     

内质网应激对Nrf2抗氧化系统调控与高脂诱导的胰岛素抵抗发病机理研究

目的：探讨内质网应激对氧化还原平衡作用及其诱导胰岛素抵抗机制信号机理。方法随机将30只C57BL／6J小鼠分为低脂饲料对照组（LFD组,n＝10）和高脂饲料模型组（HFD组,n＝20）,14周后,经葡萄糖耐量试验（IPGTT）确定胰岛素抵抗模型成功后,HFD 组随机选出10只开始进行4-PBA药物干预（HFD＋PBA 组,n ＝10）,持续1周后检测小鼠葡萄糖耐量（IPGTT）、肌肉和肝脏及相应组织线粒体中丙二醛（ MDA）含量;Western blot检测肌肉和肝脏组织中胰岛素信号、内质网应激信号和Nrf2内源性抗氧化系统相关蛋白的表达。结果4-PBA干预组胰岛素抵抗明显减轻,PTEN蛋白受到抑制从而上调胰岛素信号（ PKB Ser473）;4-PBA干预组MDA水平明显下降,Nrf2系统信号增强;高脂组Keap1蛋白明显上调,而4-PBA干预则减弱这一变化。结论内质网应激造成氧化应激并通过上调 PTEN蛋白和抑制 Nrf2抗氧化系统参与胰岛素抵抗。     

姜黄素保护刀豆蛋白A诱导的小鼠肝损伤作用的研究

目的：研究姜黄素（curcumin,Cur）对刀豆蛋白A（concanavalin A,Con A）诱导的小鼠肝损伤的保护作用及可能机制。方法：40只ICR小鼠被随机均分为正常对照组、模型组、Cur100 mg/kg组和200 mg/kg组。受试物组每天灌胃姜黄素液,模型组和正常对照组每天灌胃同体积生理盐水,连续10 d。末次给药后4 h,除正常对照组外均采用尾静脉注射Con A 20 mg/kg,8 h后检测被测试动物肝匀浆液的丙二醛（MDA）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）指标及血清ALT、AST指标,观察肝组织病理学改变。结果：与模型组相比,受试物组ALT、AST活力均显著降低,肝脏MDA水平降低,SOD活力提高,肝组织病理改变减轻。结论：姜黄素具有减轻肝损伤的作用,该作用可能通过减轻肝脏的氧化应激损伤来实现。     

姜黄素对软骨细胞氧化应激损伤的保护作用

目的：通过建立H2O2诱导软骨细胞损伤模型,观察姜黄素对软骨细胞的保护作用。方法体外培养SD大鼠关节软骨细胞,随机分为对照组、模型组（H2O2）、姜黄素低中高剂量剂量组（20、40、80μmol／L）。姜黄素与软骨细胞培养48 h后,加入H2O2,24 h后收集细胞,MTT和流式细胞仪测定细胞增殖能力,测定细胞超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）含量,Real－Time PCR和Western blot法检测细胞Nrf2 mRNA及其蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组比较,模型组软骨细胞存活率降低,具有分裂象的S期和G2／M期细胞明显减少;SOD、CAT含量降低,MDA含量增加,Nrf2 mRNA及其蛋白表达水平下调。经姜黄素预先处理,软骨细胞存活率升高,细胞增殖能力恢复,SOD、CAT含量升高,MDA含量降低,Nrf2 mRNA及其蛋白表达水平升高。随浓度升高变化更明显。结论姜黄素对软骨细胞氧化应激损伤有保护作用,可通过增强Nrf2表达实现。     

水杨酸钠对胰岛素抵抗大鼠氧化应激水平的影响

目的探讨水杨酸钠对胰岛素抵抗大鼠胰岛素敏感性的影响及作用机制。方法分别给大鼠静脉输注脂肪乳＋肝素,脂肪乳＋肝素＋水杨酸钠和生理盐水7h,部分大鼠在输液的最后2h同时行清醒状态高胰岛素一正血糖钳夹试验,测定血浆葡萄糖、游离脂肪酸（FFA）、胰岛素、C肽、丙二醛（MDA）水平,检测肝脏、肌肉中MI）A含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）活性。结果脂肪乳输注组葡萄糖输注率（GIR）是生理盐水输注组的45％,输注水杨酸钠可使GIR提高1．3倍（P〈0．01）。与生理盐水输注组比较,脂肪乳输注组血浆、肝脏、肌肉中MDA水平增加了2～4倍（P〈0．01）;GSH—PX活性降低45％～50％（P〈0．01）。水杨酸钠输注使MDA水平较脂肪乳输注组降低了62％-66％（P〈0．01）,GSH-PX活性升高35％～38％（P〈0．05）。结论FFA增高引起机体氧化应激增强,可能是导致胰岛素抵抗发生的机制之一。应用水杨酸钠后大鼠氧化应激减弱,胰岛素抵抗改善,故水杨酸钠可能通过降低氧化应激途径而发挥改善胰岛素抵抗的作用。     

姜黄素对D-半乳糖致衰老大鼠氧化应激及Nrf2/ARE通路的影响

目的 研究姜黄素对D-半乳糖致衰老模型大鼠氧化应激及Nrf2/ARE通路的影响.方法 将大鼠随机均分为空白组、模型组和姜黄素组于模型组和姜黄素组大鼠每日sc 125 mg· kg-1D-半乳糖造模,姜黄素组大鼠同时ip 10 mg·kg-1姜黄素,空白组大鼠给予生理盐水,连续7周.测定各组大鼠血清中丙二醛(MDA)、肝组织中蛋白质糖基、谷胱甘肽过氧化物(GSH)的含量和血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性;用Western blot法分析肝组织中Nrf2蛋白和HO-1蛋白的表达水平.结果 与模型组比较,姜黄素组大鼠血清中SOD的活性和MDA、肝中GSH、蛋白质羰基的含量均降低,全血中GSH-Px的活性显著升高,Nfr2和HO-1蛋白的表达水平也明显升高.结论 姜黄素能够缓解D-半乳糖导致的大鼠氧化应激,Nrf2/ARE通路参与了姜黄素的抗氧化活性.     

圣草酚调控MAPK和Nrf2/HO-1信号通路缓解非酒精性脂肪肝的作用及机制

目的 研究圣草酚缓解非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）的作用及可能机制。方法 将16只C57BL/6J小鼠按体重随机分为对照组、NAFLD模型组和圣草酚低、高剂量组（50、100 mg/kg），每组4只。除对照组外，其余各组均使用高脂饲料诱导NAFLD模型。在预处理4周后，采取腹腔注射方式（0.01 mL/g）进行给药，每日1次，连续6周。测定小鼠体重、肝脏质量，观察小鼠肝组织病理损伤情况，测定小鼠血清中天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）和甘油三酯（TG）水平及肝组织中核转录因子红系2相关因子2(Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)蛋白表达。使用0.5 mmol/L油酸诱导HepG2细胞建立体外NAFLD模型，实验设置正常对照组、NAFLD模型组和圣草酚低、中、高浓度组（50、100、150μmol/L）；给药组在诱导模型的同时加入圣草酚，培养24 h。观察细胞中脂质沉积情况，检测细胞中TG、丙二醛（MDA）、活性氧（ROS）水平以及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）信号通路相关蛋白[细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）、c-Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）]磷酸化水平和Nrf2、HO-1蛋...     

茯苓酸调节Nrf2/Keap1/ARE信号通路改善脂多糖诱导肺泡上皮细胞氧化应激损伤研究

摘要：目的:研究茯苓酸（PA）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的人肺泡上皮细胞氧化应激损伤的影响,以及核因子红细胞2相关因子2/Kelch样ECH关联蛋白1/抗氧化反应元件（Nrf2/Keap1/ARE）信号通路在此过程中的作用。方法:培养人肺泡上皮细胞HPAEpiC,使用CCK-8法筛选适合的PA处理浓度。将HPAEpiC细胞分为Control组、LPS组、LPS+PA组、LPS+PA+sh-NC组和LPS+PA+sh-Nrf2组。TUNEL染色法检测各组HPAEpiC细胞凋亡情况;检测各组HPAEpiC细胞中活性氧（ROS）的产生、丙二醛（MDA）水平以及总超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性;Western blot检测各组HPAEpiC细胞中p53、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因相关X蛋白（Bax）、Nrf2、Keap1和血红素氧化酶1（HO-1）蛋白表达情况。结果:根据CCK-8结果选用4μmol·L-1的PA用于后续研究。LPS诱导后HPAEpiC细胞中TUNEL阳性细胞率与p53和Bax蛋白水平均升高;ROS的产生、MDA水平均增高,SOD和GSH-Px活性降低;Nrf2、HO-1蛋白质水平减少,Keap1蛋白质水平增加（P＜0.05）。使用PA处理可以减轻LPS诱导对以上指标的影响（P＜0.05）。敲低Nrf2可部分逆转PA处理对LPS诱导的HPAEpiC细胞的影响（P＜0.05）。结论:PA可抑制LPS诱导的肺泡上皮细胞氧化应激损伤和凋亡反应,其机制可能与激活Nrf2/Keap1/ARE信号通路有关。     

吡非尼酮对百草枯诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤保护作用研究

目的：研究吡非尼酮（pirfenidone,PF）对百草枯（paraquat,PQ）诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用及机制。方法：30只雄性成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组、PQ组、PF治疗低、中、高组,采用腹腔注射20%PQ溶液诱导大鼠成急性PQ中毒模型。测定各组大鼠肺组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）以及炎症因子白介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）含量变化,同时以蛋白免疫印迹法测定转化生长因子（TGF-β）、结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）、smad3蛋白表达。HE染色观察大鼠肺组织病理改变。结果：与对照组大鼠相比,PQ组大鼠肺组织氧化应激和炎症反应水平明显升高,而给予PF可明显抑制中毒大鼠肺组织氧化应激和炎症反应。蛋白免疫印迹结果显示,中毒大鼠肺组织中TGF-β、CTGF、smad3蛋白表达显著升高,光镜观察显示中毒大鼠肺组织大量肺泡萎缩,部分过度膨胀,组织炎性浸润和纤维化明显。给予PF治疗后,大鼠肺组织TGF-β、CTGF和smad3蛋白表达以及组织损伤和纤维化显著降低。结论：PF可以减轻百草枯中毒大鼠肺组织损伤,其治疗作用可能与其抗炎、抗氧化、抑制TGF-β、CTGF和smad3表达有关。     

吡格列酮改善胰岛素抵抗状态下氧化应激水平及分子机制探讨

目的：探讨吡格列酮（Pio）对胰岛素抵抗状态下的氧化应激水平的影响,并初步探讨Pio改善胰岛素抵抗作用的分子机制。方法：用TNF-α（4ng／mL）刺激人肝癌细胞HepG2,建立胰岛素抵抗细胞模型。MTT法观察细胞毒性作用;氧化酶法检测细胞培养液中的葡萄糖浓度;用DCFH-DA荧光探针标记,流式细胞仪检测细胞内活性氧（ROS）的水平;Western blotting检测氨基末端激酶（JNK）、磷酸化氨基末端激酶（p-JNK）和胰岛素受体底物1（IRS1）的表达。结果：TNF-α刺激HepG2后,导致葡萄糖摄取障碍,细胞培养液上清中葡萄糖浓度显著升高,细胞内ROS的水平显著升高,JNK被激活,IRS1的表达降低。Pio可显著降低ROS的水平,抑制JNK的磷酸化,促进IRS1的表达,改善胰岛素抵抗。结论：Pio通过降低氧化应激水平,抑制JNK信号通路,改善胰岛素抵抗状态。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.