白细胞等炎性标志物检测在手足口病患儿临床诊断中的应用价值

目的总结性探讨分析白细胞(WBC)等几种炎性标志物检测在手足口病患儿临床诊断中的应用价值。方法将60例手足口患儿作为实验组,60例健康儿童作为对照组,检测并分析比较两组降钙素原(PCT),WBC、中性粒细胞计数(NC)、淋巴细胞(Ly)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、免疫球蛋白水平。结果实验组PCT、WBC、NC、Ly、CRP、IgM水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。实验组IgG、IgA水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论手足口病患者PCT、WBC、NC、Ly、CRP、免疫球蛋白水平可以作为手足口病的诊断依据。     

降钙素原、C-反应蛋白、白细胞计数在小儿肺炎诊断中的实用价值分析

目的探讨降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞计数(WBC)包括中性粒细胞分类计数(NC)在小儿肺炎诊断中的实用价值。方法选择91例小儿肺炎患者作为研究对象,其中细菌性肺炎29例,支原体肺炎32例,病毒性肺炎30例。另外选择同期于我院进行体检的30例健康者作为健康对照组。比较细菌性肺炎患者组、支原体肺炎患者组、病毒性肺炎患者组及健康对照组血清PCT、CRP、WBC及NC水平;比较三患者组PCT、CRP、WBC及NC阳性率。结果 1细菌性肺炎患者组、支原体肺炎患者组、病毒性肺炎患者组及健康对照组血清PCT、CRP、WBC及NC水平,两两之间的差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);2细菌性肺炎患者组PCT、CRP、WBC及NC阳性率均显著高于病毒性肺炎患者组与支原体肺炎患者组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);3细菌性肺炎患者组与支原体肺炎患者组血清PCT阳性率显著高于其他指标(P0.05),病毒性肺炎患者组血清PCT阳性率显著低于其他指标(P0.05)。结论 PCT能很好地鉴别肺炎患儿的种类;PCT、CRP、WBC及NC联合检测在小儿肺炎诊断中具有较高的临床价值。     

血清PCT、CRP、WBC及NC水平在小儿肺炎中的表达意义分析

目的探究血清降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞数目(WBC)及中性粒细胞分类计数(NC)水平在小儿肺炎中的表达意义。方法选取2018年1月～2019年3月我院收治的小儿肺炎患儿80例,将确诊为细菌性小儿肺炎43例,纳为细菌组;病毒性小儿肺炎37例,纳为病毒组。检测两组患儿血清PCT、CRP、WBC、NC指标,对比检测结果以及诊断价值。结果细菌组患儿血清PCT、CRP、WBC、NC指标均高于病毒组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);细菌组PCT、CRP、WBC、NC指标单项与联合检测的阳性率、精确率均高于病毒组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论血清PCT、CRP、WBC、NC指标在细菌性小儿肺炎与病毒性小儿肺炎患儿中表达差异明显,联合诊断可以作为临床诊断小儿肺炎类型的参考依据。     

血清淀粉样蛋白A等炎症标志物在不同分型手足口病患儿鉴别诊断中的意义

目的探讨血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)、降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)等炎症标志物检测在不同分型手足口病患儿鉴别诊断中的意义。方法回顾江西省儿童医院住院部2017年1月-2018年5月确诊为手足口病的患儿,应用实时荧光定量PCR法检测患者咽拭子肠道病毒类型,筛选肠道病毒(EV)通用阳性患儿分为肠道病毒71型(EV71)组191例、A组柯萨柯病毒16型(CA16)组226例和其他肠道病毒组210例,检测并分析各组患儿SAA、PCT、CRP的浓度水平差异,绘制ROC曲线进一步讨论各炎症标志物在鉴别EV71感染手足口病的诊断价值。结果 EV71组患儿SAA和CRP表达水平均低于CA16组,PCT水平显著高于CA16组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);EV71组患儿SAA、CRP水平显著低于其他肠道病毒组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);EV16组SAA和CRP水平显著低于其他肠道病毒组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。CRP、SAA及联合诊断的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.711、0.857、0.868,SAA单独鉴别EV71与非EV71肠病毒感染手足口病的临界值(Cut off值)为56.3 mg/L。结论血清SAA和CRP可用于鉴别诊断EV71、CA16及其他肠道病毒感染的小儿手足口病;血清SAA在EV71感染手足口病的鉴别诊断价值要优于CRP。     

降钙素原、C反应蛋白及白细胞计数在呼吸道感染性疾病中的诊断价值

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)及白细胞计数(WBC)在呼吸道感染性疾病中的诊断价值。方法随机选取呼吸道感染性疾病患者142例,测定其PCT、CRP及WBC水平,分析三者在呼吸道感染性疾病中的诊断价值。结果细菌感染组的PCT、CRP及WBC水平显著高于支原体感染组和病毒感染组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),PCT、CRP及WBC对呼吸道感染性疾病的诊断效率分别为95.07%、56.34%、66.90%,革兰阴性菌组患者的PCT水平显著高于革兰阳性菌组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),革兰阴性菌组患者和革兰阳性菌组患者的CRP及WBC水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血清PCT、CRP及WBC的检测对细菌性感染性疾病的早期诊断具有重要的应用价值,作为较为理想的感染性疾病标志物,PCT检测更具有特异性。     

血清降钙素原联合C反应蛋白和白细胞计数检测在呼吸道感染中的应用

探究血清降钙素原(PCT)联合C反应蛋白(CRP)和白细胞计数(WBC)检测在呼吸道感染中的应用价值。选取我院2015年3月~2016年5月收治的84例呼吸道感染患者,依据是否存在细菌感染分为细菌感染组(n=31)与非细菌感染组(n=53),并选取同期28例健康体检者作为对照组,检测并对比各组血清PCT、CRP及WBC水平,并比较其诊断结果。细菌感染组血清PCT、CRP及WBC各指标水平均高于对照组和非细菌感染组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);非细菌感染组血清PCT、CRP水平均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);各指标联合检测诊断敏感性、准确性均高于应用血清PCT、CRP及WBC单一检测,特异性高于CRP及WBC,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。对呼吸道感染患者应用血清降钙素原联合C反应蛋白和白细胞计数检测,可显著提高临床诊断呼吸道感染的准确率,有效鉴别细菌性与非细菌性呼吸道感染。     

血清降钙素原在细菌感染中的临床应用研究

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)作为细菌感染标志物在临床的应用价值。方法采用队列研究方法对该院2013年8月至2015年12月的脓毒血症组32例、非感染性全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)组32例、对照组32例的血清PCT、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞计数(WBC)和中性粒细胞百分率(NEUT%)进行检测,并对脓毒血症组进行抗菌药物治疗后动态检测,统计分析对细菌感染诊断的特异度、灵敏度。结果脓毒血症组血清PCT水平显著高于非感染性SIRS组和对照组(P0.05);脓毒血症组CRP、WBC、NEUT%与非感染性SIRS组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但均高于对照组(P0.05)。脓毒血症组经抗菌药物治疗后,血清PCT水平显著降低(P0.05);CRP、WBC与NEUT%均保持较高水平,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。PCT对细菌性感染诊断的灵敏度与特异度分别100.0%和93.8%,与CRP、WBC和NEUT%比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血清PCT对细菌性感染诊断具有良好的灵敏度和特异度,同时能够反映细菌感染的严重程度和抗菌药物的治疗效果。CRP、WBC和NEUT%对细菌性感染诊断特异度较差,但不失为一个炎性指标。     

血清降钙素原诊断早期急性胰腺炎及其合并感染的临床研究

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)在早期急性胰腺炎及其合并感染患者的诊断效果。方法选取该院早期急性胰腺炎合并感染的患者56例,作为观察组,选择同期早期胰腺炎患者56例,作为对照组。2组患者第1、5、10天采用免疫荧光定量分析检测PCT水平,同时监测体温、白细胞(WBC)计数等,分析血清PCT在早期急性胰腺炎合并感染患者中的诊断效果。结果治疗前2组患者体温比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组PCT、WBC计数、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平,显著高于对照组(P0.05);观察组经抗菌药物治疗后PCT、体温、WBC计数、CRP水平均出现下降趋势,且第5、10天PCT、体温、WBC计数、CRP水平显著低于第1天(P0.05);PCT的灵敏度和特异度显著高于CRP和WBC(P0.05);3种指标联合检测的灵敏度和特异度显著高于单一指标(P0.05)。结论动态监测早期急性胰腺炎合并感染患者PCT水平能指导临床抗菌药物的使用,必要时可联合体温、WBC计数、CRP等指标,以提高治疗效果。     

PCT检测对恶性肿瘤并发感染患者的临床价值

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)检测对恶性肿瘤并发感染患者的临床价值。方法根据资料采用回顾性分析,选取50例恶性肿瘤并发感染的患者为肿瘤感染组,50例肿瘤门诊复诊无发热、无感染患者为肿瘤对照组,50例健康体检自愿者为健康对照组,分别统计各组血清PCT、血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞百分比(NBC)。结果肿瘤感染组与肿瘤对照组比较,PCT、CRP、NBC水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05),WBC水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);肿瘤对照组与健康对照组比较,CRP水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05),PCT、NBC、WBC差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。PCT的诊断敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为76.7%、97.7%、95.7%、77.5%。结论 PCT可作为指导诊断肿瘤并发感染的新型炎性诊断指标,联合检测可以弥补CRP、WBC、NBC在肿瘤学中的诊断效能不足。     

联合检测PCT、CRP及WBC在临床感染性疾病诊疗中的价值

目的探讨联合动态检测降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)及白细胞计数(WBC)在临床感染性疾病中的应用价值。方法将95例感染性疾病患者分为细菌感染组58例,非细菌感染组37例,另选同期健康体检者50例作为对照组,检测并比较各组PCT、CRP、WBC水平。细菌感染组分别于使用抗菌药物前,使用抗菌药物1、3、7d,停用抗菌药物后检测PCT、CRP及WBC。结果细菌感染组治疗前PCT、CRP及WBC与非细菌感染组治疗前及对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。非细菌感染组PCT、CRP及WBC与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。细菌感染组治疗前,治疗1、3d后PCT、CRP及WBC与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。细菌感染组各项指标联合及单独检测阳性率均明显高于非细菌感染组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。细菌感染组与非细菌感染组联合检出率均明显高于单项检测阳性率,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PCT、CRP及WBC联合检测可广泛用于感染性疾病的鉴别诊断及疗效监测。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."