10例子宫恶性肿瘤合并异位非典型增生子宫内膜病理研究

目的 对子宫恶性肿瘤合并子宫内膜异位病变进行分析,探讨异位内膜非典型增生的临床病理意义。方法 回顾性对188例子宫恶性肿瘤手术病例中合并异位非典型增生子宫内膜的病例进行临床病理分析。所有标本均经常规病理制片程序、HE和免疫组化染色,其中子宫内膜癌的病理分级诊断根据FIGO系统;异位内膜非典型增生的诊断根据Kurman-Norris分类标准。结果 188例子宫恶性肿瘤中合并有12例异位子宫内膜,其中10例异位内膜表现有不同程度的非典型增生(3例重度、2例中度、5例轻度)。其中1例曾因子宫腺肌症被切除子宫,病理随访发现该患者的异位内膜出现轻～重度非典型增生。第2次手术证实阴道断端肿物为子宫内膜间质肉瘤。异位非典型增生内膜的部位:7例发生在卵巢,腺肌症2例、宫颈1例、腹腔淋巴结1例、骶骨韧带1例,其中多部位异位者2例。结论 对子宫内膜异位做病理检查时,关注异位内膜的非典型增生的程度是十分必要。并发有子宫恶性肿瘤的异位内膜,其非典型增生的发生率要明显高于无并发肿瘤者,且重度非典型增生的异位内膜发展为肿瘤危险性高。     

子宫腺肌症患者子宫次全切除术后的危险性探讨

目的 :探讨子宫腺肌症患者子宫次全切除术后的危险性 ,为临床子宫腺肌症患者手术方式的选择提供指导。方法 :对子宫腺肌症患者行子宫次全切除术标本的子宫体下切缘进行常规病理组织学检查。结果 :子宫体下切缘子宫内膜异位病灶 (切缘阳性 )的发生率为 12 %。切缘阳性子宫腺肌症患者的子宫肌层最大厚度、临床症状以及是否合并子宫内膜异位症与切缘阴性的子宫腺肌症患者差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5)。但切缘阳性子宫腺肌症患者的宫体纵形长度明显小于切缘阴性者 (P <0 .0 5)。结论 :子宫腺肌症患者的病程较长 ,病变弥漫、痛经明显且时间较长、合并子宫内膜异位症可能是子宫体下切缘阳性的高危因素 ,手术时切口过高是子宫体下切缘阳性的直接因素。子宫腺肌症患者如年龄较大同时存在高危因素 ,则应行全子宫切除术 ,如行子宫次全切除术 ,切口位置应尽量低 ,而且应对子宫体下切缘行病理组织学检查     

不同类型卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿临床特点及疗效分析

目的 探讨不同类型的卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿(子宫内膜异位囊肿)的临床病理特点、手术治疗效果以及术后随诊等方面的差异.方法 将2003年3月至2008年3月就诊于北京协和医院进行腹腔镜手术的600例子宫内膜异位囊肿患者分为四组:单纯子宫内膜异位囊肿组(单纯组)、合并深部浸润型内异症组(DIE组)、合并子宫腺肌病组(AM组);同时合并子宫腺肌病、深部浸润型内异症组(复合组).比较各组间症状、手术效果以及术后随诊等情况.结果 (1)AM组35岁以上的患者比例为64.2%,明显高于单纯组(35.0%)及DIE纽(26.8%).(2)与单纯组(51.7%)比较,DIE组(69.0%)、AM组(79.2%)及复合组(83.3%)中度以上痛经率较高,病程较长(P=0.000).(3)DIE组、AM组及复合组手术时间均较单纯组长,出血量较多.(4)有AM者合并不孕率大于无AM者(30.2%vs 16.9%,OR=2.187,95%CI 1.181～4.051,P=0.011);前者术后妊娠率低(0vs 39.0%,OR=0.116,P=0.02,95%CI 0.014～0.947).(5)有AM使用GnRH-a者较无AM使用GnRH-a者疼痛缓解程度低[17.9%(10/56)vs 8.8%(23/261),OR=2.250,95%CI 1.004～5.040,P=0.044].(6)多因素logistic回归分析:与合并AM或DIE相关的因素包括年龄、痛经程度以及手术时间.结论 子宫内膜异位囊肿合并子宫腺肌病和(或)深部浸润型内膜异位症临床症状更重、手术难度更大,术后疼痛缓解率和妊娠率较低.     

阴道超声对诊断治疗卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿及子宫腺肌病的价值

目的探讨阴道超声及血清CA125测定对诊断治疗卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿及子宫腺肌病的价值。方法对卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿及子宫腺肌病患者631例进行回顾性分析，术前均经阴道超声检查，部分患者进行了血清CA125测定。结果阴道超声检查卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿符合率98．7％；子宫腺肌病符合率91．7％；卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿合并子宫腺肌病符合率95．1％。血清CA125检查卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿，阳性率39．4％；子宫腺肌病阳性率52．2％；卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿合并子宫腺肌病阳性率59．2％。结论阴道超声可做为较准确诊断卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿及子宫腺肌病的首选方法。阴道超声下囊肿穿刺是治疗卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的简便、有效的方法之一。血清CA125测定可做为卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿及子宫腺肌病的协助诊断方法，应进一步完善对照组的研究。     

类固醇生成因子1在卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿及子宫腺肌病病灶中的表达

目的 探讨类固醇生成因子1( SF-1)在子宫内膜异位症(内异症)患者在位内膜、卵巢内异症囊肿、子宫腺肌病病灶中的表达.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月在北京大学第一医院妇科住院,因子宫腺肌病合并卵巢内异症囊肿行子宫全切除术及卵巢内异症囊肿剥除术或附件切除术的患者共30例,经病理确诊子宫腺肌病合并内异症囊肿共17例作为观察组;同期因宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)Ⅲ行子宫全切除术的患者10例作为对照组.将观察组患者的在位内膜、卵巢内异症囊肿病灶、子宫腺肌病病灶和对照组的子宫内膜组织进行石蜡切片,免疫组化Envision二步法检测SF-1蛋白的表达.结果 两组患者在位内膜的腺体和间质细胞中均无SF-1蛋白表达;观察组卵巢内异症囊肿病灶的间质细胞核SF-1蛋白的阳性表达率为14/17,SF-1蛋白在卵巢内异症病灶的腺体细胞及子宫腺肌病病灶中均无表达.结论 卵巢内异症囊肿与子宫腺肌病病灶中SF-1蛋白表达的差异可能在疾病的发生与发展中具有重要意义.     

整合素连接激酶在子宫腺肌病中的表达及临床意义

目的:研究整合素连接激酶(ILK)在子宫腺肌症患者内膜及肌层组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法:选取2013年10月至2014年5月在山东大学齐鲁医院妇科行子宫切除术的53例患者,其中子宫腺肌病32例(腺肌病组),子宫肌瘤和宫颈上皮内瘤变21例(对照组)。采用免疫组化SP法检测ILK在对照组内膜、肌层,腺肌病组在位内膜、异位内膜及病灶肌层中的表达。采用Image-Pro Plus 6.0图像处理系统进行图像分析。结果:(1)腺肌病组在位内膜腺上皮及间质细胞中ILK表达均明显高于异位内膜及对照组正常内膜(P<0.05),且腺上皮细胞ILK的表达量与痛经程度呈明显正相关(r=0.571;P<0.05);异位内膜与对照组正常内膜比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)腺肌病组内膜(在位及异位)腺上皮及间质细胞ILK的表达量均无周期性变化(P>0.05)。对照组内膜间质细胞ILK表达量增殖期较分泌期明显增加(P<0.05),腺上皮细胞ILK表达量无周期性变化(P>0.05)。(3)腺肌病组病灶肌层中ILK表达量明显高于对照组肌层(P<0.05),并与痛经程度及子宫大小呈正相关(r=0.362;P<0.05;r=0.555,P<0.05)。(4)腺肌病组病灶肌层增殖期的ILK表达水平明显高于分泌期(P<0.05),对照组肌层中ILK表达无周期性变化(P>0.05)。结论:子宫腺肌病患者在位内膜及病灶肌层组织中ILK表达显著增强,提示ILK在子宫腺肌病的发生发展中可能具有重要作用。     

神经细胞黏附因子在子宫腺肌病病灶中的表达及意义

目的:检测神经细胞黏附因子(NCAM)在子宫腺肌病在位内膜及异位内膜中的表达,探讨NCAM在子宫腺肌病发病中的作用。方法:采用免疫组化法检测40例子宫腺肌病标本在位内膜与异位内膜组织中NCAM的表达情况(分泌期与增生期各20期),并与20例正常子宫内膜标本进行比较。采用0~10级NRS疼痛评价量表对子宫腺肌病患者痛经程度进行评分,并与相应患者NCAM染色情况进行比较。结果:NCAM在40例子宫腺肌病在位内膜和异位内膜及19例正常内膜腺上皮中均有表达,1例正常内膜无表达,间质中无表达。异位内膜组织中NCAM表达明显高于在位内膜和正常对照组(P0.01)。在位内膜组织分泌期NCAM表达含量高于增生期(P0.05)。子宫腺肌病异位病灶NCAM表达与患者痛经程度呈正相关(r=0.84,P0.01)。结论:NCAM可能参与子宫腺肌病的发病过程,并参与子宫腺肌病痛经的发生发展,但具体分子机制尚需进一步研究。     

子宫腺肌症318例诊治分析

目的 分析近年来子宫腺肌症的发病情况、临床表现、诊断和治疗。方法 回顾性分析1997年1月～1999年12月本院收治的318例子宫腺肌症患者的临床资料。结果 318例子宫腺肌症占我院同期妇科住院人数的5.7％、妇科手术子宫切除的20.9％。术前痛经者217例(68.2％),月经过多者132例(41.5％);术前诊断为子宫腺肌症192例,诊断符合率为60.4％,B超诊断符合率为60.5％,血CA125测定阳性率为72.3％。除2例行腺肌瘤剔除术外,全部患者均行子宫切除术,其中33例术前曾使用内美通、丹那唑、米非司酮、雌孕激素类及雄激素等治疗达3个月以上,80.0％痛经明显缓解,但75.0％患者停药后第1个月经周期痛经即复发。结论子宫腺肌症目前仍以手术治疗为主,治疗子宫内膜异位症的常用药物对子宫腺肌症痛经均有效,但停药后腺肌症患者痛经易复发。     

子宫腺肌病/卵巢异位囊肿炎性压力及其与临床特征相关性研究

目的：系统探讨子宫腺肌病/卵巢异位囊肿患者外周血炎性指标变化及其与临床特征的相关性,为子宫腺肌病/卵巢异位囊肿抗炎治疗提供依据。方法：选取来自同济大学附属杨浦医院收治的子宫腺肌病手术患者58例（子宫腺肌病组）、卵巢异位囊肿手术患者37例（卵巢异位囊肿组）,健康女性47例（对照组）,于增生期抽取外周血,检测血清炎性细胞因子和肿瘤相关抗原浓度,分析炎性压力与临床特征的相关性。结果：子宫腺肌病组外周血中性粒细胞（Neu）、Neu%、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）、IL-8、CA199、CA125高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）;子宫腺肌病组外周血血红蛋白（HGB）低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（Z=688.50,P=0.00）。卵巢异位囊肿组外周血Neu、Neu%、NLR、IL-6、IL-8、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、CA199和CA125高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。子宫腺肌病中度痛经组外周血白细胞（WBC）、CA125高于轻度痛经组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。子宫腺肌病重度痛经组外周血WBC、Neu、Neu%、NLR、IL-8和IL-6高于中度痛经组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。子宫腺肌病重度痛经组外周血WBC、Neu、Neu%、NLR、IL-6、IL-8和CA125高于轻度痛经组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。子宫腺肌病中、重度痛经组外周血HGB低于轻度痛经组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。子宫腺肌病经量过多组外周血WBC、Neu、Neu%、NLR、IL-6、IL-8和CA125高于正常月经组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。卵巢异位囊肿重度痛经组外周血IL-6、IL-8高于轻度、中度痛经组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。子宫内膜异位症患者肿瘤指标与外周血炎性指标在统计学上无明显相关性。结论：子宫腺肌病/卵巢异位囊肿处于全身炎症压力状态,并与临床特征相关,为子宫内膜异位症抗炎治疗提供了依据。。     

子宫腺肌病临床病理特点与治疗的研究进展

子宫腺肌病近年来有明显上升趋势,病灶多为弥漫型,常合并子宫肌瘤、卵巢子宫内膜异位症、子宫内膜息肉等.患者有渐进性加重的痛经以及月经改变等特点,目前除子宫切除术外,尚无根治的方法.对于年轻或有生育要求的患者可选择药物治疗,如口服达那唑、孕三烯酮,注射GnRH-a以及宫腔放置左旋18甲基炔诺酮宫内节育器(LNG-IUS)等.无生育要求且病变广泛、症状重、保守治疗无效者可选全子宫切除术.痛经症状突出者可行腹腔镜子宫神经去除术(LUNA)和骶前神经阻断术(PSN).子宫动脉栓塞术(UAE)和腹腔镜下子宫动脉阻断术(UAB)也越来越多地应用到子宫腺肌病的治疗.     

Pain is an Independent Risk Factor for Failed Global Endometrial Ablation

Study Objective

To determine whether pain, as part of an indication for global endometrial ablation, is an independent risk factor for failure.

175例子宫内膜异位症患者血清CA125水平的回顾性分析

目的:分析子宫内膜异位症患者合并子宫内膜息肉的情况,探讨血清CA125水平与痛经、内异症rAFS分期、病灶部位的相关性,为临床上更好地解读CA125水平提供依据。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月至12月我院术中或术后病理诊断为子宫内膜异位症的175例患者的临床资料。结果:(1)20.0%的子宫内膜异位症患者合并子宫内膜息肉;(2)36.6%的内异症患者有中、重度痛经,痛经程度与血清CA125水平无相关性;(3)Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期内异症患者的平均CA125水平分别为21.5U/ml、28.4U/ml、38.6U/ml、57.1U/ml,Ⅲ～Ⅳ期内异症患者血清CA125水平高于Ⅰ～Ⅱ期患者(P<0.05);(4)腹膜型、混合型、卵巢型内异症患者血清CA125的阳性率分别为21.4%、63.0%和67.4%,混合型、卵巢型内异症患者血清CA125阳性率显著高于腹膜型(P<0.001)。结论:血清CA125水平不能作为内异症合并子宫内膜息肉的预测指标;血清CA125水平可用于辅助鉴别内异症的分期和病灶部位,但是CA125对于内异症的早期诊断缺乏敏感性。     

Fundamental and clinical study on source of CA 125 antigen in cul-de-sac fluid and translation into systemic circulation

CA125 levels in cul-de-sac fluid were measured in patients with endometriosis and patients with myoma uteri in order to investigate the participation of CA125 of endometrial tissue origin in peritoneal fluid levels. The translation of peritoneal fluid CA125 into the systemic circulation was also examined in an experiment on rabbits. 1. The CA125 concentrations in peritoneal fluid in patients with endometriosis and those with myoma uteri were similar. 2. High concentrations of CA125 in peritoneal fluid were also observed in patients who had undergone hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. 3. There is little correlation between the extracted tissue weight and CA125 concentrations in cul-de-sac fluid in patients with adenomyosis. 4. In patients with endometriosis, although CA125 concentrations in peritoneal fluid decreased transiently during conservative hormonal treatment, an increase in CA125 concentrations in peritoneal fluid was observed again after treatment. 5. CA125 concentrations in serum and in peritoneal fluid in ovarian cancer patients with peritonitis carcinomatosa were significantly higher than those without peritonitis carcinomatosa. 6. The experiment on rabbits indicates that the translation rate of CA125 antigen and the degree of chemical peritonitis treated with CH3COOH are in inverse proportion. Consequently, CA125 antigen in peritoneal fluid seems to be derived from others such sources as the peritoneum in addition to endometrial tissues.     

Management of abnormal uterine bleeding

Bleeding disorders are one of the most frequent gynecological problems. The causes of bleeding disorders, and their frequency in particular, vary depending on the age of the woman affected. In premenopause and perimenopause, the most frequent causes are hormonal, in up to 90 % of cases, as well as organic changes in the uterus such as myomas, adenomyosis uteri, or endometrial polyps, in up to 70 % of cases. Coagulation defects cause increased bleeding, particularly in girls and young women, with no other recognizable cause. The treatment of bleeding disorders is causally based, although if the woman does not wish to have children, the therapeutic algorithm in many cases leads to similar symptomatic measures. The following therapeutic approaches, listed in order of increasing efficacy, are mainly used in the treatment of increased bleeding: gestagen, estrogen-gestagen combination, levonorgestrel (Mirena) and endometrial ablation or myoma enucleation, with comparable success rates, and finally hysterectomy. Embolization of the uterine artery in myomas or adenomyosis uteri, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antifibrinolytic agents represent alternatives that may be useful in individual cases. The paper provides an overview of the various causes, useful diagnostic measures, and treatment options in uterine bleeding disorders.     

The occurrence of endometriosis with ovarian carcinomas is not purely coincidental

Objective

To explore the association between epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and common benign gynecological disorders.

Study design

The medical records of 226 patients with EOC treated at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between March 2011 and March 2012 were reviewed. Histological evaluations had been performed to determine the presence of coexisting pelvic endometriosis (n = 17), uterine leiomyoma (n = 66), adenomyosis (n = 22), or endometrial polyps (n = 17).

Results

Coexistence of endometriosis occurred in 35.3% and 36.4% of cases of the clear cell and endometrioid subtypes of EOC histology, respectively. Endometriosis was more likely associated with clear cell or endometrioid ovarian carcinoma, but less likely with high grade serous cancer. No differences were observed in the concurrence of uterine myoma, adenomyosis or endometrial polyps among the different subtypes of EOC.

Conclusions

In contrast to other common benign gynecological disorders, endometriosis showed close relationships with the clear cell and endometrioid subtypes of EOC specifically.     

Endometrial carcinoma using GnRH analogues therapy in endometriosis

Endometriosis affects a 10 % of women during their reproductive years. Unequoral statistics concerning the incidence of adenomyosis are not available although a combined occurrence of both diseases is found in a 20 % of cases. The risk that malignancy arises from endometrioid tissue typical for endometriosis is between a 0.3-1 %. 75 % of these malignancies are ovarian cancer in conjunction with pre-existing ovarian endometriosis; less frequently extraovarian malignancies are found. The development of malignancy of adenomyosis is very rarely reported. In this report we present the case of a 35 year old patient who suffered from both, endometriosis and adenomyosis and who underwent a therapy using GnRH analogues. After five months and before the completion of the therapy a hysterectomy with conservation of the ovaries was performed at the request of the patient (carcinophobia). The histology confirmed the diagnosis of adenomyosis and demonstrated the unexpected finding of an endometrium carcinoma. This latter arose from a complex atypical hyperplasia surrounded by hypoplastic endometrium. There is some evidence that suggests a slightly elevated risk of breast and ovarian cancer as well as haematological malignancies amongst patients with endometriosis. However, there does not appear to be an increased risk of endometrial carcinoma. Adipositas leads to an increased risk for the development of endometrial carcinoma due to the increased conversion of testosterone to estrone in fat. The peripheral synthesis of estrone is unaffected by GnRHa-therapy. A progesterone containing HRT should be added to a GnRHa-therapy in overweight patients to prevent the development of endometrial hyperplasia and/or carcinoma. In conclusion a careful indication has to be made for GnRHa-therapy in overweight patients and before and during the therapy high resolution ultrasound scan should be performed to evaluate the endometrium in those patients.     

Predicting Pelvic Pain After Endometrial Ablation: Which Preoperative Patient Characteristics Are Associated?

Study ObjectiveTo determine which patient characteristics are associated with an increased risk of postablation pelvic pain.DesignCanadian Task Force classification II-2.MethodsData were collected from a retrospective cohort of patients who underwent endometrial ablation between January 2006 and September 2010 at a large academic medical center. Patients were identified via Current Procedural Terminology codes (58563, 58353, and 58356) for any type of endometrial ablation (rollerball or global); the sample size was 437 women. Multiple conditions and comorbidities were recorded for each patient. Bivariate analysis of patient demographics and the incidence of pain after endometrial ablation were evaluated using the chi square, Fisher exact, and independent t tests where appropriate. A final multivariate analysis with logistic regression was conducted to determine the exact patient characteristics that are associated with pelvic pain after endometrial ablation.ResultsOf 437 women who underwent endometrial ablation, 20.8% reported pain after their ablation. Patients were followed for up to 6.5 years postablation with a median follow-up of 794 days. The median number of days for the development of pain after ablation was 301 days, with 75% of patients who developed pain reporting it within approximately 2 years of their procedure. The median time to hysterectomy for those with pain was 570 days. Other postablation treatments included hormonal therapies in 9.4% of the total population. A total of 20.8% of patients reported postablation pelvic pain, but only 6.3% underwent subsequent hysterectomy for that indication. Preablation patient characteristics significantly associated with the development of postablation pain include dysmenorrhea (aOR = 1.73), smoking status (aOR = 2.31), prior tubal ligation (aOR = 1.68), and age less than 40 (aOR 1.90). Although not statistically significant, a diagnosis of endometriosis appears to be related to postablation pain (aOR = 2.24). Adenomyosis (suggested on ultrasound) and body mass index associations were not statistically significant. A patient with all 4 risk factors for postablation pain (i.e., dysmenorrhea, smoking, prior tubal ligation, and <40 years old) has a 53% (95% confidence interval, 0.40–0.66) chance of experiencing postablation pain.ConclusionThe observed incidence of pelvic pain is 20.8% after endometrial ablation and is more frequently observed in women with preablation dysmenorrhea, tobacco use, prior tubal ligation, age less than 40, and possibly endometriosis. One should consider these preexisting conditions when counseling patients regarding outcome expectations after an endometrial ablation procedure.     

Hysterectomy after endometrial ablation

OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was to determine the number of women undergoing hysterectomy after endometrial ablation and the indications for the subsequent surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-two premenopausal women, who had severe menorrhagia associated with a clinically normal examination result, underwent rollerball endometrial ablation between November 1990 and December 1991. Thirty-seven women whom we gave ongoing care were evaluated by chart review. Four women who received care elsewhere were interviewed by telephone. One woman was lost to follow-up. Patients were followed up a minimum of 4 years. Age, parity, operating time, endometrial preparation, preablation sterilization, and preablation dysmenorrhea were assessed in regard to subsequent hysterectomy. Patient satisfaction was assessed at 24 months. Life-table analysis was performed to determine cumulative probability of hysterectomy. RESULTS: Fourteen of the 41 women (34%) underwent hysterectomy within 5 years after rollerball endometrial ablation. Continued abnormal menstrual bleeding and menstrual pain were significantly associated with subsequent hysterectomy. Eleven of the 14 cases of hysterectomy were associated with gross abnormality such as myomas, adenomyosis, endometriosis, and chronic hematosalpinx. A linear relationship between hysterectomy and time was noted. CONCLUSION: On the basis of our findings one third of women undergoing rollerball endometrial ablation for menorrhagia can expect to have a hysterectomy within 5 years. If the linear relationship noted during the first 5 years is extrapolated, theoretically, all women may need hysterectomy by 13 years. Most patients undergo hysterectomy because of significant pelvic abnormality. Further studies with long-term follow-up are needed to define the role of endometrial ablation for menorrhagia. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1432-7.)