165例5岁以下小儿房间隔缺损的介入治疗

目的总结双盘封堵器(Amplatzer)关闭年龄小、体重轻患儿的继发孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)的病例。方法1998年8月至2004年5月,165例5岁和18kg以下小年龄组继发孔型ASD病例接受Amplatzer封堵器介入治疗。所有患儿均经临床体检、X线胸片、心电图、经胸超声心动图(TTE)确诊为继发孔型ASD。TTE观察和测量ASD和房间隔(IAS)最大径,测量球囊导管测量ASD最大伸展径,必要时加用食道超声(TEE)测定,筛选后的患儿依此选择封堵器。结果163例成功封堵ASD,成功率98.8%。本组ASD最大径(8～30)mm,平均(18.3±5.1)mm,选择封堵器直径(8～30)mm,平均(18.6±5.0)mm,P>0.05。Qp/Qs=3.3±2.0。147例(89.0%)为单纯单孔ASD病例;6例为多孔ASD,其中3例伴有房间隔瘤样改变,均用一个封堵器成功封堵ASD。另外12例合并其他心内畸形,其中6例合并肺动脉瓣狭窄(PS),6例合并动脉导管未闭(PDA)。右心容量超负荷术后明显改善。本组中大ASD占60.0%(100)例。操作上有一定难度。结论Amplatzer封堵器关闭5岁以下儿童房间隔缺损是可行的,但不主张2岁以下行介入治疗。严格掌握适应证;良好的小儿心血管内外科条件是成功封堵的基本保证。     

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目的探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)及实时三维超声心动图在房间隔缺损(ASD)、室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵术中的临床应用价值。方法应用二维及三维超声心动图对2004-10—2005-10在天津市儿童医院就诊的24例继发孔ASD,10例VSD进行术前检查筛选,术中超声引导及术后随访检查。结果24例ASD患儿术前经TTE检测ASD直径(15·6±7·9)mm(5~26mm),所选Mmplatzer封堵器直径为(19·1±5·1)mm(5~32mm),23例封堵成功。室间隔膜部缺损直径:左室面缺损为5~9mm,右室侧口的直径为2·4~6·0mm,术中选择Amplatzer封堵器型号为4~6mm,10例VSD无残余分流。结论二维及三维TTE联合应用于ASD、VSD介入治疗具有很好的应用价值。     

小儿房间隔缺损介入治疗40例临床报告

目的 评价小儿继发孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)应用美国AGA公司的Amplatzer封堵器介入治疗的临床疗效。方法 Ⅱ孔型ASD40例。男16例,女24例;年龄3～15岁,平均10．2岁。体重11～87kg,平均35．8kg.6例合并肺动脉瓣狭窄(PS),1例合并二尖瓣脱垂和轻度关闭不全,l例台并室性心动过速(VT)。40例均采用美国AGA公司的AmplatzerASD封堵器。术中常规行右心导管检查,测量右室、肺动脉压力。经导引钢丝导人球囊导管测ASD最大伸展直径。用体表经胸超声心动图(TTE)或食道超声(TEE)测量房间隔直径及确定ASD的位置及大小。根据球囊最大伸展直径选择等于或大于l～2mm型号的ASD封堵器。结果 40例患儿应用40个Amplatzer封堵器封堵成功,成功率100%。经TTE测量ASD直径为7～30mm(平均17．12mm),TEE测量直径为7～32mm(平均18．44mm)。最大球囊伸展直径为8～34mm(平均20．56mm)。Amplatzer封堵器型号8～38mm(平均21．44mm)。合并PS,先行球囊扩张术,成功后再封堵ASD。合并VT先行射频消融术而后成功封堵ASD.40例无并发症,无残余分流。术后3—4天出院。术后3d复查ECG、TTE及X线胸部检查有明显改善。结论 AmplatzerASD封堵器封堵小儿ASD是安全、有效的。规范化治疗。严格掌握适应证是成功的保证。     

经胸超声心动图在高海拔地区儿童房间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)在高海拔地区儿童ASD封堵术中的应用价值。方法选取本院住院的ASD 168例,采用TTE多个切面观察ASD大小、周缘情况,指导选择封堵器,术中监测和引导封堵进入、封堵器释放观察封堵牢固程度及有无分流。结果 ASD患儿168例经TTE测量缺损直径为4～32 mm,封堵器型号为8～38 mm。155例单纯单孔型ASD中,153例封堵成功,其中9例为二次封堵成功,2例因ASD直径大、边缘软、距下腔静脉距离<4 mm,封堵失败。双孔或多孔型ASD 4例患儿中3例双孔型选用一个封堵器封堵成功,1例3孔型ASD选用2个封堵器封堵成功。ASD并PDA、VSD、肺动脉瓣狭窄患儿,分别先封堵PDA、VSD及球囊扩张脉动脉瓣狭窄成功后再封堵ASD,封堵成功。结论 TTE在术前检查和术中指导ASD封堵器的放置是一种可行、有效、简便的方法。     

经导管Amplatzer房间隔封堵器关闭儿童继发孔型房间隔缺损:应用限度及技术探讨

为探讨Amplatzer房间隔封堵器 (ASO)在儿童中的应用限度 ,并进行方法学评价 ,共有68例符合手术指征的继发孔型ASD患儿接受了经导管ASO封堵术。术中经右上肺静脉造影、经食道超声心动图 (TEE)测量ASD位置、大小及周围关系 ,并以扩张球囊测量ASD伸展直径 ,按此选择等于或大于其1mm～2mm的封堵器 ;对于>25mm伸展直径的ASD或房缺主动脉根部前缘缺如的ASD ,所选ASO应大于其2mm～4mm。房缺前缘近主动脉根部的缺如并不影响装置的成功放置 ,但房缺后上缘是否有足够距离对手术的成功是决定性的。手术操作按常规进行。术后即刻行TEE或TTE检查观察治疗效果 ,此后定期检查评价疗效。结果68例患儿ASD术前TEE直径 (13.26±4.74)mm ,球囊伸展直径 (15.96±5.44)mm ,选用封堵器腰部直径 (10～32)mm,平均 (16.35±5.81)mm。68例均一次手术封堵成功 ,技术成功率100 % ;65例术后即刻TEE/TTE检查示完全封堵无分流 ,完全封堵率95.6% ;3例术后发生无血液动力学意义的少量残余分流 ,残余分流率4.4 % ,2例24小时后TTE复查分流消失 ,1例1年后消失。除2例装置释放后曾出现一过性房性早搏 (2.9 %)外 ,无其它并发症发生。结果表明虽然ASO对堵塞继发孔型房缺安全有效、无并发症、无死亡率、装置结构简单、操作方便、可多次回撤与重新     

超声心动图在应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭儿童房间隔缺损中的应用价值

目的　评价经胸超声心动图 (TTE)和经食管超声心动图 (TEE)在应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭儿童房间隔缺损(ASD)中的应用价值。方法　对 12例拟诊为继发孔型ASD的儿童 (年龄 2～ 13岁 ) ,应用Amplatzer封堵器经导管关闭ASD。通过TTE和 (或 )TEE在术前显示ASD大小及其边缘的解剖特点 ,术中指导封堵器的放置 ,术后评价疗效。结果　 (1) 12例中 ,TEE排除ASD诊断 1例 ,诊断为下腔型ASD和显示缺损前上缘薄弱者各 1例 ,这 3例未实施封堵术。 (2 )TEE测量ASD大小 (5～ 2 6mm ,平均 13 6mm) ,与ASD伸展径 (7～ 30mm ,平均 16 6mm)具有高度相关性 (r=0 994 ,P <0 0 1) ;与术前TTE测量ASD大小很接近 (5～ 2 1mm ,平均 14 3mm) ,后者与ASD伸展径亦具有高度相关性 (r =0 932 ,P <0 0 1)。 (3) 9例实施封堵术者 ,有 8例封堵成功 ;1例在封堵器释放后 15min发生脱落 ,改为外科修补。 (4) 8例成功实施封堵术者经TTE随访 1～ 2 2个月 ,无残余分流征象。结论　应用Amplatzer封堵器经导管关闭ASD可取得良好效果 ;超声心动图在经导管关闭ASD过程中具有重要价值 ,TTE和TEE各具优点 ,TTE适用于病例的初步筛选和术后随访 ;而TEE则在决定是否进行封堵术和指导封堵器的正确放置等方面发挥重要的作用。     

儿童继发孔型房间隔缺损的介入治疗

目的　探讨儿童继发孔型房间隔缺损 (atrialseptaldefect ,ASD)封堵术的指征、方法学和并发症的预防。方法　 1998年 10月～ 2 0 0 3年 1月 ,119例继发孔型ASD患儿 ,根据家属意愿接受了经导管应用Amplatzer房间隔封堵器的介入治疗。年龄 0 8～ 17 0岁 ,平均 ( 7 5± 2 8)岁 ,体重6 7～ 88.0kg ,平均 ( 2 3 7± 7 8)kg。所有病例术前检查被证实均为继发孔型ASD。按ASD球囊伸展直径或大于 1～ 2mm选择封堵器进行堵塞。其中 3例为多发ASD。 6例合并动脉导管未闭 ( patentductusarteriosus,PDA)或肺动脉瓣狭窄 ( pulmonarystenosis ,PS)者应用其他封堵装置和球囊扩张治疗合并的畸形。术后定期行心脏超声及临床检查随访。结果　 119例患儿术前经食道超声(transesophagealechocardiography ,TEE)或经胸超声 (trans thoracicechocardiography ,TTE)检测ASD平均直径 ( 12 9± 5 6 )mm ( 6 5～ 34 5mm ) ,肺动脉平均压力为 ( 2 9 0± 5 0 )mmHg( 2 5 0～ 6 2 0mmHg) ,球囊伸展直径为 ( 15 7± 4 8)mm( 8 0～ 38 0mm)。所选封堵器直径平均为 ( 15 0± 5 0 )mm( 8 0～ 38 0mm)。 112例封堵成功。 3例多发ASD也选用单一封堵器。 6例合并PDA或PS者同时完成介入治疗。 112例堵塞后即刻封堵率为 93 8% ( 1     

应用Amplatzer双盘闭合器关闭小儿继发孔房间隔缺损

目的探讨应用Amplatzer双盘闭合器关闭小儿继发孔房间隔缺损（ASD）的临床效果。方法71例ASD患儿。男33例,女38例;年龄2～15岁,平均（7±4）岁;体重10～50kg,平均(22±11)kg。在经胸超声（TTE）的四腔心切面和剑下切面观察ASD的位置并测量ASD直径,测量房间隔（IAS）直径。在X线和超声帮助下用Amplatzer测量球囊导管测量ASD最大伸展径。根据所测得的ASD伸展径选择与之相同或比ASD大1～2mm腰部直径的Amplatzer闭合器堵闭71例患儿的ASD。术后随访疗效,追踪残余分流率和并发症。结果应用此法关闭71例ASD,全部成功。其残余分流率为2.8％。此方法并发症较少,疗效较好。本组资料分析示TTE测得的ASD径与测量球囊导管测得的ASD伸展径相关性好,从TTE测得的ASD径推算ASD伸展径的直线回归方程式6.54+0.97×TTE测得的ASD径（心尖四腔心）。结论经导管关闭继发孔ASD适应证为（1）年龄≥2岁,体重≥10kg,ASD直径≤30mm的单纯继发孔ASD或合并肺动脉瓣狭窄;（2）IAS≥ASD伸展径＋14mm;（3）ASD下缘与二尖瓣距离＞5mm,上下腔缘、后缘≥5mm,前缘≥2mm。超声心动图对病例的选择和对经导管监视关闭ASD术有不可忽略的作用,TEE还能弥补TTE的不足。Amplatzer双盘闭合器关闭ASD在儿科有较好的结果,但其疗效仍需长期随访。     

介入治疗儿童先天性心脏病586例

目的探讨儿童先天性心脏病(CHD)经皮介入治疗方法及其近期疗效。方法CHD患儿586例。其中单一病变535例,复合病变51例,CHD缺损在经胸彩色超声心动图(TTE)及X线影像指导下,经皮沿导丝经传送鞘管将合适的封堵器至缺损处行封堵。肺动脉瓣狭窄采用Inoue球囊或聚乙烯球囊行肺动脉瓣球囊扩张术。结果TTE测量房间隔缺损(ASD)为(14.8±7.1)mm,所用封堵器为(19.1±8.4)mm;左室造影测量室间隔缺损(VSD)直径为(6.3±2.9)mm,使用封堵器(8.1±3.4)mm;造影测量动脉导管未闭(PDA)最窄处直径为(6.1±2.8)mm,所选用封堵器肺动脉侧为(10.0±3.2)mm,主动脉侧为(12.0±3.2)mm;介入成功561例,25例未封堵成功,成功率95.8%,成功者术后即刻未见明显分流;肺动脉瓣球囊扩张术后患者跨瓣压差均降至20 mm Hg以下。结论儿童CHD经皮介入治疗操作简单、成功率高、安全可靠,近期疗效好。     

房间隔缺损并肺动脉瓣狭窄介入治疗20例临床分析

目的　应用国产双盘状封堵器及国产球囊经导管治疗房间隔缺损 (ASD)并肺动脉瓣狭窄 ,并对其疗效进行初步评价。方法　全组 2 0例 ,年龄 2～ 17岁 ,平均 8.4± 6 .2岁。术前均经超声心动图检测 ,ASD直径为5～ 2 1mm ,平均 14± 6mm ,同时测肺动脉瓣狭窄程度及经超声心动图估测肺动脉压及跨瓣压 ,所有病例均在透视及超声心动图监视下经导管肺动脉瓣球囊扩张术 (PBMV)及置入国产双盘封堵器封堵ASD。全部患儿于术后 4 8h、1～ 3月及 1年分别行超声心动图、心电图、X线胸片检查评价治疗效果。结果　全组技术成功率 10 0 % ,均无重要并发症发生 ,PBMV术后即刻右室收缩压由 84± 2 5mmHg降至 4 0± 10mmHg ,肺动脉至右室跨瓣压由 6 7± 2 6mmHg降至 13.0± 11.5mmHg (P <0 .0 1) ,ASD 1例存在微～少量残余分流 ,19例封堵完全无残余分流。术后2 4h、术后 1月及 1年超声心动图未见残余分流及再通。结论　应用双盘状封堵器及国产球囊经导管治疗房间隔缺损并肺动脉瓣狭窄是一种安全有效的介入方法 ,操作简便 ,成功率高 ,近期疗效可靠 ,中远期疗效尚需进一步观察。     

Helex Septal Occluder: Feasibility Study of Closure of Atrial Septal Defect

Background A variety of transcatheter atrial septal defect (ASD) occluders are currently in use, the most commonly used device is the Amplatzer Septal Occluder (ASO) yet there is no perfect device. The Helex Septal Occluder is a new device (by W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc.) designed to improve the results of transcatheter ASD closure. We report our first experience in closing secundum ASDs with this new device after its recent modifications. Methods Thirteen patients were selected for Helex device closure with median age of 8 years (2.5–44 years) and median weight 30 Kg (12–96 Kg). Inclusion criteria were: small to moderate Secundum ASDs with sufficient rims by transthoracic echo (TTE) and confirmed by transoesophageal echo (TEE). Two cardiologists carried out the decision of device size. One of the five available Helex ASD device sizes was used (15–35 mm). Follow up TTE was performed the next day, one month, six months and one year later. Results Twelve patients had successful Helex septal occluder implantation. One patient was switched to Cribriform ASD device during the procedure because of failure of the locking mechanism. Two patients had trivial residual left to right shunt which disappeared at one month follow up in one patient. No embolic event, AV block or mortality was observed. Conclusion This feasibility study of the novel Helex septal occluder after its recent modification showed that it can successfully and safely close well selected secundum ASDs. There are several advantages over the currently available devices.     

食管超声引导下经胸镶嵌治疗婴幼儿房间隔缺损合并肺动脉瓣狭窄

目的 探讨单纯食管超声(TEE)引导下经胸镶嵌治疗婴幼儿房间隔缺损合并肺动脉瓣狭窄的有效性和安全性.方法 回顾2014年3月至2016年9月我科收治的继发孔房间隔缺损合并中重度肺动脉瓣狭窄患儿29例,其中男19例,女10例,年龄(3～18)个月,平均7.5个月,体重(5.5～11.4)kg,平均8.2 kg.术前经胸超声检查及术中经食管超声检查明确房间隔缺损均为中央型,直径(9.6±1.4)mm,所选择封堵伞的型号为大于房缺最大径2～4mm的封堵伞.合并肺动脉瓣狭窄其跨瓣压差(78.6±9.4)mmHg,肺动脉瓣瓣环直径(11.1±1.6)mm,所选择球囊直径为肺动脉瓣环直径1.2～1.4倍,反复扩张2～3次.全身麻醉气管插管,经胸剑突小切口,单纯食管超声引导下同期行房间隔缺损封堵及肺动脉瓣球囊扩张.术后3个月门诊经胸超声随访.结果 全组29例房间隔缺损封堵及肺动脉瓣球囊扩张均成功,术中及术后随访未出现并发症.术后即刻测压(18.3±9.3)mmHg,术后较术前明显下降(P＜0.001).术后即刻超声提示房间隔水平未见分流.术后3个月随访,房间隔封堵器位置正常,无残余分流,肺动脉瓣跨瓣压差为(19.9±5.8)mmHg,与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).29例病例随访3～33个月,所有患儿生长发育良好,房间隔水平无分流,肺动脉瓣跨瓣压差平均为(17.4±6.9)mmHg,均在40mmHg以内,封堵器位置良好,其中微小量反流7例,少中量反流1例,余21例患儿未见肺动脉瓣反流.结论 食管超声引导下经剑突微创小切口镶嵌治疗婴幼儿心脏复合畸形近期安全有效,可达到传统体外循环手术的治疗效果,避免体外循环带来的创伤,但对其远期疗效的评估仍需进行长期随访.     

Transthoracic Echocardiography Guidance of Transcatheter Atrial Septal Defect Closure in Children

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guidance is part of interventional closure of secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) in children and adults. However, sometimes TEE is impossible for technical or anatomical reasons. If available, intracardiac echocardiography can be used, but especially in children, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) can be an easy, safe, and cheap alternative. We report two cases in which TEE was replaced by TTE during percutaneous ASD closure. In the first case VACTERL association with a surgically repaired tracheoesophageal fistula was a relative contraindication to TEE. In the second case, technical failure of the transesophageal probe occurred during the procedure. In both cases the ASD was successfully closed with an atrial septal occluder device under TTE guidance. Using TTE can be sufficient and safe in children with good imaging windows, especially from subcostal views.     

全生物可降解型房间隔缺损封堵器封堵猪房间隔缺损的实验研究

目的评估全生物可降解型房间隔缺损(ASD)封堵器封堵猪ASD的疗效、并发症、生物相容性等。方法房隔穿刺及Rashkind球囊房隔造口术构建猪ASD模型成功后,即刻在透视及经食管超声心动图引导下用所设计全生物可降解型ASD封堵器封堵所构建ASD。术后1周、1个月、3个月和6个月处死实验猪,并行大体标本肉眼观察研究。结果共对10只制备好ASD模型的实验猪进行了封堵,技术成功率100%;术中及术后均未出现残余分流、心律失常、感染等并发症;大体解剖标本见内膜组织从边缘逐渐完全覆盖装置表面,未见装置表面赘生物及血栓形成,装置均未发生移位。结论全生物可降解型ASD封堵器关闭猪ASD技术成功率高、动物实验结果与金属ASD封堵器相仿,是一种安全、有效、可行的方法。其远期及对中、大型ASD的封堵疗效还有待进一步研究。     

Measurement of Atrial Septal Defect Size: A Comparative Study Between Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography and the Standard Balloon Sizing Methods

Atrial septal defect (ASD) size measurement is of paramount importance for the successful deployment of a transcatheter septal occluder. The stretched balloon diameter (SBD) has long been regarded as the gold standard for selection of the size of any device. Three-dimensional (3-D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) can visualize the overall structure of the atrial septum, therefore rendering an accurate size of the ASD. In this study we aimed to validate the accuracy of ASD size measurement by 3-D TEE and to elucidate the reason for the difference between balloon sizing and 3-D measurement. Forty-one consecutive patients were enrolled in this protocol for ASD device closure using the Amplatzer septal occluder. Thirty-nine patients were diagnosed by 2-D transthoracic echocardiography as secundum ASD and 2 patients were diagnosed as patent foramen ovale. Two measurements of the balloon size were sequentially obtained by 2-D TEE after the balloon was fully inflated in the left atrium. First, no residual shunt across the septum could be seen while the balloon was pulled back against the septum. This measurement was called the balloon occlusive diameter (BOD). Second, with balloon deflation, a slight deformity of the balloon was seen just prior to its popping through the septum. This measurement was called the stretched balloon diameter (SBD). Three-dimensional TEE was performed in all patients at the beginning of the procedure before device deployment and within 15 minutes after device release. Three-dimensional TEE provided superior views of the ASDs, showing the spatial relationship between the ASD and the neighboring structures. For maximal ASD size measurement, balloon sizing was larger than 3-D TEE examination, whereas 2-D was smaller than the other two methods. The best correlation was found between 3-D TEE measurements and the BOD (r= 0.98, p < 0.0001). Three-dimensional TEE provides en face view of ASD; thus, it can accurately measure the size of ASD. Three-dimensional TEE measurement of ASD can be used instead of balloon sizing for the selection of transcatheter ASD occluder size.