不同运动鞋舒适性差异及对篮球典型动作足部受力特征影响

目的探讨穿着不同篮球专项鞋在不同篮球典型步法中足部受力特征和专项鞋舒适性之间的关系。方法利用Kistler三维测力台和Medilogic鞋垫式足底压力测试系统采集并比较12名篮球专项运动员分别穿着两款篮球鞋(L、N鞋)在完成3种篮球典型步法(侧滑步、90°变向跑、3步上篮)的受力特征,包括冲击力峰值、最大负载率、足底压力峰值等;并采用主观舒适度量表对完成3种步法时两款鞋舒适性进行评分。结果 3种典型步法中两款鞋在冲击力方面无显著性差异,L鞋足部压力在侧滑步和3步上篮中比N鞋更小;在舒适性方面,N鞋显著优于L鞋,主要表现在鞋舒适性喜好程度(后跟稳定性、后跟响应、前掌缓冲、后跟缓冲和总体印象)和强度(前掌缓冲和后跟缓冲)方面存在显著性差异。结论两款篮球鞋仅在足底压力和舒适性评价上存在较大差异,但并没有一款鞋在两种评价中都表现更优异,提示在全面设计和评价专项鞋时应兼顾鞋本身的生物力学特性和运动员的主观评价。     

无症状扁平足与正常足的足底压力和足弓形态对比研究

目的　通过与正常足青年女性对比分析得出无症状扁平足足底压力和足弓形态的特征。 方法　利用Zebris足底压力测量仪对正常足组（12例）和扁平足组（12例）进行直立状态和行走状态下的足底压力测试,并拍摄其负重位和非负重位的侧位X线片进行足弓形态测量,测量数据进行统计学分析。 结果 双足直立时,扁平足组与正常足组的足底压力差异无显著意义（P>0.05）;单足直立时,扁平足组的前足负重比例增大;步行时,扁平足组与正常足组足底压力中心运动轨迹有明显区别。扁平足组负重位与非负重位的足弓形态各参数有显著差异（P<0.05）,而且扁平足组负重位与正常足组负重位的足弓形态有显著差异（P<0.05）。 结论 无症状扁平足单足直立和行走状态的足底压力和足弓形态与正常足相比有明显区别,为评价、诊断和预防无症状扁平足提供定量化数据。     

平地自然行走护士的步态特征和足底压力分布◆

背景：繁忙的工作和快速行走的严格要求势必造成护士足部压力增高,甚至引起足部疾病。 目的：分析护士平地自然行走下的步态特征和足底压力分布。 方法：采用比利时RSscan INTERNATIONAL公司生产的足底压力分布测试系统对73名护士进行动态足底压力测试。 结果与结论：护士步态分析中足底压强、冲量、支撑时间数据分析一致：在自然步态下,护士足部最大压强部位在第2、3跖骨区;足部最大冲量部位在前足;支撑期时间所占比例最大的是前足离地阶段;加上护士步速较快,足底压力相应增高,前足压力也随其增大。提示护士前足压力较高,易疲劳而发生运动损伤。因此,护士要科学的选择护士鞋或鞋垫,调整足底压力分布和足底冲量,加强对前足、特别是前足第2~3跖骨区的保护,尽可能避免足部疲劳和损伤的发生。     

矫正鞋垫的设计原理与生物力学功能

文题释义：矫正鞋垫：是根据足部生物力学特征设计的，为人体提供保护、支撑及改善活动能力的辅助性器具，置于鞋内与足部密切融合，通过调整足底与外界接触的面积、角度等，改变足部生物力学结构及特征、分散足底压力，改善人体生物力学轴线、提高关节稳定性，解决人体由于外界因素、下肢生物力学异常及代偿等引起的各关节及人体姿势异常等问题，被广泛应用于医疗康复领域以及运动损伤预防及康复领域等。 代偿：人体某些器官因疾病受损后，机体调动未受损部分和有关的器官、组织或细胞来替代或补偿其代谢和功能，使体内建立新的平衡的过程，由于其他器官原本不应该承担此功能，使器官处于异常状态，长期处于异常状态会对这些器官造成代偿性损伤。 背景：足是人体运动系统的重要组成部分，足部疾病及损伤成为困扰人们的问题，矫正鞋垫能够有效治疗及预防足部疾病及损伤风险，已成为物理矫正的主要手段。 目的：明确矫正鞋垫的设计原理，根据制作方式对矫正鞋垫进行分类，梳理矫正鞋垫对人体各关节相关疾病、儿童偏瘫及运动损伤的康复功能，探究当前矫正鞋垫的研究现状及不足，并对未来研究发展提出建议。 方法：以“矫形鞋垫”“拇外翻、扁平足、高足弓、足底筋膜炎”“膝内翻、膝外翻、膝骨关节炎”“脊柱侧弯”“足踝损伤”“步态”“异常步态”“Orthopedic insoles”“Corrective effect”“Motion pattern characteristics”等作为关键词，在CNKI、万方、百链、百度文库、PubMed等数据库检索2005至2019年期间的相关文献，进行筛选、整理、归纳及总结分析。 结果与结论：①矫正鞋垫的设计原理包括调整足底受力点，分散足底压力；支撑足弓，提高缓冲能力；改善下肢力线，提供稳定及支撑；改善本体感觉，提高足部舒适性4个方面；②矫正鞋垫按制作方式可分为预制型、半定制型和定制型3类；③矫正鞋垫在足踝、膝关节、脊柱畸形、儿童偏瘫型脑瘫、运动损伤方面能够起到有效的预防及康复功能；④矫正鞋垫在其应用领域及治疗效果上存在一定的局限性，在矫正鞋垫的研制与评价中，应考虑到人体运动过程中足型与鞋型的变化情况，体现“足鞋整合”的理念。可对矫正鞋垫不同形状、材质、硬度等，矫正鞋垫对损伤的预防、疾病的治疗、运动能力的提升效果，以及动态矫正鞋垫进行更加深入的研究。 ORCID: 0000-0002-9109-6962(张新语) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程     

不同矫形鞋垫对老年人足底的生物力学影响

目的 通过3款鞋垫了解老年人步行过程中的足底相关特性,为当前老年人鞋垫设计提供参考,并为厂家生产提供理论依据。方法 选取25名身心健康的老年人,穿戴Pedar x足底压力测试相关设备在跑步机上进行步行测试（4 km/h）,以获取足底压力、压强、冲量,并通过问卷调查获得被试者的主观反馈。结果后脚部软硬喜欢程度和后脚部反弹性强度平均分上,鞋垫A、C之间具有非常显著差异（P＜0.01);最大压力和平均压强指标上,鞋垫C在各足底分区均显著小于鞋垫A、B（P＜0.01);冲量指标上,鞋垫C在M1（足跟）~M7区（第2~5趾骨）都低于鞋垫A、B,且在M1区具有显著差异（P＜0.05）,M2区（足弓外侧）鞋垫A、C具有显著差异（P＜0.05）,M5区（第2~4跖骨）鞋垫B、C具有非常显著差异（P＜0.01)。结论 通过改变鞋垫设计可以干预老年人步行时足底压力,聚氨酯发泡材料适用于老年人鞋垫,在鞋垫前足与后跟增加类似GEL减震片可以有效降低老年人步行中出现的高压力,但是鞋垫前中后部位物理厚度不一,易造成老年人步行过程中的足部疲劳。     

个性化足跟痛缓冲鞋垫的生物力学研究

目的研究带有不同结构后跟垫的个性化鞋垫对足跟痛患者足部应力集中的作用效果。方法结合统计学和有限元分析方法,建立足跟痛患者足部及个性化鞋垫有限元模型,仿真模拟不同鞋垫对足跟痛患者足部软组织内外及足底筋膜应力的作用效果。结果足部软组织内部所受应力高于足底表面,足底筋膜应力在第3根筋膜上的应力最高。裸足站立时足跟区软组织内部应力峰值是表面峰值的1.34倍,足底第3根筋膜的应力为1.50 MPa。通过正交试验得到的优化鞋垫模型能够降低足跟区软组织内部应力峰值51.0%,同时缓解足底第3根筋膜应力11.3%。结论带有竖轴椭圆形、蜂窝状孔槽结构后跟垫的个性化缓冲鞋垫方案较优,后跟垫能辅助跟骨脂肪垫吸收或缓冲震荡,较好地减轻足底应力分布集中的同时具有缓解足底筋膜张力的作用。结果有助于认识足跟痛足部的应力分布情况,对研究足跟痛的病理和治疗具有重要的意义。     

可变刚度缓冲鞋垫结构设计及优化

目的 设计X型结构变刚度缓冲鞋垫,探究其对糖尿病截趾患者足底表面压力和内部应力的影响。方法 基于CT影像建立糖尿病截趾患者足部-小腿有限元模型,根据足底压力分布特征进行鞋垫区域划分。设计X型结构3D打印缓冲鞋垫,通过改变结构面板厚度改变结构的模量,对划分区域填充不同模量的X型结构方案进行仿真分析。结果 糖尿病截趾患者足底峰值压力在跟骨区,足趾区选用面板厚度1.2 mm结构、跖骨区选用面板厚度1.4 mm、足弓区选用面板厚度2.0 mm和足跟区选用面板厚度1.6 mm组合后的鞋垫减压效果最好。与赤足相比,此方案鞋垫分别降低足跟区峰值压力、趾骨区峰值压力和足底软组织内部应力40.18%、31.7%和50.45%。结论 变刚度下3D打印鞋垫可有效降低足底表面压力、内部应力,减小二次截趾概率。     

足部三维有限元建模方法及其生物力学应用

目的探讨建立足部三维有限元模型的方法,应用模型模拟分析研究鞋垫设计参数,不同软组织刚度和受力情况下对足部的生物力学影响。方法建立基于解剖结构,包括软组织,韧带和腱膜,考虑材料的非线性和关节接触的足部三维有限元模型。有限元模型的可靠性利用模拟足踝关节在不同病理、手术和鞋垫矫治情况下的生物力学反应来验证。结果有限元分析结果表明,定制型鞋垫的形状比鞋垫材料的刚度对减少足底最大压力有更重要影响。软组织刚度的增加引起足底接触面积的减小,从而会导致足底跖骨区最大压力增加。部分和完全松解足底腱膜都会降低足弓高度,并增加足底韧带的张力和增加中足和跖骨的应力。体重增加和跟腱拉力增加都将成倍足底筋膜的拉力。结论所建足部有限元模型能预测足底压力分布和足内部骨骼软组织应力、应变情况,可以成为设计鞋垫和研究足部各种临床状况提供有力的分析工具。     

行走支撑期足弓变化规律与足功能转换机制

目的 通过分析行走步态参数和足弓力学结构,探究行走支撑期足弓功能的转化机制及变化规律。 方法 利用动作捕捉系统及足底压力测试系统同步采集 8 名受试者不同步速行走时的步态参数及横、纵弓角度。 使用单 因素重复测量方差分析检验不同步速下足横、纵弓角度变化及足底受力的特征值差异。 结果 行走支撑期,纵弓 角度、横弓角度及足底受力曲线均存在两个特征值,3 条曲线特征值在 4 种步速下存在一致性规律。 1. 4 倍和 1. 2 倍最适速度行走时,蹬伸离地阶段时长显著性高于 0. 8 倍最适速度(P<0. 05),横弓升高的拐点和第 1 个受力 峰值出现时间早于 0. 8 倍最适步速(P<0. 05);1. 4 倍最适步速相比于 0. 8 倍最适速度横弓在蹬伸离地阶段的最小 角度显著性增加(P<0. 05),最小角度出现的时间显著性提前(P<0. 05);1. 2 倍最适速度步行时,纵弓第 2 个峰值 出现的位置相比于最适速度提前(P<0. 05)。 结论 行走支撑期,足以纵弓、横弓升降实现功能转化。 足纵弓和足 横弓共同降低完成缓冲,纵弓降低、横弓升高使足增加刚性完成蹬伸。 在执行蹬伸推进功能时,步速增加会加大蹬 伸离地阶段在步态支撑期的时间占比,足横弓和纵弓的变化随蹬伸期提前。 探究足弓变化及足功能转化机制对了 解足部运动规律及足踝康复具有重要的指导意义。     

无症状扁平足与正常足生物力学差异的数字化研究

运用足底压力测试与影像学X线测量结合的足踝数字化无损测评系统,对比分析无症状扁平足者与正常足者在足底压力和足弓形态上的生物力学差异。受试为青年学生,其中正常足者12人（男女各6人,左右足共24只,其中左足12只,右足12只）,无症状扁平足者12人（男女各6人,左右足共24只,其中左足12只,右足12只）。利用Zebris足底压力测量仪对正常足组和无症状扁平足组进行直立状态和行走状态下的足底压力测试,并拍摄其负重位和非负重位的侧位X线片进行足弓形态测量,测量数据进行统计学分析,从而对比得出无症状扁平足与正常足足弓和足底压力方面的生物力学差异。结果表明：双足直立时,无症状扁平足组与正常足组的足底压力差异无显著意义（P>0．05）;单足直立时,无症状扁平足组的足前负重比例增大;步行时,无症状扁平足组与正常足组足底压力的峰值相比差异显著（P<0．05）。无症状扁平足组负重位与非负重位的足弓形态各参数有显著差异（P<0．05）,而且无症状扁平足组负重位与正常足组负重位的足弓形态有显著差异（P<0．05）。非负重状态和双足直立状态下,无症状扁平足表现出一定的隐匿性。单足直立和行走状态下,无症状扁平足的足底压力和足弓形态与正常足相比有明显差异。应用FA DNTS测量评价足踝生物力学性能,方法简单,实用,易于推广。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.