何首乌饮对D-半乳糖所致衰老大鼠下颌下腺超微结构的影响

目的 观察实验性衰老大鼠下颌下腺超微结构的改变,探讨何首乌饮的干预作用.方法 用D.半乳糖制造衰老大鼠模型,用何首乌饮干预(预防和治疗),观察下颌下腺主要细胞器超微结构改变.结果 模型组大鼠下颌下腺细胞器的超微结构呈现明显的退行性变;何首乌饮预防组下颌下腺细胞器的超微结构退行性变的情况明显好于治疗组,治疗组改变程度较自然恢复组明显减轻.结论 D-半乳糖模型大鼠下颌下腺超微结构发生明显衰老改变,何首乌饮可改善衰老大鼠下颌下腺超微结构的衰老变化,预防用药效果更好.     

冠脉结扎法大鼠急性心肌梗死的造模

目的 探讨冠脉结扎法制作大鼠急性心肌梗死模型。 方法 40只Sprauge-Dawley大鼠随机分为冠脉结扎组和假手术组,大鼠经麻醉后,气管插管连接小动物呼吸机,打开左侧胸腔,暴露心脏,结扎左冠状动脉前降支,假手术组只用线穿过左前降支而不结 扎,其余步骤同冠脉结扎组。手术前后均行心电图检查,4周后行血流动力学检测,取出心脏,观察其外形变化,行HE染色后于显微镜下观察其病理变化。 结果 冠脉结扎组制作心梗模型成功率为100%,术后存活率为65%,假手术组术后存活率为80%。冠脉结扎组术后4周取出的心脏,左心室较假手术组扩大,缺血区室壁变薄。 结论 冠脉结扎法制作大鼠心肌梗死模型,效果稳定,成功率高,制作方便,经济易推广。     

天香丹对冠脉结扎大鼠血浆NO、ET的影响

目的 :本文通过结扎冠脉造成大鼠急性心肌缺血损伤模型的实验研究 ,探索新疆地产中药和维吾尔药复方制剂的疗效及机制。方法 :采用结扎冠脉造成大鼠急性心肌缺血的损伤模型 ,观察天香丹对模型动物心肌梗死范围及血浆一氧化氮、内皮素等指标的影响。结果 :实验性急性心肌缺血的大鼠体内存在一氧化氮、内皮素平衡失调 ,二者与急性心肌缺血的发病过程有关。结论 :天香丹能明显升高一氧化氮水平 ,降低内皮素水平 ,显著缩小实验大鼠心肌梗死范围     

D-半乳糖亚急性衰老大鼠模型的建立及评价

目的建立D-半乳糖致大鼠亚急性衰老模型,对该模型进行探讨和评价。方法健康青年SD大鼠共60只,雌雄各半。分别分为2组,半乳糖组大鼠皮下每天注射半乳糖400 mg/kg,对照组每天注射等量生理盐水;老年鼠20只,雌雄各半,不做处理。实验开始后,每周记录体重变化情况,第7周末测试大鼠空间学习能力,第8周末测试大鼠空间记忆能力,计算大鼠胸腺、脾脏、睾丸和卵巢的脏器系数,测定血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果半乳糖注射4 w后,雄性大鼠的体重比对照组显著性降低(P<0.05),注射6 w后,体重差异非常显著性降低(P<0.01);半乳糖组雌雄大鼠的空间学习能力和记忆能力较对照组显著性降低(P<0.05),听力阈值显著增加(P<0.05),胸腺指数非常显著性降低(P<0.01),雄性大鼠睾丸系数显著性降低(P<0.05),血清SOD活性显著性降低(P<0.05),MDA含量显著性增高(P<0.05);其余实验结果组间比较差异没有显著性(P>0.05)。结论 D-半乳糖皮下注射8 w可以复制出与24月龄老年大鼠自然衰老程度相似的亚急性衰老模型,雄性大鼠优于雌性大鼠。     

鼠龄对急性心肌梗死大鼠Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响

目的 建立成年和老年Wistar大鼠急性心肌梗死模型,比较鼠龄对大鼠冠状动脉(冠脉)结扎后不同时间点的凋亡指数及凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响.方法 115只6～24月龄大鼠中,95只结扎冠脉左前降支,80只(成年、老年大鼠各40只)术后存活,根据鼠龄分为老年心肌梗死组(40只)和成年心肌梗死组(40只),按结扎前降支后的1 h、3 h、5 h、1 d和7 d各分为5组(每组8只).假手术老年组和假手术成年组各10只.心肌梗死组分别于冠脉结扎后1、3、5 h和1、7d时记录血流动力学参数,包括心率、左室收缩压(LVSP)、左室终末舒张压(LVEDP)和左室内压最大收缩和舒张速率(±dp/dtmax).采用伊文蓝-红四氮唑(TTC)染色和原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测心肌坏死和凋亡程度.免疫组化染色检测心肌内Bcl-2和Bax的形成.结果 大鼠心肌在冠脉结扎后的1 h内即有凋亡出现,并且凋亡达高峰的时间老年心肌梗死组较成年心肌梗死组早.在冠脉结扎3 h,老年心肌梗死组与成年心肌梗死组的凋亡指数分别为(51.90±23.15)%与(18.67±17.15)%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).Bcl-2蛋白的表达值老年假手术组和成年假手术组分别为(2.7±0.9)分和(1.8±0.8)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Bax蛋白的表达两组分别为(6.2±2.9)分和(4.2±1.5)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 老年大鼠抵抗心肌缺血的能力差,鼠龄可能会改变Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达而增加心肌细胞凋亡.     

D-半乳糖衰老模型大鼠学习记忆能力和特定脑区抗氧化酶活性的变化

目的　探讨D 半乳糖衰老模型大鼠学习记忆能力和特定脑区抗氧化酶活性的变化 ,以揭示学习记忆能力与特定脑区抗氧化酶活性的关系。方法　Wistar大鼠皮下注射D 半乳糖建立衰老模型 ,在MG 2型三等分辐射式迷宫中进行学习记忆能力的检测后 ,将大鼠立即断头处死 ,分别测定大脑皮层、小脑、纹状体、海马、下丘脑 5个脑区SOD、CAT、GSH Px活性。结果　D 半乳糖衰老模型大鼠学习记忆能力降低。与对照组比较 :皮层、海马、纹状体SOD活性显著降低 (P <0 0 5和P <0 0 1 ) ;CAT活性在皮层、海马、纹状体、下丘脑 4个脑区均显著降低 (P <0 0 5和P <0 0 1 ) ;各脑区GSH Px活性无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5)。结论　D 半乳糖衰老模型大鼠学习记忆能力降低。衰老过程中海马、皮层、纹状体、下丘脑的抗氧化酶活性变化与学习记忆密切相关。     

D-半乳糖致衰老大鼠下颌下腺神经生长因子及其mRNA的表达

目的 观察D-半乳糖所致衰老大鼠下颌下腺神经生长因子(NGF)及NGF mRNA的表达.方法 选用SD雌性大鼠18只,随机分为正常组、模型组,用D-半乳糖制造衰老大鼠模型,用免疫组化及原位杂交法检测衰老大鼠下颌下腺NGF、NGFmRNA的阳性表达.结果 下颌下腺NGF阳性反应颗粒及NGF mRNA杂交反应产物为浅棕色或深褐色颗粒,NGF阳性反应颗粒主要分布于GCT细胞及纹状管细胞顶部胞质中,腺泡细胞为阴性;NGFmRNA杂交信号主要分布于纹状管和颗粒曲管上皮细胞中,其上皮细胞胞质呈阳性,腺泡细胞为阴性,正常组NGF、NGF mRNA表达明显高于模型组(P＜0.01).结论 D-半乳糖所致衰老大鼠下颌下腺NGF、NGFmRNA表达较正常大鼠明显减少.     

慢性充血性心力衰竭大鼠模型的建立

目的：探讨建立慢性充血性心力衰竭大鼠模型的方法。方法：通过结扎大鼠左冠状动脉造成大面积心肌梗死。术后8周，进行血流动力学、心室质量指数检测及心肌标本留取。结果：术后大鼠出现明显的心肌梗死改变。血流动力学提示大鼠MBP下降，LVSP，±dp／dt显著下降，LVEDP明显升高。大鼠心室质量指数增加。光镜下大鼠心肌梗死区心肌纤维明显，心肌梗死边缘心肌排列紊乱、心肌细胞肥大，核增大，部分细胞可有核固缩。结论：结扎左冠状动脉可成功制造慢性心力衰竭大鼠模型，对心力衰竭的实验研究有益。     

何首乌饮对D-半乳糖所致衰老大鼠下颌下腺β-半乳糖苷酶表达的影响

目的 通过观察何首乌饮干预的衰老大鼠下颌下腺β-半乳糖苷酶(β-gal)表达的改变,探讨何首乌饮的抗衰老作用.方法 用D-半乳糖制造衰老大鼠模型,何首乌饮的干预作用分治疗和预防两部分,检测β-半乳糖苷酶活性,观察下颌下腺衰老细胞数目改变.结果 预防性实验部分:模型组衰老细胞数目多于正常组和各预防性用药组;治疗性实验部分:用药各组与自然恢复组相比,衰老细胞数目明显减少,其中治疗中剂量组最低.结论 何首乌饮具有抗模型大鼠下颌下腺细胞衰老的作用.     

雷米普利对大鼠AMI后心肌缝隙连接蛋白结构的影响

目的探讨雷米普利对大鼠急性心肌梗死（AMI）后心肌间缝隙连接蛋白43（Cx43）的影响。方法将24只大鼠随机分为3组,其中模型组（AMI组）开胸后结扎冠脉左前降支,对照组开胸后不结扎冠脉,治疗组开胸后结扎冠脉左前降支,同时用雷米普利灌胃（另两组用等量蒸馏水灌胃）。8周后,用免疫组化法及图像分析系统检测三组左室心肌梗死区及周边缺血区心肌Cx43表达,比较各组不同区域心肌Cx43表达。结果与对照组比较,AMI组心肌Cx43明显降低（P〈0.01）,并呈不均一分布;治疗组比AMI组显著升高（P〈0.05）。结论左室心肌梗死区心肌Cx43明显下降,周边缺血区Cx43表达增加,雷米普利可减轻心肌Cx43重构。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.     

High prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy in antiretroviral-treated and untreated people with HIV in Tanzania

Objectives To describe the prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP), a complication of both advanced HIV disease and of antiretroviral therapy (ART), amongst Tanzanians with HIV, on and off ART (including stavudine) with CD4 counts above and below 200 cells/μl. Methods We recruited participants attending ART clinic into four groups: >6 months ART exposure and (i) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or (ii) CD4 > 200 cells/μl (ART/CD4 < 200 and ART/CD4 > 200, respectively); ART‐naïve and (iii) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or iv)CD4 > 200 cells/μl (noART/CD4 < 200 and noART/CD4 > 200, respectively). Primary outcome was DSP, as defined by presence of at least one symptom and one sign. Results Of 326 evaluable participants, 81 (32 men, median age 38 years, median CD4 142 cells/μl) were enrolled in the ART/CD4 < 200 group, 78 (17 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 345 cells/μl) in ART/CD4 > 200, 81 (30 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 128 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 < 200 and 86 (22 men, median age 33 years, median CD4 446 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 > 200. Numbness was the most commonly reported symptom. DSP prevalence ranged from 43.2% in ART/CD4 < 200 to 20.9% in noART/CD4 > 200. DSP was more common among men (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–3.3) and older participants (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1–6.2 for age 40 + vs. <30 years). Conclusion Distal sensory polyneuropathy is common amongst those attending this clinic, even those with no ART exposure and a CD4 count above 200 cells/μl. Stavudine and didanosine expose HIV‐infected patients to an additional avoidable risk of DSP. Access to non‐neurotoxic ART regimes as well as earlier HIV diagnosis and initiation of ART is needed.