Cys-C、RBP、β2-MG及Hcy联合检测对糖尿病早期肾病的诊断价值分析

目的分析血清胱抑素(Cys-C)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)及同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)联合检测对糖尿病早期肾病(DN)的诊断价值。方法选取70例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者,依据临床尿蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为正常组(正常尿,33例)和微量组(微量蛋白尿,37例);另选取30例体检健康者作为对照组。分别对三组研究对象Cys-C、RBP、β2-MG、Hcy水平进行测定并比较,并比较单项检测与联合检测阳性率。结果正常组Cys-C、RBP、β2-MG及Hcy水平分别为(0.98±0.27)mg/L、(38.96±7.62)μg/ml、(2.54±0.57)mg/L、(18.94±4.94)μmol/L,微量组Cys-C、RBP、β2-MG及Hcy水平分别为(1.99±0.45)mg/L、(67.34±13.66)μg/ml、(4.14±1.00)mg/L、(39.82±9.16)μmol/L,对照组Cys-C、RBP、β2-MG及Hcy水平分别为(0.40±0.23)mg/L、(25.35±6.31)μg/ml、(1.03±0.20)mg/L、(8.48±7.10)μmol/L;正常组和微量组Cys-C、RBP、β2-MG及Hcy水平均明显高于对照组,微量组Cys-C、RBP、β2-MG及Hcy水平明显高于正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。正常组和微量组Cys-C、RBP、β2-MG、Hcy联合检测阳性率均明显高于单一检测阳性率,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论相对单一检测,Cys-C、RBP、β2-MG及Hcy联合检测可较好的反映糖尿病早期肾病患者肾功能损伤程度,其对临床诊断、防治及病情监测均具有重要意义。     

早期诊断糖尿病肾病的生化指标

目的 探讨糖尿病患者尿清蛋白/尿肌酐(UALB/UCr)、α1微球蛋白(α1-MG)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)和血胱抑素C(Cys C)、C反应蛋白(CRP),糖化血红蛋白(HbA1 c)对糖尿病肾病的诊断价值.方法 采用免疫散射比浊法与免疫透射比浊法检测α1-MG、UALB/Ucr、Cys-C、RBP、CRP、HbA1 c的水平.结果糖尿病肾病组显著高于健康对照组.结论联合检测UALB/Ucr、α1-MG、Cys-C、RBP、CRP、HbA1c可提高早期糖尿病肾病的诊断率.     

血清胱抑素C在糖尿病肾功能检测中的意义评价

目的 测定2型糖尿病(T2DM)伴有不同程度肾损害患者血清胱抑素C(CysC)和视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)水平,探讨血清胱抑素C(CysC)和视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)对于早期糖尿病肾损伤的检测意义.方法 免疫透射比浊法测定CysC水平,散射速率比浊法检测血清RBP.同时检测T2DM患者24 h尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAER),并选择性分成两组,即UAER<30 mg/24 h组、30 mg/24 h＜UAER＜300 mg/24 h组,对照组为正常体检者,进行组间比较.结果 T2dM患者尿微量白蛋白组Scr(99.84±23.97)μmol/L,RBC(61.27±13.80)mg/L,CysC(1.70±0.49)ng/L,与正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),尿白蛋白正常组、尿微量白蛋白组CysC阳性率分别为28.12%、68%.结论 血清胱抑素C是一种反映早期糖尿病肾损伤的理想标志物,随肾功能恶化逐渐升高.     

视黄醇结合蛋白与胱抑素C诊断早期2型糖尿病肾病的价值

目的 探讨视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)与胱抑素C(Cys-C)水平对2型糖尿病肾病(T2DMN)的早期诊断价值.方法 对116例T2DMN患者(DN组)及38例健康者(C组)分别测定尿蛋白排泄率(UAER)、RBP、Cys-C、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)及尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)指标.Cys-C、RBP及UAER、mAlb的测定均采用免疫比浊分析法,NAG的测定采用化学酶法速率法.结果 DN组血RBP、尿RBP、Cys-C、NAG含量显著高于C组(P＜0.05),且各检测指标水平在不同的T2DMN临床分期间均有统计学差异(P＜0.05).T2DMN早期患者尿RBP阳性检出率高达56.84%.结论 尿RBP可以作为反映T2DM患者肾脏早期损伤灵敏、可靠的实验室指标;尿RBP与Cys-C同时检测可作为评价肾功能受损程度及部位的指标.     

中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值与2型糖尿病患者肾小管损伤的相关性研究

摘要：目的　探讨中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值（NLR）与2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者肾小管损伤的关系。方法　选取T2DM患者258例,测定中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞绝对值,计算NLR;采用免疫透射比浊法测定24 h尿微量白蛋白（24 h UMA）;测定肾小管标志物β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）、β-半乳糖苷酶（GAL）、视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）、N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）,以上4种标志物均正常者视为肾小管功能正常,任意1种或以上标志物超过上限视为肾小管功能受损。根据肾小管功能是否受损将患者分为正常组142例,受损组116例,比较2组间NLR水平差异。根据存在任意1种、2种、3种肾小管标志物异常将肾小管功能受损组进行分组,比较各亚组间NLR水平差异。另外,分析NLR与β2-MG、GAL、RBP、NAG的相关性。采用二分类Logistic回归分析T2DM患者肾小管损伤的影响因素。结果　受损组NLR水平高于正常组（P＜0.05）。随着肾小管标志物异常种类增多、肾小管损伤程度加重,NLR水平逐渐升高（P＜0.05）。NLR与β2-MG、GAL、RBP、24 h UMA具有正相关性（r分别为0.191、0.152、0.131及0.158,P＜0.05）。Logistic回归分析结果显示,较高水平NLR、24 h UMA是T2DM患者肾小管损伤的危险因素,而较高水平的HDL-C为其保护因素。结论　NLR与T2DM患者肾小管损伤关系密切,可以反映肾小管损伤程度。     

联合检测血同型半胱氨酸、糖化血红蛋白与尿微量白蛋白、β_2-微球蛋白在2型糖尿病早期肾损害诊断的临床价值

目的探讨血同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、尿微量白蛋白(尿mALB)、尿β2-微球蛋白(尿β2-MG)等指标对2型糖尿病(T2DM)早期肾损害的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析我院196例不同病程2型糖尿病患者及同期158例健康体检人员的HbA1c、血Hcy、尿mALB、尿β2-MG检测结果,并进行统计学处理。结果在T2DM患者中Hcy阳性率(男:47.6%,女:50.5%)最高,且存在性别差异;尿β2-MG阳性率(男:25.2%,女:24.7%)最低;这四项指标中,糖尿病组均明显高于对照组,且随着病程的延长,这些指标较糖尿病初期增高明显。结论定期联合检查T2DM患者HbA1c、血Hcy、尿mALB、尿β2-MG能及时了解糖尿病早期是否存在肾损害及其部位(肾小球、近端肾小管),以便临床医生及时采取有效措施,防止或延缓糖尿病肾病的发生。     

尿微量白蛋白、血脂和糖化血红蛋白联合检测对糖尿病患者的临床意义

目的探讨尿微量白蛋白、血脂和糖化血红蛋白联合检测诊断糖尿病的临床意义。方法选取2型糖尿病伴高尿微量白蛋白(≥25mg/L)患者67例作为观察组,另选取2型糖尿病且尿微量白蛋白(<25mg/L)患者36例作为对照组。比较2组空腹血糖(FBG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平。结果观察组FBG、TC及HbA1c水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论尿微量白蛋白、血脂和HbA1c联合检测可作为2型糖尿病患者心脑血管并发症的诊断手段之一。     

2型糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白检测在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中价值

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)水平在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的价值。方法 T2DM患者78例,其中尿mAlb正常组41例、mAlb升高(微量白蛋白尿组)37例;检测2组空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)2、4 h mAlb、尿酸(UA)、肌酐(Cr)及尿素氮(BUN)水平。结果与mAlb正常组比较,mAlb微量白蛋白尿组空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、尿酸、肌酐及尿素氮水平均显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 T2DM患者尿mAlb水平的检测优于肾脏检测的常规指标,可用于早期诊断DN。     

血清MDA和TGF-β1水平对早期DN诊断之探讨

目的:观察血清丙二醛(MDA)和血清转化生长因子(TGF-β1)水平与尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAE)及尿微球蛋白(α1-MG)含量关系,探讨氧化应急及生长因子在糖尿病肾病(DN)发生发展中的作用。方法:MDA检测采用硫代巴比妥酸法,TGF-β1检测采用酶联免疫吸附法,UAE采用放免法测定,α1-MG采用速率散射比浊法检测。结果:糖尿病(DM)患者血清MDA、TGF-β1和UAE、α1-MG之间具有较高的相关性(P<0.01)。结论:DM患者血清MDA、TGF-β1水平在DM早期即明显升高,并与尿UAE、α1-MG含量呈正相关,表明血清MDA、TGF-β1水平与DN的发生发展有关。     

HbA1c与血浆Cys-C、β_2-MG在Ⅱ型糖尿病肾病早期的诊断

目的探讨糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）与血浆Cys-C、β2-MG在Ⅱ型糖尿病肾病早期的诊断价值。方法根据尿清蛋白排泄率（UAER）将60例Ⅱ型糖尿病分为三组,即正常组、微量组、大量组,和40例健康对照组的同时进行血浆Cys-C、β2-MG、BUN、Crea与HbA1c同时测定,并作比对分析。结果微量组和大量组血浆Cys-C、β2-MG与HbA1c与健康正常对照组比较均有非常显著增高,正常组与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义。大量组阳性率分别为100%、100%、87.5%;微量组阳性率分别为Cys-C（93.1%）〉β2-MG（79.3%）〉HbA1c（55.2%）〉Crea（34.5%）〉BUN（20.7%）。结论 HbA1c与血浆Cys-C、β2-MG在Ⅱ型糖尿病肾病早期的诊断中有较高的阳性检出率,可作为糖尿病肾病的早期诊断指标。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.