心房起搏脉冲传导延迟患者AV问期的优化

目的探讨心房起搏至心房除极波时间延迟患者设置起搏的房室间期（PAV）的方法及远期心房起搏的有效性。方法分析2005年1月至2012年12月我院起搏器植入后发生心房起搏至心房除极波时间延迟≥lOOms的患者10例,病窦综合征（SSS）患者的房室间期设置为最大值,并最大限度开启房室问期滞后功能;对房室传导阻滞（AVB）患者设置PAV的值为：140～180ms＋心房起搏至心房除极波延迟时间,不开启AV滞后。结果经1个月至7年随访,5例SSS患者心室起搏比例〈10％,3例SSS患者心室起搏比例30％。50％,Holter显示心室起搏时为假性融合波,l例SSS患者及1例AVB患者为心室起搏心律,起搏比例〉99％,保证了房室问期的生理性。10例患者心房起搏阈值均〈1．5／0．4ms,未发生心房起搏阈值增高及失夺获。结论心房起搏至心房除极波时间延迟患者远期的心房起搏夺获是安全的;设置起搏器PAV间期要将心房起搏至心房除极波延迟时间计算其中,程控随访中应注意观察程控仪中监护图的心房波,房室传导阻滞患者可延长房室间期后观察心房波,部分患者因监护导联显示不清,需要通过12导联心电图进行观察,避免心房起搏至心房除极波延迟病例被遗漏．导致增加心室起搏及非生理性的房室间期。     

最小化心室起搏策略在病态窦房结综合征合并心衰患者中的临床应用

目的:比较心室起搏管理(managed ventricular pacing,MVP)和固定长房室间期(fixed long AV)两种最小化心室起搏策略,对双腔起搏器植入的病态窦房结综合征合并心衰患者中远期心脏结构和功能的影响. 方法:入选70例因病态窦房结综合征植入双腔起搏器的心衰患者,随机分为MVP组和固定长AV间期组,采用右室心尖部起搏方式,植入双腔起搏器后分别启用MVP模式和固定长AV间期模式.规范随访12个月后,比较两组患者心室起搏比例差异以及相应的心超参数变化和6 min步行试验结果. 结果:MVP组心室起搏比例较固定长AV间期组心室起搏比例明显减少(1.0％对11.3％,P＜0.01);固定长AV间期组左室射血分数术后12个月明显下降、E/A比值降低,而MVP组心功能指标则没有明显变化.术后12个月固定长AV组患者6 min步行距离明显缩短,而MVP组无明显缩短. 结论:因病态窦房结综合征植入双腔起搏器的心衰患者,在右心室心尖部起搏状态下,MVP模式较固定长AV间期模式对患者长期的心脏收缩和舒张功能负性影响较小.     

房室结优先功能减少右室不良起搏的评价

目的评估心室自身优先功能(VIP)在减少不良右室起搏百分比中的作用。方法因病态窦房结综合征患者植入ST.Jude DC5816、5826型双腔起搏器63例,在关闭及开启VIP状态下各工作3个月,比较在两种状态下右室起搏百分比情况。结果在起搏器植入后6个月随访中证实,VIP开启状态下右室起搏百分比为(23.9±10.5%)明显低于VIP关闭状态下右室起搏百分比(67.5±9.2%),差异具有统计学意义(p<0.05)。结论 VIP功能有助于减少右室不良起搏百分比。     

心室起搏管理功能降低病窦综合征患者高比例的右室起搏

目的评估具有心室起搏管理(MVP)功能的双腔起搏器对高比例右室起搏的病窦综合征(SSS)患者的疗效。方法 35例SSS患者,房室传导正常或合并间歇性房室传导阻滞(AVB),至少植入了两年双腔起搏器(DDD/R),并计划更换,入组前1个月以上的心室起搏比例超过40%。均植入具有MVP功能的双腔起搏器,随机程控MVP启动(MVP on组,n=17)或者关闭(MVP off组,n=18)。术前、术后6个月行血浆脑钠肽(BNP)测定;心脏超声测定左室收缩末期内径(LVESD),左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD),左室射血分数(LVEF);并于术后6个月程控起搏器了解右室起搏比例、心房高频事件。结果术前两组血浆BNP及LVESD、LVEDD、LVEF比较无显著差异(P>0.05);术后两组有关心脏超声指标无明显变化(P>0.05)。MVP on组术后较术前血浆BNP有明显下降(P﹤0.05),与MVP off组比较,MVP on组术后右室起搏百分比、心房高频事件发生率均有显著下降(2.6%±0.6%vs 48.4%±10.5%,15.7%±2.3%vs 62.0%±7.8%;P﹤0.01)。结论具有MVP功能的DDD/R起搏器能降低高比例右室起搏的SSS的右室起搏比例及心房高频事件的发生率。     

房室间期自动搜索功能起搏器对病窦综合征患者预后的影响

目的观察自动AV间期搜索功能双腔起搏器减少心室起搏的有效性及对心功能和快速房性心律失常的影响。方法 100例植入DDD/R起搏器的患者(有AV搜索功能50例,无AV搜索功能50例),术后1年内程控获取右室起搏百分比、高频心房事件、检查超声心动图及测试血浆心房利钠肽(ANP)值。结果有AV搜索功能组术后3,6,12个月右室起搏百分比明显小于无AV搜索功能组(18.7%±5.6%vs 82.4%±10.2%,19.8%±6.6%vs 77.3%±9.5%,18.4%±7.3%vs 79.2%±8.6%,P均<0.05)。有AV搜索功能组左室舒张末内径、左房内径、左室射血分数均明显改善(P均<0.05);ANP水平明显降低(203.10±28.20 pg/ml vs 298.80±31.50 pg/ml,P<0.05);高频心房事件也显著减少(18±9次vs 39±11次,P<0.05)。结论有AV搜索功能起搏器明显减少病窦综合征患者右室起搏比例,改善心功能,并减少高频心房事件。     

房室间期自动搜索功能对心室起搏及心功能的影响

目的 观察自动AV间期搜索功能双腔起搏器减少心室起搏和高频心房事件的效果及对心功能的影响.方法 60例置入DDD/R起搏器的患者（有AV搜索功能30例,无AV搜索功能30例）,术后1年内程控获取右室起搏百分比、高频心房事件,检查超声心动图,测试血浆利钠肽（BNP）值.结果 有AV搜索功能组术后6个月和12个月右室起搏百分比明显小于无AV搜索功能组[（21.2±6.0）％比（78.3±7.5）％,（19.1±6.5）％比（73.4±7.9）％,P均＜0.05）.AV搜索功能组左室射血分数、左室Tei指数均明显改善（0.57±0.03比0.53±0.05,0.48±0.15比0.68±0.20,P均＜0.05）;BNP水平明显降低[（75.2±34.5）pg/ml）比（37.0±16.4）pg/ml,P＜0.05];高频心房事件也显著减少[（42±10）次比（19±11）次,P＜0.05].结论 AV自动搜索功能起搏器可有效减少不必要的右室起搏及高频心房事件,改善血流动力学效应.     

双腔起搏器自动房室间期搜索功能对心房颤动发生的影响

60例置入双腔起搏器患者,分为房室间期搜索（Search AV）组（n=27）和非Search AV组（n=33）。术后6个月Search AV组较非Search AV组心房颤动（简称房颤）发生减少,房颤负荷降低。术后1年Search AV组房颤负荷仍低于非Search AV组。术后6个月及1年非Search AV组心室起搏比例高于Search AV组。心室起搏比例与房颤负荷正相关（P〈0. 05）。结论：双腔起搏器Search AV功能可明显减少心室起搏比例,降低房颤负荷,减少房颤发生。     

病窦综合征患者起搏器术后房室传导方式对血浆BNP水平的影响

目的评估固定的长AV间期下的DDD起搏模式对SSS患者在减少心室起搏方面的效果;比较应用固定的长AV间期保留自身房室传导与最适AV间期下房室顺序起搏两种模式的优劣性,为临床选择具有最佳血流动力学效应的起搏参数设置提供依据。方法选取因SSS而安置双腔心脏永久起搏器进行治疗的45例患者,分3次随访进行,每次随访时间间隔为2个月,将起搏器程控与血液生化指标测量相结合,进行两种不同AV间期下房室顺序起搏模式的血流动力学效应评估与对比。结果与临床经验性AV间期相比,固定的长AV间期(350 ms)下的房室顺序起搏使心室起搏百分比由31.8%降低至1.18%(P=0.000);由最适AV间期下转为固定的长AV间期下的房室顺序起搏模式后,血浆BNP浓度明显降低(P=0.02)。结论固定的长AV间期(350 ms)下的房室顺序起搏能够有效减少心室起搏,且在血流动力学方面优于最适AV间期下的房室顺序起搏。     

房室传导阻滞患者起搏比例影响因素分析

目的分析可能影响房室传导阻滞(AVB)植入永久起搏器患者起搏比例(%VP)的因素,指导起搏器的优化程控。方法从2006年1月至2014年8月,因AVB于北京协和医院心内科植入永久起搏器患者纳入研究,规律随访。收集患者的临床资料和起搏器程控随访记录,将%VP>70%定义为起搏依赖。入选患者按起搏比例分为依赖组和非依赖组。结果共入选228例,男性125例,年龄(68.2±14.5)岁。中位随访时间24个月,起搏依赖组共178例(79.5%)。与非依赖组比较,依赖组年龄≥65岁、三度AVB、持续性AVB、心功能不全、高血压、双腔起搏患者的比例均更高(P均<0.05)。多因素分析发现,年龄≥65岁、三度AVB、持续性AVB、植入双腔起搏器、基线心功能正常是影响起搏比例的独立危险因素(P均<0.05,OR 2.536,1.624,3.543,1.839,2.842)。结论年龄≥65岁、三度AVB、持续性AVB、植入双腔起搏器、基线心功能正常与起搏依赖相关。     

起搏器自动化功能对右室起搏比率及心功能的近期影响

目的 观察具备起搏模式策略(MVP)和AV间期延长的策略(Search AV+)功能的起搏器(Adapta)的临床应用效果.方法 34例患者入选.分别置入具有自动化功能的Adapta起搏器（实验组,n=18）和其它类型双腔起搏器（对照组,n=16）.并分别在置入前及置入后1,3个月进行随访.随访中观察上述两组的右室起搏...     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.