广州市天河区1995-2010年艾滋病疫情分析

目的分析广州市天河区1995-2010年艾滋病（AIDS）疫情,探讨防控策略。方法根据艾滋病综合防治信息系统的信息,用描述性流行病学方法对天河区的艾滋病疫情进行分析。结果天河区1995年报告首例艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者,至2010年底累计共报告HIV感染者223人,AIDS病人110人,死亡17人。近3年报告数增加较快,共报告201例,占总报告数的60.4%;全区21个街道均有HIV/AIDS报告,以棠下街最多,占14.7%（49/333）;年龄最小3岁,最大99岁,以青壮年为主,占91.9%;男性251人,女性82人,性别比为3.07：1;感染途径以异性性传播为主,占36.3%（121/333）,男男同性传播占25.2%（84/333）,注射毒品占16.2%（54/333）;户籍以广东省为主,占53.5%（178/333）。结论天河区艾滋病报告数近3年呈快速增加,性传播为主要传播途径。     

HIV孕产妇的护理

艾滋病(AIDS)在我国的流行形式日趋严重,据<2005年中国艾滋病(AIDS)疫情与防治工作进展>报道,估计中国现有AIDS病毒(HIV)感染者和AIDS病人约65万人[1].2009年底<中国- 默沙东艾滋病合作项目>网络直报,累计HIV32.6万例,AIDS10.9,死亡5.4万;疫情估计,成活HIV/AIDS约74万人,其中AIDS10.5万,新感染4.8万,因AIDS死亡2.6万.以性传播为主.我县为全国艾滋病流行重灾区,孕产妇的感染以性传播及注射吸毒为主.现将我院2010年收治HIV孕产妇住院期间的护理体会报告如下.     

珠海市2016年艾滋病疫情特征分析

目的 分析珠海市2016年艾滋病疫情特征。方法 运用描述性分析方法,对珠海市2016年报告的艾滋病疫情进行分析。结果 珠海市2016年新发现HIV感染者/AIDS患者（简称HIV/AIDS）275例,男女比例为9.2∶1（248∶27）,年龄较为集中在20~49岁,占81.45%;人群以流动人口为主,占75.91%;以性接触感染为主,占91.32%,而其中 61.84%是经男男同性性接触感染。结论 2016年珠海市艾滋病疫情继续保持增长趋势,经男男同性传播是本地艾滋病目前主要传播途径。要继续加强对普通人群艾滋病知识宣教和重点人群行为干预及病例发现等综合防制工作。     

连州市2005-2010年HIV/AIDS流行病学分析

目的分析连州市艾滋病流行病学特征,为探讨有效的防制策略提供科学依据。方法收集连州市2005-2010年艾滋病疫情资料和个案调查表进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2005-2010年连州市累计报告HIV/AIDS病例50例,其中HIV感染者28例,艾滋病病人22例,累计报告死亡病例11例。疫情主要集中在市中心区域和北部乡镇。男女性别比为3.17：1,年龄介于17～82岁,20～49岁青壮年占74.00%。职业以农民、家务及待业和工人为主,初中及以下文化程度者占70.00%,已婚占64.00%,异性传播占74.00%。其它就诊者检测、术前检测和检测咨询是发现HIV抗体阳性者的主要途径,合计占病例总数的62.00%。结论连州市艾滋病疫情仍处于低度流行期,传播途径以异性传播为主,必须采取综合性预防控制策略,以遏制艾滋病的扩散和蔓延。     

增城市2000—2009年艾滋病疫情分析

目的分析增城市2000—2009年艾滋病流行病学特点和流行趋势,为制定有效可行的防治措施提供科学依据。方法收集和整理增城市2000—2009年HIV感染者和AIDS病人疫情监测和哨点监测资料,进行流行病学统计分析。结果增城市2000—2009年累计报告HIV/AIDS59例,其中HIV43例,AIDS16例,死亡8例。增城市艾滋病疫情呈逐渐上升趋势,病例主要集中在新塘镇占49.15%,以流动人口为主占71.19%,20～49岁男性青壮年占89.80%,初中及以下占76.27%;感染途径由以静脉吸毒感染为主转变为以性接触感染为主。结论增城市艾滋病流行形势较为严峻,但疫情相对集中,病例特征较为明显,应重点加强对流动人口和暗娼等高危人群的行为干预。     

精液在HIV-1性传播中作用的研究进展北大核心CSCD

目前,在我国性传播已成为艾滋病主要的传播途径,2012年1-10月新报告的艾滋病病毒感染者中,经性途径传播所占比例为84．9％。因此,经性传播是大多数HIV感染的重要原因,并已成为推动我国艾滋病疫情增长的主要原因之一。 HIV-1病毒作为逆转录病毒自身具有非常弱的致病性,在体外仅有万分之一到千分之一的病毒颗粒才具有感染性［1］,而精液是HIV 经性传播的重要媒介［2］。为此,在性传播已经成为我国艾滋病疫情的主要传播途径的背景下,本文将对近些年精液在HIV感染过程中作用的研究新进展进行综述,以期为下一步进行有效的干预HIV传播提供借鉴作用。     

男男性接触者与艾滋病

已有许多国家确认艾滋病毒／艾滋病(HIV／AIDS)在男男性接触者(men who haye sex with men，MSM)中的流行。在不同程度上，男男之间的HIV性传播是AIDS流行的重要途径之一。在大多数发达国家，这个途径一直是HIV传播的主要方式之一。尤其在男男性交受到法律或社会习俗压制的地方，MSM更是处于感染HIV的高危环境之中，因为在这种情况下，他们更难被识别和接近，从而难以接受更好的预防服务。     

襄樊市2006年艾滋病疫情分析

我市从1995年到2006年11月底共进行抗-HIV检测近36万人次,发现HIV/AIDS共725人(死亡275人),其中AIDS者621人(死亡270人),HIV者104人(死亡5人)。疫情主要特点是:疫情处于报告发病高峰,年龄以青壮年为主,20-49岁占82.21%,全市7个县(市)均发现艾滋病病毒感染者分布,发现最多的是南漳县339例(46.76%)、其次是襄樊市区191例(26.34%),传播途径日趋多样化,以采供血途径为主,经性途径和母婴传播及共用注射器日趋增多。分析预测:近年艾滋病疫情稳中有降,但是报告发病、死亡率,在2-3年仍内将是一个高峰平台(100例/年左右),艾滋病已经开始从高危人群向一般人群扩散。艾滋病防治工作需要建立一种社会关怀救助体系。     

2004-2010年宁明县淋病、梅毒、AIDS/HIV流行状况分析

目的了解中越边境的宁明县近7年法定传染病中的梅毒、淋病、艾滋病和HIV阳性病例情况,分析其流行特征和规律,为制定防治策略和措施提供科学依据。方法收集该县2004-2010年的法定传染病梅毒、淋病、AIDS/HIV阳性病例疫情资料进行统计分析。结果全县目前总人口数为43万多,近7年报告梅毒、淋病、艾滋病和HIV阳性病例共2802例,男性病例多于女性病例,人群发病率为96.51/10万,其中淋病206例,梅毒1649例,艾滋病571例（死亡197例）,HIV阳性376例（死亡44例）。以上4种疾病高发病例数在15～岁年龄组至45～岁年龄组,占总发病数的81.01%。农民发病人数占总发病数的59.67%。梅毒、AIDS/HIV病例数近几年呈逐年平行上升的趋势。AIDS/HIV病死率呈逐年上升趋势,平均病死率为25.45%。结论该县近七年来淋病患者数量未能反映当地真实流行状况,而梅毒、AIDS/HIV阳性总病例不断增多,并从高危人群向普通人群传播,其防治任务非常严峻。     

柳州市1999—2010年50岁以上人群艾滋病流行特点分析

目的分析柳州市1999—2010年50岁以上人群艾滋病流行特点,为今后制定艾滋病防治措施提供科学依据。方法收集和分析柳州市1999—2010年50岁以上人群艾滋病疫情报告、综合监测和专项调查资料。结果1999—2010年累计报告50岁以上人群HIV感染者／AIDS病人1788人,其中AIDS977人,死亡608人;男1367例,女421例,男女性别比为3．25：1;职业以农民为主,占50．78％;文化程度初中以下的占73．43％;传播途径以异性传播为主,占75．84％,且历年统计显示异性传播呈逐年上升趋势,2010年达到96．94％;50岁以上病例存活时间逐年延长,但超过3年的仅占3．34％,远远低于全人群的12．29％,差异有统计学意义（xz=27．50,P〈0．01）;病例发现晚,导致治疗晚是主因。结论50岁以上人群艾滋病疫情发展迅速,艾滋病防治难度大,必须尽快采取有效的预防控制措施。     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Intestinal helminthiasis in school children in Haiti in 2002

A survey on intestinal helminths in school children was conducted in Haiti in 2002. This first nationwide study involving the entire country was stratified by department according to urban and rural zones using the cluster method. Focusing on elementary school children (n=5792; age range 3 to 20 years), it involved 26 urban and 49 rural schools randomly selected. Stools were preserved in formalin and examined by the Ritchie technique. Thirty-four per cent of stools (1981/5792) tested positive for intestinal helminths with the following parasites identified: Ascaris lumbricoides (27.3%), Trichuris trichiura (7.3%), Necator americanus (3.8%), Hymenolepsis nana (2%), Taenia sp. (0.3%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). The helminth prevalence was higher in rural (38.4%) compared to urban areas (30%). There was no significant difference in prevalence by sex and age. The importance of geohelminths changed from one department to another with the highest prevalence found in the Southern department of Grande Anse (73.7%) and the lowest prevalence in the Center department (20.6%). Five out of the country's nine departments had a similar prevalence varying from 25.5% to 28.2%. Intestinal helminthic polyparasitism was observed in a percentage of infested school children comprise between 3.4% and 28.6% according in relation to the geographical area. A program to fight against geohelminths in school children should be initiated as a public health priority. Albendazole is the drug of choice. Frequency of drug distribution should be based on the prevalence of geohelminths in each department.     

Experience in adult population in dengue outbreak in Delhi

A dengue outbreak has recently hit the Indian capital. We studied the clinical profile of adult patients. Five hundred and sixty patients of dengue infection were admitted in a specially created ward according to the criteria laid down by WHO. Haematemesis (28.28%), epistaxis (26.78%) and malena (14.28%) were some of the common presentations. Similarly lymphadenopathy, especially cervical (30.89%), palatal rashes (26.96%) and hepatomegaly (23.75%) were the most commonly encountered findings on physical examination. Most of the cases were of dengue fever with haemorrhage and only 2.5% cases were classified under dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. The average hospital stay was 3.4 days but only 9.8 hours in the eleven patients who died, suggesting their late arrival in preterminal situation giving little time for resuscitation. Thrombocytopenia was not a feature and only 12.85% patients had platelet count less than 70,000/cmm. Most of the patients who were admitted with thrombocytopenia, showed normalization in their platelet counts in next few days. Serological examination demonstrated evidence of recent dengue infection in 41.17% patients. Few patients required blood or platelet concentrate transfusion. Eleven patients died, three due to DIC, one of intracranial haemorrhage and seven due to massive gastric haemorrhage. Rest of the patients recovered completely. Thus we can conclude that recent outbreak in Delhi was of dengue fever with haemorrhage and mortality was very low in patients who came early to the hospital.     

Changes in the hypothalamic nuclei in in experimental allergy

Summary In rabbits subjected to prolonged sensitization and in which the Arthus phenomenon was induced there was a marked reaction of the hypothalamic nuclei. Staining by Gomori's method indicated a cellular swelling, loss of granules, and protoplasmic vacuolization in the supraoptic nucleus. There was a considerable increase in the size of the cross-sectional area of the cells. The same effects were much less well shown in the paraventricular nucleus. These results show that marked signs of increased neurosecretion developed in the animals at the height of the Arthus phenomenon.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten Éksperimental'noi biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 110–113, April, 1963.     

Cerebellar noradrenergic systems in aging: studies in situ and in in oculo grafts

Age-related changes in noradrenergic function in the rat cerebellum were examined using electrophysiological and electrochemical techniques. Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 rats showed subsensitivity to norepinephrine (NE) locally applied onto cerebellar Purkinje neurons. The modulatory actions of NE on Purkinje cell-evoked activity was also examined. In young rats NE preferentially inhibits spontaneous activity more than evoked excitations when compared to control. These modulatory actions of NE are not seen in senescent Fischer 344 rats. The intrinsic vs. extrinsic influences determining the loss of efficacy to NE were examined using three groups of rats with in oculo cerebellar grafts. The first group had young grafts grown in young hosts and these grafts showed a potent response to perfused NE. The second group, old grafts in old hosts, showed a diminished responsiveness to NE with respect to the first group. The third group consisted of young grafts in old hosts. These grafts demonstrated a responsiveness to NE that was indistinguishable from those in the first group. The integrity of the presynaptic NE fibers was examined in the grafts using electrochemical techniques. No difference in the release of NE was observed in the old grafts. Taken together, these results suggest a loss of postsynaptic NE function that is intrinsically determined. The change in NE modulation could influence information processing within the aged cerebellar cortex. This deficit could underlie behavioral changes seen in senescence.