肌皮神经与正中神经共干1例

作者在解剖一具30岁左右成年男性标本，发现其右侧肌皮神经变异，现报道如下：     

肌皮神经及正中神经变异

正笔者在解剖一具成年男性上肢时,发现其双侧肌皮神经及正中神经在臂部存在多处变异。经查阅有关文献,双侧变异同时存在未见报道,为积累解剖学资料并为临床工作提供形态学依据,现报道如下:左侧臂丛三干合成正常,但臂丛的内侧束既夹持腋动脉也夹持腋静脉,由内侧向外侧依次为内侧束,腋静脉,腋动脉,外侧束;内侧束发出的各神经正     

腰骶神经变异的临床解剖学

腰骶神经根、腰骶神经节的变异及异位，腰神经的分又神经和腰骶椎变异合并神经根走行异常等各种类型的腰骶神经形态变异使腰椎间盘脱出症的临床症状、体征多样多变，缺乏规律性。经常给临床诊治带来一定困难，甚至造成误诊误治。现将这方面资料做一综述，以期引起骨科及解剖学界的关注。     

臂丛神经变异1例

臂丛由C5、C6、C7、C8、T1神经前支组成.臂丛的根、干、股、束及分支皆可存在变异[1-3].我们在解剖中发现1例右侧臂丛神经位置、形态变异,但此种变异报道较少,现报告如下.     

正中神经起端变异二例报告

经典的人体解剖学教科书上 ,把臂丛神经的变异分为四种形式 ) 1 ,2〕:( 1 )神经根参与上的变异 ;( 2 )干、股、束各段形成上的变异 ;( 3)分支起点组成上的变异 ;( 4 )与动脉血管有关的臂丛变异。笔者在局部解剖学教学过程中 ,发现两例正中神经起端变异 ,属于臂丛分支变异和与动脉血管有关的正中神经变异 ,可归入第 ( 3)和第 ( 4 )两种类型的臂丛变异 ,为增加临床资料 ,给临床工作者提供参考 ,现报告如下 :一例 (见照片 1 )为成年女性 ,发育正常 ,外观无任何畸形 ,解剖中发现 ,其右侧正中神经内侧根于胸小肌上缘深面发自臂丛内侧束 ,向外下走…     

正中神经副根变异1例

<正>笔者在解剖1具男性尸体时,发现其左侧正中神经起始部位存在1副根变异。经查阅相关资料,此类变异较为少见,为积累解剖学资料并为临床工作提供形态学依据,现报道如下。尸体来源于华北理工大学基础医学院解剖学教研室,成年男性,50岁左右,身长168cm。该例左侧臂丛各根、干、股、束形成正常。正中神经由来自臂丛内、外侧束的3根合成,其中1根来自臂丛内侧束,2根来自臂丛外侧束(包括1外侧主根和1外侧副根)。正中神经内侧根自臂丛内侧束发出,长5.     

桡神经、肌皮神经分布变异2例

根据张克劬 2 16例观察桡神经浅支缺如 ,其支配范围由前臂外侧皮神经代偿的占 2 .8± 1.1% ( 6侧 ) ;前臂外侧皮神经与桡神经浅支在桡骨茎突上方 1.0～ 7.8cm间有交通支的占 5 .1± 1.5 % ( 11侧 )。作者在解剖两例成年男性新鲜上肢标本过程中 ,发现其桡神经及肌皮神经走行变异 ,现报道如下 :例 1,左上肢桡神经浅支缺如 ,其支配区域由前臂外侧皮神经所代替。桡神经出肱肌和肱桡肌间隙后 ,在肘窝仅发出一细小分支到肱桡肌后即穿旋后肌到前臂背侧 ;而前臂外侧皮神经出肱二头肌和肱肌之间后下行于肱桡肌深面 ,在前臂中部从肱桡肌深面浅出、居皮…     

左侧副膈神经分支走行变异一例

作者在解剖标本时,发现左侧副膈神经分支走行变异1例,现报道如下。     

膈神经变异1例

笔者在解剖一具老年女性标本时,发现其左侧膈神经罕见变异,现报道如下: 膈神经在左斜角肌间隙内,在前斜角肌后缘中点靠外0.7 cm处由臂丛上干发出(附图)。稍向外下方与前斜角肌后缘平行行走,经肩胛舌骨肌、锁骨下动静脉表面,于静脉角外侧进入胸腔,伴心包膈动脉走向膈     

右侧肌皮神经变异1例

在西北民族学院医学院2000级本科班的局部解剖学实验过程中，发现右侧肌皮神经变异1例，报道如下：男尸，身高1.41cm，年龄约60岁。右侧肌皮神经起点异常，分3支由正中神经发出。第1支在正中神经起点处从其右侧发出，长3．6cm，外径0．05cm。其末端分3支于喙肱肌上1／3处(距喙突3．9cm)进入该肌，可称作喙肱肌支。     

Malignant nerve sheath tumor of acoustic nerve

A malignant nerve sheath tumor of the acoustic nerve was found in a 54-year-old man whose right acoustic nerve signs had shown gradual worsening during the previous five years. No stigmata of von Recklinghausen's disease were noted. The tumor at autopsy extensively involved the brain stem, cerebellar hemisphere, tentorium of cerebellum, and cerebral occipitotemporal lobe on the right side. Histologically, the tumor was characterized by extreme hypercellularity, pleomorphism, and high mitotic activity. Ultrastructurally, there was an external lamina around the interdigitated cytoplasm of the tumor cells. Long-spacing collagens and junctional devices were also noted. This case is, to our knowledge, the first reported of a malignant nerve sheath tumor in the acoustic nerve.     

组织工程化神经导管修复外周神经损伤

背景：神经导管技术理论上采用生物或非生物材料预制成合适的管状支架,桥接神经断端两侧,在提供神经再生微环境的同时通过神经诱导、营养作用促进神经再生。 目的：观察组织工程化神经导管修复外周神经损伤的临床效果。 方法：选择24例陈旧性上肢神经损伤患者,以患者自愿原则分2组治疗：试验组采用组织工程化神经导管修复,对照组采用自体周围体表感觉神经移植修复。治疗后随访6个月观察患者肢体神经损伤功能修复效果。 结果与结论：随访6个月后,两组肢体远端感觉运动功能与目测类比疼痛评分均较治疗前改善(P < 0.05),且试验组效果更好(P < 0.05);两组损伤侧感觉与运动神经传导速度均较治疗前改善(P < 0.05),且两组间差异无显著性意义。说明组织工程化神经导管材料符合神经修复导管支架的要求,临床应用疗效肯定。     

合成材料神经导管与自体神经移植修复周围神经缺损的比较

背景：生物可降解材料制成的神经导管可在体内降解,避免出现的神经卡压等问题,因而受到越来越多的关注。 目的：比较自体神经移植与3种合成可生物降解材料神经导管在修复周围神经损伤的效果差异。 方法：通过电生理学检测,形态学观察等神经恢复效果评价方法,对比分析近年来常用的胶原神经导管、DL-乳酸-ε-己内酯神经导管、聚乙醇酸神经导管与自体神经移植修复周围神经缺损的效果。 结果与结论：虽然神经导管与自体神经移植相比在理论上有其优势的一面,但不同合成材料的神经导管之间在神经功能恢复中存在明显差异性,DL-乳酸-ε-己内酯神经导管修复效果与自体神经移植无明显差异,是较为理想的神经导管材料,聚乙醇酸神经导管因自身的因素影响其降解性能,在3种神经导管中的修复周围神经损伤效果最差,胶原神经导管需要交联剂改善其机械性能,其修复周围神经损伤效果居于前两者之间,因此,这3种神经导管在神经功能再生方面还有潜在的缺陷,不能完全替代自体神经移植,而且3者之间的性价比,还缺少足够的大样本长期随机对照实验结果来验证,还需要进一步的实验观察。     

Peripheral nerve regeneration using acellular nerve grafts

Long gap peripheral nerve injuries usually require a graft to facilitate axonal regeneration into the distal nerve stump. The use of autografts is often limited because of graft availability and donor-site morbidity. We investigated whether acellular nerve allografts would provide an appropriate channel for the promotion and induction of sciatic nerve regeneration in rats. Axons sprouted from the proximal portion and reached the distal portion in the 1 cm-long grafts by 1 month. The number of axons in the regenerated nerves was similar to that of normal nerves at 1 month. Loading the grafts with betaNGF and VEGF increased the number and mean diameter of axons and neovascularization in the regenerated nerves at 1 month. The motor conduction velocity increased over time and reached 63 +/- 10% of that of normal nerves at 6 months. The nerve injuries treated with the acellular grafts had a significant improvement in motor, nociception, and proprioception function compared to untreated nerves. The results from this study suggest that acellular nerve allografts may be a useful biomaterial for functional peripheral nerve regeneration.     

单环刺缢及同种异体神经制成人工神经修复神经缺损

目的:研究去细胞的单环刺缢体壁和同种异体神经所构成的人工组织神经的组织相容性及其修复神经缺损的效果。方法:取大鼠40只随机分成实验组、自体神经组、硅胶管组、正常组。实验组将去细胞的单环刺缢体壁缝合成神经导管,其内充填去细胞的异体神经,修复大鼠10 mm坐骨神经缺损。术后4月,通过大体观察,组织形态学观察,了解该人工组织神经修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损的疗效。结果:该人工组织神经组织相容性良好,神经功能恢复效果正常组>自体神经组>实验组>硅胶管组,实验组疗效与自体神经组接近,明显优于硅胶管组。结论:将去细胞的单环刺缢体壁和同种异体神经制成人工组织神经修复周围神经缺损是可行的。     

Sural nerve defects after nerve biopsy or nerve transfer as a sensory regeneration model for peripheral nerve conduit implantation

Nerve repair after injury can be effectively accomplished by direct suture approximation of the proximal and distal segments. This is more successful if coadaptation can be achieved without tension. Currently, the gold standard repair of larger deficits is the transplantation of an autologous sensory sural nerve graft. However, a significant disadvantage of this technique is the inevitable donor morbidity (sensory loss, neuroma and scar formation) after harvesting of the sural nerve. Moreover, limitation of autologous donor nerve length and fixed diameter of the available sural nerve are major drawbacks of current autograft treatment. Another approach that was introduced for nerve repair is the implantation of alloplastic nerve tubes made of, for example, poly-l-lactide. In these, nerve stumps of the transected nerves are surgically bridged using the biosynthetic conduit. A number of experimental studies, primarily in rodents, indicate axonal regeneration and remyelination after implantation of various conduits. However, only limited clinical studies with conduit implantation have been performed in acute peripheral nerve injuries particularly on digital nerves. Clinical transfer of animal studies, which can be carefully calibrated for site and extent of injury, to humans is difficult to interpret due to the intrinsic variability in human nerve injuries. This prevents effective quantification of improvement and induces bias in the study. Therefore, standardization of lesion/repair in human studies is warranted.     

Unmyelinated nerve fibers of the human mandibular nerve

The aim of this research is to find and to evaluate morphometorically the unmyelinated nerve fibers in the human mandibular nerve using a light microscope. Our report demonstrates for the first time the presence of the unmyelinated nerve fibers of the human mandibular nerve stained by a special method. Our results also indicate that there is a morphometric change with aging in the unmyelinated axons of the nerve.     

Mapping sensory nerve communications between peripheral nerve territories

The human cutaneous sensory map has been a work in progress over the past century, depicting sensory territories supplied by both the spinal and cranial nerves. Two critical discoveries, which shaped our understanding of cutaneous innervation, were sensory dermatome overlap between contiguous spinal levels and axial lines across areas where no sensory overlap exists. These concepts define current dermatome maps. We wondered whether the overlap between contiguous sensory territories was even tighter: if neural communications were present in the peripheral nerve territories consistently connecting contiguous spinal levels? A literature search using peer‐reviewed articles and established anatomy texts was performed aimed at identifying the presence of communications between sensory nerves in peripheral nerve territories and their relationship to areas of adjacent and non‐adjacent spinal or cranial nerves and axial lines (lines of discontinuity) in the upper and lower limbs, trunk and perineum, and head and neck regions. Our findings demonstrate the consistent presence of sensory nerve communications between peripheral nerve territories derived from spinal nerves within areas of axial lines in the upper and lower limbs, trunk and perineum, and head and neck. We did not find examples of communications crossing axial lines in the limbs or lines of discontinuity in the face, but did find examples crossing axial lines in the trunk and perineum. Sensory nerve communications are common. They unify concepts of cutaneous innervation territories and their boundaries, and refine our understanding of the sensory map of the human skin. Clin. Anat. 27:681–690, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

神经导管生物材料在神经修复中的应用

背景：神经导管是由天然或人工合成材料制成的、用于桥接神经断端的组织工程支架材料,具有引导和促进神经再生作用。 目的：总结近年来常用的神经导管生物材料在神经修复中的应用。 方法：由作者应用计算机检索维普数据库中与神经导管生物材料在神经修复中应用有关的文章,检索时限2002-01/ 2010-12。检索关键词：神经导管;生物材料;神经损伤;神经修复;神经再生。纳入标准：与神经导管生物材料在神经修复中应用有关的文章。排除标准：重复研究或较陈旧文献。根据纳入排除标准共保留相关文献30篇。 结果与结论：非生物降解材料由于其不可吸收性和对再生神经的远期不良影响使临床应用受到限制。生物降解材料在神经再生完成后可在体内降解吸收,无需二次手术取出,但目前未能利用生物降解材料完全仿制出具有天然神经结构的支架。生物衍生材料生物相容性好、排异反应小,可提供细胞外基质、胶原,起支架作用,但缺血后存在管形塌陷、再生不良、吸收瘢痕组织、增生及粘连等问题。神经导管生物材料在神经修复中的应用前景广阔,但单用一类材料难以制作出理想的神经导管生物材料,通过结合各类材料的优点,与神经营养因子、细胞外基质成分和许旺细胞等联合应用,制备新型具有生物活性的导管材料,将有利于神经修复进一步发展。     

组织工程化神经修复周围神经创伤的应用

背景：近年来,随着生物工程技术以及组织工程化神经的发展给周围神经缺损的治疗带来了新的希望,已逐渐成为研究的焦点。 目的：从种子细胞、生物材料以及构建周围神经组织技术3个方面综述组织工程方法修复周围神经损伤的新进展。 方法：由第一作者在2013年7月应用计算机检索PubMed 数据库及CNKI 数据库,英文关键词为“tissue engineering,peripheral nerves,nerve injuries,stem cells,schwann cells,scaffold,growth factor”,中文关键词为“组织工程,周围神经,神经损伤,干细胞,许旺细胞,支架,生长因子”。选择内容与神经组织工程、周围神经损伤修复相关的文章,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章,共纳入63篇文献。 结果与结论：现阶段组织工程方法修复周围神经损伤的研究虽已取得很大进展,但大多停留于实验探索阶段。将组织工程神经应用于临床尚存下列问题亟待解决：①种子细胞来源及伦理。②细胞扩增后移植的免疫排斥。③移植细胞稳定性问题及致瘤性。④神经支架材料的降解速度、最佳孔隙率、导管厚度、形状等。⑤体外神经构建后移植修复时机。⑥各种神经生物因子的局部释放与调控等等。随着科技的发展,期待上述问题的解决,从而使得众多临床神经损伤患者受益。