180例我院住院患者全身糖皮质激素用药合理性及安全性评价

目的：评价本院住院患者糖皮质激素使用的合理性及安全性。方法：对本院180例使用全身糖皮质激素药物的患者进行用药合理性回顾性分析。结果：11例无指征用药;23例无疗效评价;83例发生激素相关的不良反应;慢阻肺急性加重激素使用疗程偏长。结论：本院全身用糖皮质激素临床应用基本合理,在适应证和激素使用疗程等方面仍需规范并加强管理,药物安全性方面仍需提高警惕,减少糖皮质激素不良反应,促进合理用药。     

异位妊娠保守治疗临床效果研究

目的探讨异位妊娠药物保守治疗效果。方法对本院2006年1月至2008年6月收治异位妊娠患者45例，应用天花粉进行保守治疗，给药后密切观察患者体征变化。天花粉注射3d后动态监测血β-HCG及B超检查，隔日1次，两周后复查B超了解患者附件包块情况。结果45例患者中29例治疗1个疗程治愈；12例2个疗程治愈；4例无效。结论采用天花粉进行保守治疗，注意正确掌握用药指征、方法，正确处理药物的不良反应及密切观察病情，可有效治疗异位妊娠。     

足量布地奈德联合特布他林雾化吸入治疗毛细支气管炎疗效分析

目的：探讨足量布地奈德联合特布他林雾化吸入治疗小儿毛细支气管炎的疗效及安全性。方法：选取沂水中心医院儿科2011年10月至20]2年6月收治的毛细支气管炎患儿220例，随机分为足量布地奈德组（A组）90例、常规剂量布地奈德组（B组）90例和对照组（c组）40例。三组患儿均采取常规综合治疗，A组每次给予布地奈德混悬液1mg、特布他林雾化液1．5-25mg空气压缩泵雾化吸入，3次／天，病情好转后改为每次布地奈德n5nag、特布他林每次1．5—2．5mg空气压缩泵雾化吸入，2次／天，疗程5～7d；B组采用布地奈德每次0．5mg、特布他林每次1．5—2．5mg空气压缩泵雾化吸入，2次／天，疗程5—7d；C组只采用常规综合治疗。观察三组患儿症状、体征改善时间、静脉应用糖皮质激素时间及住院时间，记录不良反应。结果：A组与c组比较，A组显效率、总有效率、咳嗽消失时间、喘憋消失时间、哮鸣音消失时间、静脉应用激素时间及住院时间均优于c组（P均〈O．01）；A组与B组比较，除总有效率两组比较差异无统计学意义外（P〉0．05），其他指标A组均优于B组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈O．01）；B组与c组比较，B组上述指标均优于c组（P〈O．05或P〈O．01）；三组均未发现明显不良反应。结论：足量布地奈德联合特布他林雾化吸入治疗毛细支气管炎疗效显著，且安全、方便。     

深度烧伤创面休克期切削痂植皮的临床观察

目的：探讨深度烧伤创面于休克期切削痂植皮的安全性和临床疗效。方法16例有切削痂手术指征并在休克期内行手术植皮治疗者为A组；19例切削痂条件相似并按常规在休克期后4~6天行手术植皮治疗者为B组。比较两组休克期补液量、回吸收期的生命体征及创面愈合时间。结果两组患者在休克期补液量上无显著着性意义（P〉0．05）；A组休克期尿量明显增多，回吸收期体温、心率与B组明显不同（P〈0．05~0．01）；A组创面平均愈合时间较B组短（P〈0．01）。结论深度烧伤创面于休克期切削痂是安全的，并能缩短创面愈合时间。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎免疫治疗药物托珠单抗的回顾分析与药学监护

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）在全球蔓延，引起世界各国高度关注。其传染性强、危害大，目前尚无确切有效的抗病毒药物。国家卫生健康委员会发布了《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案（试行第七版）》，其中首次提出了托珠单抗免疫治疗方案。检索国内外托珠单抗治疗免疫系统疾病的论文，分析托珠单抗用于治疗COVID-19重症和危重症的有效性，并从安全性角度出发，介绍诊疗方案的药物相互作用、特殊人群用药、不良反应及用药注意事项，可为COVID-19重型及危重型患者的治疗提供用药参考。     

3例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的用药分析

目的:回顾性分析四川省资阳地区确诊为新型冠状病毒肺炎(Corona Virus Disease-2019,COVID-19)患者治疗用药的有效性和安全性.方法:选取在资阳市第一人民医院使用了抗病毒药物、抗菌药物、糖皮质激素类药物等药物的3例COVID-19患者作为研究对象,对其用药进行分析.结果:3例患者经过多种药物联...     

鱼腥草滴鼻液治疗急慢性鼻炎376例

目的 评价鱼腥草滴鼻液治疗急慢性鼻炎的临床疗效与安全性。方法 入选急慢性鼻炎患者376例，其中急性鼻炎患者142例、慢性单纯性鼻炎患者138例、慢性肥厚性鼻炎患者96例，所有患者均给予鱼腥草滴鼻液滴鼻，一次 3或4滴，急性鼻炎患者一日 3次，疗程 1周；慢性鼻炎患者一日 4次，疗程 2周。所有患者同时给予头孢丙烯 0.5 g口服，qd，连用5～7 d。采用积分法统计治疗前后患者症状和体征。结果 急、慢性鼻炎患者经鱼腥草滴鼻液治疗后，症状、体征综合积分均明显下降，其中急性鼻炎和慢性单纯性鼻炎治疗后症状、体征综合积分均较治疗前显著下降（均P＜ 0.01＝，积分值分别减少82.3%和80.7%，显效率100.0%；慢性肥厚性鼻炎患者治疗后症状、体征综合积分亦明显降低（P＜ 0.05＝，积分值减少76.8%，有效率为100.0%。所有患者用药期间无明显不良反应发生。结论 鱼腥草滴鼻液治疗急、慢性鼻炎疗效确切，安全性好，值得临床推广使用。     

对本院新型冠状病毒肺炎药物治疗问题的探讨

目的:对本院新型冠状病毒(COVID-9)的药物治疗情况进行分析和探讨,旨在提高该病药物治疗方案的合理性、有效性及安全性。方法:回顾收集1566例COVID-19出院患者的病历资料,统计患者的基本信息、住院情况和治疗用药情况。针对抗病毒药、抗菌药、糖皮质激素、调节免疫药和护肝药的使用特点和存在的问题,进行研析。结果:抗病毒药以阿比多尔、奥司他韦、更昔洛韦应用最为广泛;抗感染药主要莫西沙星和头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠;糖皮质激素主要应用甲泼尼龙;免疫调节药主要使用人免疫球蛋白和胸腺肽α1;护肝药主要使用甘草酸二铵和还原性谷胱甘肽等。存在用药问题主要为遴选治疗药不适宜;用药疗程过长;无指征使用和用法用量不适宜等。结论:抗病毒药物治疗问题为奥司他韦和更昔洛韦的遴选不适宜;阿比多尔的用药疗程过长;不推荐3个以上抗病毒药同时使用;利巴韦林应限制使用。抗感染药无指征用药和联合用药的情况较为普遍;关注抗感染药与其他药物之间的相互作用。糖皮质激素主要问题是无指征使用和疗程过长。免疫调节药使用较为合理,需注意普通轻型患者的不合理联合用药。护肝应避免预防性使用多烯磷脂酰胆碱。针对存在的问题应重视临床合理用药。     

腹部闭合性损伤的早期处理

目的：总结腹部闭合性损伤(Blunt abdominal，injury，BAI)的早期处理经验。方法：对我院1995年1月-2001年10月处理的217例BAI患者进行回顾性的总结。结果：腹部X线检查、诊断性腹腔穿刺、B型超声、CT诊断阳性分别为20例、175例、171例、15例；于急诊科抢救无效死亡16例，由急诊科直接送手术室行剖腹探查术19例，收住院187例，留门诊观察13例。结论：对于危重BAI患者应边抢救边诊断，对于手术指征明确的危重BAI患者应送手术室行剖腹探查术，怀疑空腔脏器损伤的患者要反复、仔细检查；诊断性腹腔穿刺、B型超声、CT是BAI患者可靠的诊断手段。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下儿童防治用药分析

目的分析新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情下儿童防治用药的安全性。方法查阅我国各省市卫生健康委员会、中医药管理局官网公布推荐用于防治COVID-19的方案,对涉及儿童用药按照西药、中药、中成药进行分类统计与分析。结果共得到防治方案13份,包括西药方案5份,中医药方案9份;涉及西药4种,各期中药方剂32个,中成药40个,中药144味;高频次使用中药22味,聚类分析得4类常用中药组合。结论儿童作为COVID-19特殊易感群体,防治有别于成人,其防治西药种类较少,且尚无特效抗病毒药物,用药安全性和有效性仍需进一步评价,防治应严格把握用药指征、剂量和疗程。中药防治应做到因时因地制宜、辨证施治,个体化精准用药,以最大限度确保儿童COVID-19防治的用药安全。     

The effect of oseltamivir use in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A multicenter propensity score-matched study

BackgroundOseltamivir has been used as adjunctive therapy in the management of patients with COVID-19. However, the evidence about using oseltamivir in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 remains scarce. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oseltamivir in critically ill patients with COVID-19.MethodsThis multicenter, retrospective cohort study includes critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Patients were categorized into two groups based on oseltamivir use within 48 hours of ICU admission (Oseltamivir vs. Control). The primary endpoint was viral load clearance.ResultsA total of 226 patients were matched into two groups based on their propensity score. The time to COVID-19 viral load clearance was shorter in patients who received oseltamivir (11 vs. 16 days, p = 0.042; beta coefficient: −0.84, 95%CI: (−1.33, 0.34), p = 0.0009). Mechanical ventilation (MV) duration was also shorter in patients who received oseltamivir (6.5 vs. 8.5 days, p = 0.02; beta coefficient: −0.27, 95% CI: [−0.55,0.02], P = 0.06). In addition, patients who received oseltamivir had lower odds of hospital/ventilator-acquired pneumonia (OR:0.49, 95% CI:(0.283,0.861), p = 0.01). On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the groups in the 30-day and in-hospital mortality.ConclusionOseltamivir was associated with faster viral clearance and shorter MV duration without safety concerns in critically ill COVID-19 patients.     

39例新型冠状病毒肺炎重症患者营养干预及药学监护实践

目的：分析总结新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）重症患者营养支持现状及难点,从营养干预、营养药品使用及监护方面为COVID-19的救治提供参考。方法：纳入2020年1月28日至2月23日郑州大学第一附属医院重症隔离病房收治的39例COVID-19患者,含重型20例,危重型19例。营养药师对比分析了2组患者入ICU 7 d内的营养支持现状及难题,通过调整肠内营养制剂品种,制定肠外营养方案对COVID-19患者进行个体化营养支持及全程药学监护。结果：相对于COVID-19重型患者,危重型患者的营养风险筛查（NRS2002）评分≥5的占比更高、合并的基础疾病更多、消化道不良反应发生率也更高。入ICU第7天,经口进食及肠内营养补充为重型患者主要营养支持方式,平均能量和蛋白摄入量分别是（19.4±7.1）kcal·（kg·d）^-1和（0.6±0.2）g·（kg·d）^-1;全肠内营养及肠外营养为危重型患者主要营养支持方式,平均能量和蛋白摄入量分别是（15.5±6.3）kcal·（kg·d）^-1和（0.7±0.3）g·（kg·d）^-1。结论：COVID-19重症患者营养风险高,营养药师可协助其更快达到低热卡目标能量和氮量需求的75%以上,可为COVID-19的救治提供更多的临床营养支持经验及药学监护建议。     

Subcutaneous tocilizumab in adults with severe and critical COVID-19: A prospective open-label uncontrolled multicenter trial

Potential therapeutic approaches in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) comprise antiviral and immunomodulatory agents; however, no immunomodulator drug has been approved. This multicenter, prospective, open-label, uncontrolled study aimed to assess the use of subcutaneous tocilizumab in adult patients with severe and critical COVID-19. Tocilizumab was added to the standard care of therapy at a dose of 324 mg (<100 kg bodyweight) or 486 mg (≥100 kg bodyweight). The study endpoints were all-cause mortality rate, changes in oxygen-support level, oxygen saturation, body temperature, respiratory rate, and laboratory variables during the study, and drug safety. Of 126 patients enrolled, 86 had severe and 40 had critical disease. Most patients were male (63.49%) and aged below 65 (78.57%). By day 14 of the study, 4.65% (4/86) of severe patients and 50.00% (20/40) of critical patients died. By the end, 6.98% (6/86) of severe patients and 60.00% (24/40) of critical patients died. Outcomes concerning three additional endpoints (oral temperature, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate) were significantly improved as early as three days after tocilizumab administration in both groups of subjects, more considerably in severe patients. Significant improvement in the required level of oxygenation was reported in severe patients seven days after tocilizumab administration. No tocilizumab-related serious adverse event occurred in this study. Subcutaneous tocilizumab might improve some clinical parameters and reduce the risk of death in COVID-19 patients, particularly if used in the early stages of respiratory failure.     

糖皮质激素治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎的有效性和安全性分析

目的探讨糖皮质激素治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)的有效性和安全性,为新冠肺炎的诊治和药学监护提供参考。方法查阅文献,总结既往糖皮质激素在社区获得性重症肺炎、严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)、中东呼吸综合征(MERS)等肺部疾病治疗中的应用情况,结合新冠肺炎最新诊疗方案并参考一线用药经验,总结糖皮质激素治疗的临床疗效和使用注意事项。结果与结论糖皮质激素辅助性治疗新冠肺炎的风险与获益尚无定论。新冠肺炎的诊治过程中可在参考国内外指南、文献并结合一线救治经验的基础上短疗程、小剂量使用糖皮质激素,但应严格把握用药指征,加强药学监护。建议开展大样本、多中心、随机对照试验研究其风险与获益,研究导致新冠肺炎进展的关键炎性因子,并阐明患者的个体差异,为针对性选用/开发抗炎药物或单克隆抗体药物奠定理论基础。     

某院45例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者药品不良反应分析

目的分析我院新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者治疗期间发生的药品不良反应(ADR)。方法临床药师通过问卷星调查、康网系统、查阅病程等方式收集ADR,对其性别、年龄、既往病史、过敏史、报告类型、怀疑药品、用法用量、不良反应临床表现等进行回顾性分析。结果收集ADR共45例,ADR发生率为12.4%,其中一般的44例(已知的39例、新的5例)、严重的1例。ADR发生较多的为抗病毒药物洛匹那韦/利托那韦片(LPV/r)、糖皮质激素甲泼尼龙(MP)、抗菌药物莫西沙星。结论临床使用多种药物治疗COVID-19时应严格掌握用药指征以及患者基本情况、药物相互作用、注意事项等。关注疗效同时对ADR也应积极宣教、及时发现与上报,进一步保障患者安全用药。     

临床药师参与1例重症医院获得性肺炎患者的治疗实践与体会

摘 要 目的： 小结临床药师参与1例医院获得性肺炎患者临床药物治疗实践的实践与体会。方法: 临床药师在治疗过程中,从药物选择、方案调整以及降阶梯治疗等方面提出优化建议。结果: 医师采纳临床药师提出的抗感染治疗药物及剂量调整建议,经治疗患者体温恢复正常,生命体征平稳,感染得到有效控制。 结论:临床药师要以自己的专业特长参与到治疗方案的优化调整中,特别关注老年、危重患者的用药安全,为临床安全合理用药提供技术支持与保障。     

Opiate detoxification under anesthesia: no apparent benefit but suppression of thyroid hormones and risk of pulmonary and renal failure

INTRODUCTION: The new technique for opiate detoxification using anesthesia and high, repetitive doses of opiate-antagonists claims to detoxify addicts without withdrawal symptoms within 24-48 hours. We studied the method with 12 opiate addicts (5 L-polamidone, 4 dihydrocodeine, 3 heroin), using general anesthesia and the antagonists naloxone 0.5 mg/kg and naltrexone > 150 mg. Objective and subjective withdrawal symptoms were measured until urine was free of drugs and patients had no withdrawal symptoms. Thyroid hormones were measured before, during, and after the anesthesia period. RESULTS: All patients had moderate to severe opiate withdrawal symptoms. No detoxification was finished within 48 hours. The dihydrocodeine subjects were compared with conventionally detoxified controls; no difference was seen. The method suppressed thyroid hormones TT3, TT4, and TSH. The study was terminated because of side effects: 1 pulmonary failure and 2 renal failures. All patients survived without sequelae. CONCLUSION: There is no obvious benefit from this method, whereas the risks are high.     

The use of ciclosporin in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease: an Italian experience

AIM: To asses the efficacy and safety of ciclosporin in a paediatric population with inflammatory bowel disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three Italian children treated with ciclosporin were studied retrospectively. The indications for treatment were severe unresponsive colitis, chronic active colitis or severe fistulizing Crohn's disease. The treatment duration, follow-up and causes of drug discontinuation were assessed. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were treated intravenously for a mean time of 10 +/- 7 days (1-24 days) and 19 orally for a mean time of 133 days (17-660 days). The mean follow-up of all patients was 13.2 months. Ciclosporin was totally ineffective, being discontinued for surgery, in nine of 23 patients (39%); it was discontinued for partial response in three patients (13%). During treatment, clinical remission was achieved in eight children (35%) and maintained after drug withdrawal in four (17%). In severe unresponsive colitis, urgent colectomy was avoided in 12 (85%) of 14 patients who tolerated the drug. Side-effects appeared in six of 23 patients (26%), and three (13%) required ciclosporin to be discontinued due to neurotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Ciclosporin shows disappointing long-term results in the treatment of refractory inflammatory bowel disease, but can play an important role in preventing urgent surgery in unresponsive severe colitis. Severe side-effects can occur.     

Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of severe (ICU) COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia: A single centre study

BackgroundThere is limited information describing the presenting features and treatment outcomes of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Saudi Arabia.ObjectiveTo investigates the clinical, epidemiological, laboratory, radiological, vital signs and treatment characteristics/outcomes of severe (ICU) COVID-19 patients in Albaha region, Saudi Arabia.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted from 01 April 2020 to 31 August 2020 involving files review of 171 patients admitted to the ICU of a COVID-19 treatment centre as a result of severe symptoms.ResultsAround a third of the ICU patients admitted were over 66 years of age, 59.6% males, 45% diabetics, 39% hypertensive, 25.7% smokers. Patients had symptoms such as 79% fever, 78% cough, 75% headache, 59% sore throat, 57% runny nose, and 75% cough. More than half of the patients had <90% oxygen saturation. Bilateral infiltration was present in about 43% of patients. 85.4% lymphopenia, and 70.8% D-dimer (>0.5 u/ml) were the most significant laboratory results. The median stay in the hospital ranged from 4 to 15.6 days, and the ICU time ranged from 4 to 12.7 days. Approximately 29% of patients received antiviral, antimalarial, and antibiotic treatment, while 27.5% of patients received antibiotics and antimalarial therapy alone. Incorporating hydroxychloroquine in treatment protocols did not improve patients’ outcomes.ConclusionsOlder age and cardio-metabolic comorbidities increase the risks of sever COVID-19. Different treatment protocols fail to improve mortality rates and urgent efforts are required to prevent the disease and reduce its severity.