硬膜外麻醉联合全程小剂量缩宫素在镇痛分娩中的应用效果观察

目的探讨硬膜外麻醉联合全程小剂量缩宫素在无痛分娩中的应用效果,为临床应用提供参考依据。方法选取2015年6月-2017年1月该院收治的初产妇222例,按要求分为观察组(112例)和对照组(110例),观察组实施硬膜外麻醉联合全程小剂量缩宫素镇痛分娩,对照组实施自然分娩,观察两组分娩结局,比较两组经阴道分娩产妇疼痛程度、心理恐惧程度、产后出血情况、胎儿评分及助产士体会。结果两组分娩结局比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其中观察组经阴道分娩93例,对照组75例;两组经阴道分娩产妇比较,观察组总产程时间(436.35±95.84)min明显短于对照组的(861.11±124.23)min,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组疼痛程度、心理恐惧程度明显优于对照组(P0.05);观察组助产士助产体会优于对照组(P0.05);两组产后出血情况及胎儿出生评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论硬膜外麻醉联合全程小剂量缩宫素在无痛分娩中的应用效果良好,能较好地缩短产程,产妇分娩体会感觉良好,有助于助产士助产,提高自然分娩率,而对产后出血及胎儿出生评分无不良影响。     

硬膜外阻滞联合针刺镇痛无痛分娩对产妇产程、分娩结局及产后出血的影响

目的探讨硬膜外阻滞联合针刺镇痛无痛分娩对产妇产程、分娩结局及产后出血的影响,为提高机体疼痛阈值达到镇痛分娩提供可靠辅助镇痛方式的依据。方法收集2014年7月-2016年12月在浙江省中医院进行无痛分娩的初产妇68例随机分为对照组和观察组各34例,对照组产妇接受硬膜外阻滞镇痛分娩,观察组产妇接受硬膜外阻滞联合针刺镇痛分娩,对比两组产妇的产程时长、分娩结局、产后出血情况等。结果观察组产妇的第一产程活跃期、第二产程、第三产程时长短于对照组产妇;自然分娩率高于对照组产妇,阴道助产率、剖宫产率低于对照组产妇,产妇产后2 h平均出血量、产后总出血量少于对照组产妇,产后大出血发生率低于对照组产妇,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论硬膜外阻滞联合针刺镇痛无痛分娩有助于缩短产程、降低剖宫产率,同时减少产后出血、降低产后大出血发生率。     

缩宫素联合气囊助产对自然分娩产妇分娩的影响

目的探讨缩宫素联合气囊助产对产妇产程、分娩方式及结局分娩的影响。方法选取2015年5月—2016年7月收治的产妇130例,根据随机数表法分为观察组和对照组,各65例。观察组产妇利用缩宫素联合气囊助产,对照组产妇仅使用缩宫素,对比两组产妇的产程时间、分娩方式以及分娩结局。计量资料比较采用t检验;计数资料比较采用χ2检验,P0.05为差异具有统计学意义。结果观察组第一产程、第二产程以及总产程的时间[(246.34±78.16)、(42.35±19.67)、(268.69±87.71)min]均较对照组[(369.53±86.42)、(66.43±31.28)、(415.96±107.65)min]短,观察组产妇自然分娩率(70.77%)高于对照组(49.23%),剖宫产率(21.54%)较对照组(38.46%)低(均P0.05);观察组发生胎儿窘迫、软产道损伤、产后出血、新生儿Apgar评分8分的情况均较对照组少(均P0.05);观察组新生儿Apgar评分[(8.84±0.92)分]较对照组[(8.39±0.68)分]高(P0.05)。结论缩宫素联合气囊助产可有效缩短产程,降低剖宫产率,减少胎儿发生窘迫、产妇产后出血、软产道损伤等情况发生,提高新生儿Apgar评分。     

缩宫素结合硬膜外麻醉对单胎初产妇产后出血量及母婴结局影响

目的：探讨缩宫素联合硬膜外麻醉对单胎初产妇产后出血量及母婴结局的影响。方法：选取2019年5月-2021年5月本院分娩的单胎初产孕妇106例，按照随机数字表法分为观察组(缩宫素结合硬膜外麻醉)与对照组(硬膜外麻醉),比较两组产程时间、视觉疼痛评分法(VAS)、产后出血量、母婴结局及应激反应指标皮质醇(Cor)、去肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(ADR)。结果：观察组第一、第二产程及总产程均短于对照组，第一产程潜伏期、第一产程活跃期、第二产程、第三产程VAS评分均低于对照组，出血量产后30min(165.9±14.5ml)、2h(85.0±12.5 ml)、24h(71.0±9.0 ml)低于对照组(201.3±16.9 ml、102.1±15.7 ml、84.3±12.3 ml),宫口开3cm时、宫口全开时、胎儿娩出时，观察组的Cor、NE、ADR均低于对照组；阴道分娩率(77.4%)高于对照组(56.6%),而剖宫产率、产后出血率、软产道撕裂率、新生儿窒息率低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论：缩宫素结合硬膜外麻醉用于单胎初产孕妇分娩，有利于缩短产程，减少产后出血量并改善母婴结局。     

气囊助产配合缩宫素对缩短初产妇产程的效果研究

目的:探讨气囊助产配合缩宫素对初产妇产程及妊娠结局的影响,以提高自然分娩率。方法:选取2012年1月~2012年12月在该院分娩的800例初产妇,根据随机数字表将初产妇分为对照组及观察组各400例,对照组产妇行单纯气囊助产,观察组产妇在对照组的基础上配合缩宫素,对比分析两组产妇活跃期、第1产程、第2产程、总产程时间、分娩方式及妊娠结局的差异。结果:观察组产妇活跃期、第1产程、第2产程、总产程时间显著低于对照组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组自然分娩率显著高于对照组,而产钳助产、剖宫产率、产后出血率、软产道损伤率、胎儿窘迫率显著低于对照组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组新生儿窒息率、死亡率、阿氏评分与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:气囊助产配合缩宫素能有效缩短产程,降低剖宫产率、胎儿窘迫率、产后出血率及软产道损伤率,减少产妇分娩痛苦,安全有效。     

芬太尼连续硬膜外阻滞自控麻醉对无痛分娩的临床应用分析

目的:探讨无痛分娩中采用芬太尼连续硬膜外阻滞自控麻醉的临床效果。方法:选取2019年3月-2020年3月于我院接受无痛分娩的87例产妇作为观察组,另选同期于我院正常分娩的87例产妇作为对照组。对照组未采取任何镇痛手段,观察组给予芬太尼连续硬膜外阻滞自控麻醉无痛分娩,比较两组分娩过程中各产程时间、疼痛评分,比较两组并发症和胎儿娩出后5min和10min新生儿Apgar评分情况。结果:观察组第1、2产程时间较对照组明显缩短(P0.05),观察组与对照组第3产程时间差异不明显(P0.05);观察组0级、Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级及Ⅲ级疼痛的比率均明显较对照组低(P0.05);两组发生产后出血及胎儿宫内窘迫的发生率差异不显著(P0.05);且观察组与对照组新生儿在5min、10min的新生儿Apgar评分差异不明显(P0.05)。结论:产妇在无痛分娩芬过程中采用太尼连续硬膜外阻滞自控麻醉可有助于缩短产妇第1、2产程所用时间,降低产妇产后疼痛,具有良好的安全性,可借鉴。     

拉玛泽分娩法联合腰硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛的临床应用研究

目的:探讨拉玛泽分娩法联合腰硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛在分娩中应用的临床效果。方法:选择400例初产妇,分为拉玛泽联合腰硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛组(A组)、拉玛泽组(B组)、腰硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛组(C组)和导乐陪伴组(对照组D组),每组100人,观察产妇产时疼痛程度、产程时间、分娩方式、剖宫产指征、缩宫素使用、产后出血、新生儿Apgar评分等。结果:A组产妇与其他3组比较,产时疼痛程度明显减轻,产程时间缩短,自然分娩率上升,剖宫产率下降,缩宫素使用增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);新生儿Apgar评分、产后出血量在4组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:拉玛泽分娩法联合腰硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛能有效减轻分娩疼痛,缩短产程,提高自然分娩率,降低剖宫产率,不影响产后出血及新生儿Apgar评分,但会增加缩宫素的使用。     

无痛分娩对产程及妊娠结局影响的临床观察

目的:研究无痛分娩镇痛的疗效和对产程及妊娠结局的影响。方法:以300例在产程中行腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉分娩镇痛的产妇作为试验组,同期未采取任何分娩镇痛药物分娩的300例产妇作为对照组,观察两组的产程、分娩方式、产后出血、尿潴留的发生情况。结果:试验组活跃期和第二产程均较对照组缩短,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05);对产后出血的影响两组比较差别无统计学意义(P>0.05);对两组间产妇发生尿潴留的影响差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在分娩方式两组间无差异(P>0.05)。结论:无痛分娩安全可靠,可缩短产程,对分娩方式和产后出血无明显影响。     

罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼自控硬膜外镇痛对初产妇分娩结局的影响

目的探讨罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼自控硬膜外镇痛对初产妇分娩结局的影响。方法选取2018年6月-2019年6月在该院分娩的初产妇150例为研究对象,依据随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组各75例。对照组产妇给予罗哌卡因复合芬太尼自控硬膜外镇痛,观察组产妇给予罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼自控硬膜外镇痛。观察组分析两组产妇的分娩结局(分娩方式、缩宫素使用)、疼痛程度、各产程时间、出血量及新生儿Apgar评分状况。结果两组产妇器械助产率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组产妇自然分娩率高于对照组,剖宫产率及缩宫素使用率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组产妇第一、第二及第三产程时视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组产妇第三产程时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组产妇第一产程、第二产程时间低于对照组,产后2 h阴道出血量低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组新生儿出生后1 min、5 min及10 min的新生儿Apgar评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对初产妇给予罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼自控硬膜外镇痛能够起到较好的镇痛效果,且作用时间较长,对产妇及胎儿的影响较小,具有较高的安全性,有效降低了剖宫产率,在临床分娩镇痛中值得推广应用。     

罗哌卡因配伍芬太尼自控硬膜外镇痛用于无痛分娩的490例临床分析

目的:探讨罗哌卡因配伍小剂量芬太尼用于硬膜外分娩镇痛对妊娠妇女和胎儿的影响。方法:观察进行分娩镇痛与未进行分娩镇痛各490例产妇的镇痛效果、产程时间、缩宫素使用情况、分娩方式、产后出血量以及新生儿情况。结果:两组产后出血、新生儿窒息差异无统计学意义,而镇痛组的缩宫素使用量增多、活跃期较对照组缩短,疼痛程度和焦虑情绪比对照组明显减轻,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:低浓度罗哌卡因配伍小剂量芬太尼用于硬膜外分娩镇痛安全有效,能加速活跃期,满足整个产程的镇痛需要,无运动阻滞,对母婴均无不良影响。     

Heavy Metal Contaminants in Tissues of the Garfish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Belone belone</Emphasis> L., 1761, and the Bluefish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pomatomus saltatrix</Emphasis> L., 1766, from Turkey Waters

Levels of contaminants in fish are of particular interest because of the potential risk to humans who consume them. Fish samples were collected through the coastal waters of Turkey and the contents of cadmium, cobalt, chrome, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, zinc and lead in the liver and muscle tissues were determined. Among the metals analyzed, copper, zinc and iron were the most abundant in the different tissues while cadmium and lead were the least abundant both in Belone belone and Pomatomus saltatrix. Metal concentrations in muscles of fish species were found 0.01–0.38 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium, 0.01–0.53 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt, 0.05–1.87 mg kg⁻¹ for chromium, 0.21–5.89 mg kg⁻¹ for copper, 9.99–43.3 mg kg⁻¹ for iron, 0.14–1.33 mg kg⁻¹ for manganese, 0.06–4.70 mg kg⁻¹ for nickel, 0.09–0.81 mg kg⁻¹ for lead, 3.85–15.9 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc, respectively. Regional changes in metal concentration were observed in the tissues of both species, but these variations may not influence consumption advisories.     

Cognitive predictors of COVID-19 mitigation behaviors in vaccinated and unvaccinated general population members

BackgroundGiven the long-term threat posed by COVID-19, predictors of mitigation behaviors are critical to identify. Prior studies have found that cognitive factors are associated with some COVID-19 mitigation behaviors, but few studies employ representative samples and no prior studies have examined cognitive predictors of vaccination status. The purpose of the present study was to examine associations between cognitive variables (executive function, delay discounting, and future orientation) and COVID-19 mitigation behaviors (mask wearing, social distancing, hand hygiene and vaccination) in a population representative sample.MethodsA population representative sample of 2,002 adults completed validated measures of delay discounting, future orientation, and executive function. Participants also reported frequency of mitigation behaviors, vaccination status, and demographics.ResultsFuture orientation was associated with more mask wearing (β = 0.160, 95 % CI [0.090, 0.220], p < 0.001), social distancing (β = 0.150, 95 % CI [0.070, 0.240], p < 0.001), hand hygiene behaviors (β = 0.090, 95 % CI [0.000, 0.190], p = 0.054), and a higher likelihood of being fully vaccinated (OR = 0.80, 95 % CI [0.670, 0.970], p = 0.020). Lower delay discounting predicted more consistent mask wearing (β = −0.060, 95 % CI[−0.120, −0.010], p = 0.032) and being fully vaccinated (OR = 1.28, 95 % CI [1.13, 1.44], p < 0.001), while more symptoms of executive dysfunction predicted less mask wearing (β = −0.240, 95 % CI [−0.320, −0.150] p < 0.001) and hand hygiene (β = −0.220, 95 % CI [−0.320, −0.130], p < 0.001), but not vaccination status (OR = 0.96, 95 % CI [0.80, 1.16], p = 0.690) or social distancing behaviors (β = −0.080, 95 % CI [−0.180, 0.020], p = 0.097). Overall, social distancing was the least well-predicted outcome from cognitive factors, while mask wearing was most well-predicted. Vaccination status was not a significant moderator of these effects of cognitive predictors on mitigation behaviors.ConclusionsCognitive variables predict significant variability in mitigation behaviors. regardless of vaccination status. In particular, thinking about the future and discounting it less may encourage more consistent implementation of mitigating behaviors.     

Hypocalcaemia,alcohol drinking and viroimmune responses in ART recipients

Metabolic perturbations associated with HIV and antiretroviral therapies are widespread. Unfortunately, research has predominantly focused in cardiometabolic problems, neglecting other important areas. In fact, the immune-calcium–skeletal interface has been understudied despite its potential relevance in people living with HIV (PLWH). Using a case-control methodology, 200 PLWH receiving medical care were enrolled and stratified according to hazardous vs. non-hazardous alcohol intake (HAU vs. non-HAU) and calcium (Ca) levels by analyzing baseline data. The group was chosen to represent relatively "pure" HAU with minimal drug use and no psychiatric diagnoses. With these narrow parameters in place, we found evidence that HAU significantly increases TNF-α levels compared to Non-HAU (2.8 ± 0.6 vs. 1.9 ± 0.3 pg/ml, p = 0.05) and decreases blood Ca levels (9 ± 0.6 vs. 9.4 ± 0.5, p = 0.03). Our analyses also suggest that chronic inflammation, as indicated by increased TNF-α levels, is associated with hypocalcemia (hypoCa <8.6). Despite the limited prevalence of hypoCa, these findings are clinically significant given that hypoCA PLWH exhibited decreased CD4 (253 ± 224 vs. 417.7 ± 281, p = 0.02), B cells (147 ± 58 vs. 248 ± 151, p = 0.03) and NK cells (146.8 ± 90 vs. 229 ± 148, p = 0.008) and elevated CD8 (902.5 ± 438 vs. 699 ± 510, p = 0.09) compared to those with normal calcium. Furthermore, calcium effects on viral load were also evident with hypoCA exhibiting the highest loads (140,187 ± 111 vs. 35,622 ± 7770 HIV copies, p = 0.01). Multivariate analyses confirmed the significance of hypoCa in predicting viroimmune parameters. This paper provides the first evidence that hypoCa accounts for some of the variation in viroimmune measures in HAART recipients and suggests that hypoCa may be mediating alcohol's deleterious effects.     

Selection of Gut-Resistant Bacteria and Construction of Microbial Consortia for Improving Gluten Digestion under Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions

This work aimed to define the microbial consortia that are able to digest gluten into non-toxic and non-immunogenic peptides in the human gastrointestinal tract. Methods: 131 out of 504 tested Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria, specifically Bacillus (64), lactobacilli (63), Pediococcus (1), and Weissella (3), showed strong gastrointestinal resistance and were selected for their PepN, PepI, PepX, PepO, and PepP activities toward synthetic substrates. Based on multivariate analysis, 24 strains were clearly distinct from the other tested strains based on having the highest enzymatic activities. As estimated by RP-HPLC and nano-ESI–MS/MS, 6 cytoplasmic extracts out of 24 selected strains showed the ability to hydrolyze immunogenic epitopes, specifically 57–68 of α9-gliadin, 62–75 of A-gliadin, 134–153 of γ-gliadin, and 57–89 (33-mer) of α2-gliadin. Live and lysed cells of selected strains were combined into different microbial consortia for hydrolyzing gluten under gastrointestinal conditions. Commercial proteolytic enzymes (Aspergillus oryzae E1, Aspergillus niger E2, Bacillus subtilis Veron HPP, and Veron PS proteases) were also added to each microbial consortium. Consortium activity was evaluated by ELISA tests, RP-HPLC-nano-ESI–MS/MS, and duodenal explants from celiac disease patients. Results: two microbial consortia (Consortium 4: Lactiplantibacillus (Lp.) plantarum DSM33363 and DSM33364, Lacticaseibacillus (Lc.) paracasei DSM33373, Bacillus subtilis DSM33298, and Bacillus pumilus DSM33301; and Consortium 16: Lp. plantarum DSM33363 and DSM33364, Lc. paracasei DSM33373, Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM33374, Bacillus megaterium DSM33300, B. pumilus DSM33297 and DSM33355), containing commercial enzymes, were able to hydrolyze gluten to non-toxic and non-immunogenic peptides under gastrointestinal conditions. Conclusions: the results of this study provide evidence that selected microbial consortia could potentially improve the digestion of gluten in gluten-sensitive patients by hydrolyzing the immunogenic peptides during gastrointestinal digestion.     

Factors Associated With Nurses' Job Satisfaction In Residential Long-term Care: The Importance of Organizational Context

ObjectivesWe examined demographic, individual, and organizational context factors associated with nurses' job satisfaction in residential long-term care (LTC) settings. Job satisfaction has implications for staff turnover, staff health, and quality of care.DesignA cross-sectional analysis of survey data collected in the Translating Research in Elder Care program.Setting and participantsN = 756 nurses (registered nurses: n = 308; licensed practical nurses: n = 448) from 89 residential LTC settings in 3 Western Canadian provinces.MethodsWe used a generalized estimating equation model to assess demographic, individual, and organizational context factors associated with job satisfaction. Job satisfaction was measured using the Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire Job Satisfaction Scale.ResultsDemographic, individual, and organizational context factors were associated with job satisfaction among nurses in residential LTC settings. At the demographic level, hours worked in 2 weeks (B = 0.002, P = .043) was associated with job satisfaction. At the individual level, emotional exhaustion-burnout (B = −0.063, P = .02) was associated with lower job satisfaction, while higher scores on empowerment (meaning) (B = 0.140, P = .015), work engagement (vigor) (B = 0.096, P = .01), and work engagement (dedication) (B = 0.129, P = .001) were associated with higher job satisfaction. With respect to organizational context, culture (B = 0.175, P < .001), organizational slack-space (eg, perceived availability and use of adequate space; B = 0.043, P = .040), and adequate orientation (B = 0.092, P < .001) were associated with higher job satisfaction.Conclusions and implicationsWe identified previously unexamined modifiable organizational features (organizational slack-space and adequate orientation) as factors associated with LTC nurses' job satisfaction in the Canadian context. Our findings support future efforts to improve job satisfaction through improvements in organizational space and provision of adequate workplace orientation.     

Die Rolle des Bundes bei der Verhütung und Bekämpfung von Infektionskrankheiten

Zusammenfassung Die Gesundheitspolitik steht heute und auch in Zukunft vor der Herausforderung, das Gesundheitswesen qualitativ auf einem hohen Stand und gleichzeitig finanzierbar zu halten. Dazu bedarf es eines umfassenden Systems gesundheitlicher Sicherung, das allen Bürgern wirksam und ohne Hindernisse zur Verfügung steht. Wenngleich die Bürger in hohem Maß für die Förderung und den Erhalt ihrer Gesundheit selbst verantwortlich sind, ist es die Aufgabe des Staates, gegen Gefahren Vorsorge zu treffen, die von gefährlichen Krankheitserregern, Produkten oder auch von Umwelteinflüssen ausgehen können. Es gilt, den Schutz gegen bisher bekannte Gefahren auszubauen, neuen Bedrohungen entgegenzutreten und neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu berücksichtigen. Prävention, Gesundheitsförderung und Gesundheitsschutz sind wichtige Schlüssel zur Verbesserung des Gesundheitszustands der Bevölkerung sowie zur Senkung der Kosten des Gesundheitssektors und stellen daher eine wichtige Säule im Gesundheitswesen dar. Die Prävention von Infektionskrankheiten und der Infektionsschutz bilden dabei prioritäre Aufgaben in der Fortentwicklung eines leistungsfähigen Gesundheitswesens in Deutschland. Die Bewältigung der genannten Aufgaben bei der Bekämpfung von Infektionskrankheiten erfordert das enge Zusammenwirken einer Reihe von Bundesoberbehörden und Bundesinstituten im Zuständigkeitsbereich des Ministeriums für Gesundheit und Soziale Sicherung sowie des Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft.     

Title: Differentiating the effects of whey protein and guar gum preloads on postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes

Background and aimsWhey protein and guar gum have both been reported to reduce postprandial glycemia in health and type 2 diabetes, associated with stimulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and/or slowing of gastric emptying. Our aim was to evaluate, in type 2 diabetes, the acute effects of low dose “preloads” of whey and guar, given alone or in combination before a meal, on postprandial glycemia, insulin, GLP-1, and gastric emptying.Methods21 patients with type 2 diabetes, managed by diet or metformin alone, were each studied on 4 days. They received a preload “shake” 15min before a mashed potato meal (368.5 kcal) labeled with ¹³C-octanoic-acid. The preloads comprised either (i) 17 g whey (W), (ii) 5 g guar (G), (iii) 17 g whey + 5 g guar (WG) each sweetened with 60 mg sucralose, and (iv) 60 mg sucralose alone (control; C), all dissolved in 150 mL water. Venous blood was sampled frequently for measurements of glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 concentrations. Gastric half-emptying time (T50) was calculated from breath ¹³CO₂ excretion over 240 min.ResultsPostprandial blood glucose concentrations were lower with W and WG compared to C (each P < 0.0001, treatment × time interaction), and lower after G than C only at 30min. Insulin, GLP-1, and glucagon concentrations were higher after W than WG, G, or C (P < 0.05, treatment × time interaction), without differences between the latter three. Gastric emptying was slower with W (T50: 179.6 ± 6.1 min, P < 0.05) and WG (T50: 197.6 ± 9.7 min, P < 0.0001) when compared to C (T50: 162.9 ± 6.2 min), but did not differ between G (T50: 171.3 ± 7.0) and C (P > 0.99).ConclusionBoth whey and whey/guar preloads reduced postprandial glycemia, associated with slowing of gastric emptying. Low dose guar was less effective as a preload for glucose-lowering and did not slow gastric emptying.Clinical Trial Registry number and websiteAustralian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, Trial ID ACTRN12615001272583, http://www.anzctr.org.au     

Measurements and Characteristics of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in Atmospheric Particulate Matter in Beijing, China

The total nitrogen (TN) and water-soluble nitrogenous ions were determined by using CHN Elemental Analyzer and ion chromatography method, respectively, from November 24, 1998 to February 12, 1999 in Beijing. The average concentrations of TN, NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻ were 10.62 μg N m⁻³, 6.67 μg m⁻³ and 10.01 μg m⁻³, respectively. The total inorganic nitrogen (IN) calculated from NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻ was 7.45 μg N m⁻³, accounting for 70% of TN, i.e., 30% of TN existed as organic nitrogen form (ON). The correlation between ON and other pollution tracers showed that, coal combustion, biomass burning, soil humic matter and secondary formation were the important sources of ON in particulate matter in Beijing.     

Neutralizing antibody activity,safety and immunogenicity of human anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibody (Ormutivimab) in Chinese healthy adults: A phase Ⅱb randomized,double-blind,parallel-controlled study

ObjectiveThis study was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trail to evaluate the rabies virus neutralizing activity（RVNA）, safety and immunogenicity of Ormutivimab + rabies vaccine in Chinese healthy adults.MethodsSubjects were randomly and equally assigned to 4 groups (20 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine, 40 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine, 20 IU/kg HRIG + vaccine, and placebo + vaccine). Subjects received vaccine as the WHO Essen regime combined with Omutivimab、HRIG or placebo on Day 0. The study lasted for 43 days.ResultsA total of 240 subjects were simultaneously assigned to both FAS and SS. Fifty subjects with baseline RVNA > 0.05 IU/ml (detection limit) were excluded, 190 were included into mITT.All the subjects from 40 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine group had a protection level of RNVA (≥0.5 IU/ml, WHO) on Day 14, and those in 20 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine group and placebo + vaccine group converted positive 100 % on Day 28. In contrast to 20 IU/kg HRIG + vaccine and placebo + vaccine, Ormutivimab + vaccine provided a higher RVNA during Days 0 to 7. And RVNA in 40 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine and 20 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine groups were always higher than 20 IU/kg HRIG + vaccine group during the whole study. Although anti-Omtv antibody were detected in some subjects, it did not influence the RVNA. The incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in 20 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine group (17.2 %) than in 40 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine (36.7 %) and 20 IU/kg HRIG + vaccine groups (40.3 %).ConclusionCompared with HRIG + vaccine and placebo + vaccine, Omtv + vaccine provided higher RNVA for earlier immune protection. The interference of Ormutivimab on the long-term immune protection induced by rabies vaccine is weaker than HRIG. At the same dose, the adverse reactions of Omtv + vaccine group were less than HRIG + vaccine group.Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02559921.