明视插管软镜和Macintosh直接喉镜在颈椎制动患者气管插管中的比较

目的比较明视插管软镜与Macintosh直接喉镜在颈椎制动患者经口气管插管中的临床效果及对血流动力学的影响。方法择期气管插管全麻手术患者60例,美国麻醉师协会评级(ASA)Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄19~68岁,随机分为明视插管软镜组(V组)和Macintosh直接喉镜组(M组),每组30例。常规静脉麻醉诱导后,手法制动头颈部,V组采用明视插管软镜,M组采用Macintosh直接喉镜行经口气管插管。观察记录两组声门暴露时间、镜下Cormark-Lehane(C-L分级)、导管置入时间、试插次数、失败例数、气管插管一次成功率及气管插管总成功率,记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管前(T1)、声门暴露时(T2)、插管后即刻(T3)、插管后1 min(T4)和插管后3 min(T5)时的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)及气管插管不良反应。结果与M组比较,V组声门暴露情况(C-L分级)更好(P0.05),但声门暴露时间明显延长(P0.05),导管置入时间则明显缩短(P0.05)。M组需要助手辅助插管的比例、插管失败率及并发症发生率均明显高于V组(均P0.05)。与T1比较,T2~T5时M组MAP均明显升高(均P0.05),T2时V组MAP无明显改变(P0.05),T3~T5时V组MAP明显升高(P0.05);与M组比较,V组MAP在T2~T4时均明显低于M组(P0.05)。与T1比较,T2~T5时V组HR无明显改变,T2~T4时M组HR明显上升(均P0.05),且明显高于V组同时间点的HR水平(均P0.05)。结论与Macintosh直接喉镜比较,明视插管软镜在颈椎制动患者经口气管插管中可显著改善声门暴露,降低插管难度,提高插管成功率,并发症少,且对患者的血流动力学影响较小。     

国产明视插管软镜与Macintosh直接喉镜经鼻气管插管的比较*

目的比较国产明视插管软镜(VIS)与Macintosh直接喉镜经鼻气管插管的临床应用效果。方法择期口腔颌面部手术患者100例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄19~67岁,随机分为国产VIS组(V组)和Macintosh直接喉镜组(M组),每组50例。分别以国产VIS和Macintosh直接喉镜行经鼻气管插管。观察记录两组患者镜下Cormark-Lehane分级(简称C-L分级)、气管插管时间、首次气管插管成功率,观察记录麻醉诱导前(T_0)、麻醉诱导后(T_1)、声门显露时(T_2)、插管后即刻(T_3)、插管后1 min(T_4)、插管后3 min(T_5)的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)及气管插管相关并发症。结果 C-L分级V组明显优于M组,气管插管时间V组明显短于M组,首次气管插管成功率V组明显高于M组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。与T_1时比较,V组T_3~T_4时MAP明显升高、T_3时HR明显增快,M组T_2~T_4时MAP明显升高、T2_~T_3时HR明显增快(均P0.05)。与M组比较,V组T_2~T_4时MAP和HR均明显降低(P0.05)。气管插管并发症总发生率V组明显低于M组(P0.05)。结论与Macintosh直接喉镜相比较,国产VIS经鼻气管插管声门暴露好,气管插管时间短,首次气管插管成功率高,血流动力学更稳定,且气管插管并发症少,值得临床推广应用。     

McCoy喉镜协助光纤插管镜经口困难插管

目的:观察McCoy喉镜协助光导纤维支气管镜(FOB)经口气管插管在全身麻醉诱导后困难气管插管中应用的临床效果。方法:将40例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级全身麻醉诱导后McCoy喉镜窥喉不能看见声门任何部分的患者随机均分为两组(n=20):McCoy喉镜协助FOB经鼻插管组(对照组)和McCoy喉镜协助FOB经口插管组(研究组)。观察并记录两组麻醉诱导前(T0,基础值)、首次插管前(T1)、插管成功即刻(T2)和插管成功后1min(T3)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和心率(HR)。统计两种方法插管一次成功率、多次成功率、插管耗时和插管并发症。结果:T0、T1、T2、T3等时点两组间SBP、DBP和HR经比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);气管插管一次成功率、插管耗时和插管并发症两组间经比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),多次成功率均为100%。结论:McCoy喉镜协助FOB经口气管插管成功率高,耗时短,可作为全麻诱导后困难插管方法之一。     

明视插管软镜与可视喉镜在肥胖患者气管插管中的比较

目的比较明视插管软镜与可视喉镜在肥胖患者经口气管插管中的临床效果。方法择期经口气管插管全麻手术肥胖患者60例,体质指数(BMI)30 kg/m~2,美国麻醉师协会分级(ASA)Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄22~60岁。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组:明视插管软镜组(V组)和可视喉镜组(K组),每组30例。记录两组患者Cormark-Lehane镜下分级(简称C-L分级)、气管插管时间、试插次数、气管插管成功率及气管插管并发症。结果两组均声门暴露(C-L分级)良好(P0.05),V组和K组气管插管时间、气管插管成功率及一次气管插管成功率比较差异无统计学意义[(24.4±11.6)vs(22.3±13.2)s、100.0%vs 100.0%、90.0%vs 86.7%](均P0.05)。两组气管插管并发症比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论明视插管软镜和可视喉镜均适用于肥胖患者气管插管,具有声门暴露良好、插管快速、成功率高和并发症少等优点。     

视频喉镜用于下颌骨骨折患者经鼻气管插管的观察

目的 比较下颌骨骨折患者应用Glidescope视频喉镜(GSVL)和直接喉镜经鼻气管插管的效果.方法 选择下颌骨骨折手术患者38例,随机平均分为GSVL(A组)和直接喉镜(B组).观察声门暴露程度,插管时间,次数,麻醉诱导前、诱导后2分钟,气管插管时及插管后1、3、5分钟SBP、DBP、HR的变化.结果 A组声门显露程度分级降低,插管时间缩短,两组间各观察时点SBP、DBP、HR值差异无显著性.结论 GSVL用于下颌骨骨折患者经鼻气管插管能改善声门显露分级,缩短插管时间.     

Airtraq喉镜与Macintosh喉镜临床应用的比较

目的比较Airtraq喉镜和Macintosh喉镜经口气管插管的临床效果和插管对血流动力学的影响。方法 90例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级、实施择期整形外科手术的患者,随机分为Airtraq喉镜组(n=45)和Macintosh喉镜组(n=45),常规麻醉诱导后分别采用Airtraq喉镜和Macintosh喉镜进行气管插管操作,观察记录两组的声门暴露情况、插管时间、插管成功率以及并发症的发生情况;并记录麻醉诱导前、诱导后、气管插管时以及插管后1 min、3 min和5 min的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)和心率-收缩压乘积(RPP)的变化。结果 Airtraq喉镜组的声门暴露均为Cormack-Lehane I级,Macintosh喉镜组则有5例Ⅱ级,1例Ⅲ级;Airtraq喉镜组和Macintosh喉镜组的插管一次、二次插管成功率分别是95.6%、86.7%和100%、97.8%;Airtraq喉镜组暴露会厌时间和插管总时间均显著长于Macintosh喉镜组(P<0.05)分别为14.4±6.5 s、32.7±12.3 s和7.7±3.6 s、24.9±6.3 s;与麻醉诱导前相比,两组诱导后的各项血流动力学指标较诱导前均明显下降(P<0.05);与麻醉诱导后相比,Airtraq喉镜组插管时及插管后各时点血流动力学指标无显著性变化(P>0.05),Macintosh喉镜组的HR和RPP则显著升高(P<0.05),组间比较有统计学意义。结论与Macintosh喉镜相比,应用Airtraq喉镜插管可以改善声门的暴露情况、提高气管插管的一次成功率、减轻气管插管的血流动力学变化,但气管插管时间明显延长。     

光棒与直接喉镜经口气管插管心血管反应的比较

目的比较Lightwand光棒(LW)与Macintosh直接喉镜(MAC)经口气管插管对心血管反应的影响。方法将择期妇科手术患者40例随机分为LW组和MAC组,每组各20例,麻醉诱导后分别用LW或MAC实施经口气管插管。监测麻醉诱导前后、颈前光点或显露声门、气管插管即刻和气管插管后5 min内桡动脉有创收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)的变化;记录气管插管时间以及插管后血压(BP)及HR最大值出现时间。结果 MAC组气管插管时间明显长于LW组(P<0.05)。麻醉诱导后两组SBP、DBP和MAP均比麻醉诱导前显著降低(P<0.05);颈前光点或显露声门BP和HR较麻醉诱导后无明显变化(P>0.05);气管插管后血压比麻醉诱导后显著升高(P<0.05),持续约1~2 min后逐渐下降至麻醉诱导后水平;观察期间两组血压升高均未超过麻醉诱导前水平(P>0.05)。气管插管后两组HR比麻醉诱导前、后均显著升高(P<0.05),持续约3 min。两组间BP和HR在各对应时间点差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论采用LW与MAC实施经口气管插管可产生类似的心血管反应。     

McCoy喉镜联合纤维光导支气管镜经鼻气管插管用于全麻诱导后困难插管

目的:观察McCoy喉镜联合纤维光导支气管镜(FOB)经鼻气管插管在全身麻醉诱导后困难气管插管中应用的临床效果。方法:将40例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级全身麻醉诱导后McCoy喉镜窥喉不能看见声门任何部分的患者随机均分为两组(n=20):FOB经鼻插管组(对照组)和McCoy喉镜联合FOB经鼻插管组(研究组)。观察并记录两组麻醉诱导前(T0,基础值)、首次插管前(T1)、插管成功即刻(T2)和插管成功后1min(T3)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和心率(HR)。统计两种方法插管一次成功率、多次成功率、插管耗时和插管并发症。结果:T0、T1、T2、T3等时点两组间SBP、DBP和HR经比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);气管插管一次成功率研究组(100%)高于对照组(75%)(P<0.05),多次成功率均为100%;插管耗时研究组(103±25)s较对照组(178±47)s短(P<0.05),两组间插管并发症经比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:McCoy喉镜联合FOB经鼻气管插管成功率高,耗时短,可作为全麻诱导后困难插管时插管方法之一。     

国产明视插管软镜与纤维支气管镜经鼻困难气管插管的比较*

目的比较国产明视插管软镜(VIS)与纤维支气管镜(FOB)引导经鼻困难气管插管的临床应用效果。方法择期选择困难气道患者60例,Mallampati评分为Ⅲ或Ⅳ级,美国麻醉师协会评级(ASA)Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄22~68岁,体重53~82 kg,随机分为VIS组(V组)和FOB组(F组),每组30例。分别采用VIS和FOB引导经鼻气管插管。观察记录两组气管插管时间、气管插管成功率及气管插管相关并发症发生情况,记录麻醉诱导前(T_0)、麻醉诱导后(T_1)、声门暴露时(T_2)、气管导管进入声门即刻(T_3)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO_2)。结果与T_0时比较,T_1时两组MAP明显下降、HR明显减慢(均P0.05);与T_1时比较,T_3时两组MAP明显升高、HR明显增快(均P0.05),两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);气管插管期间两组SpO_2均无明显降低。V组和F组气管插管时间分别为(76.0±18.0)和(80.0±20.0)s、一次气管插管成功率分别为96.7%和93.3%,两组间比较差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05);气管插管并发症发生率两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与FOB相比较,国产VIS引导经鼻困难气管插管同样安全可靠、快速有效、插管成功率高,气管插管并发症少。     

咬嘴辅助下单人操作明视插管软镜经口气管插管的临床应用

目的探讨一次性咬嘴辅助下单人操作明视插管软镜经口气管插管的临床应用效果。方法选择全身麻醉手术患者100例,随机均分为两组:咬嘴组(M组)和对照组(C组),每组50例。M组在一次性咬嘴辅助下单人操作明视插管软镜施行经口气管插管,C组在助手辅助下施行明视插管软镜经口气管插管。记录插管过程中两组患者的血压(BP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和脉搏血氧饱和度(Sp O),记录两组气管插管成功2率、显露声门时间、气管插管时间和气管插管相关并发症。结果 100名患者均顺利完成气管插管,插管过程中两组患者Sp O2均保持在95.0%以上,两组插管期间无明显血流动力学改变。M组和C组一次气管插管成功率、声门显露时间(s)和气管插管时间(s)比较差异无统计学意义[92.0%vs 88.0%、(13.0±7.0)vs(14.0±8.0)、(20.0±10.0)vs(21.0±11.0),均P0.05],术后随访两组患者均无气管插管相关并发症。结论与助手辅助下明视插管软镜经口气管插管相比较,一次性咬嘴辅助下单人操作明视插管软镜经口气管插管同样有效可行,无需助手辅助配合,是一种简单方便、值得应用的技术。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.